PSYC&100 General Psychology: Chapter 4
Biological rhythm
internal cycle of biological activity
Central sleep apnea
sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing
Jet lag
collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment
Insomnia
consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time
Depressant
drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity
Psychological dependence
emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug which may be used to relieve psychological distress
Pineal gland
endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin
Euphoric high
feelings of intense elation and pleasure from drug use
Stage 1 sleep
first stage of sleep; transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids
Restless leg syndrome
sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs
Sleep
state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness
Hypnosis
state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli
Manifest content
storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams
Meta-analysis
study that combines the results of several related studies
Methadone clinic
uses methadone to treat withdrawal symptoms in opiate use
Sleepwalking
(also, somnambulism) sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors
People often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage ________ sleep.
1
Xi needs to stay awake another hour to study for his English final, so he drinks several cups of cola. When he's done studying, he finds that he can't sleep even though he wants to, he feels agitated, his muscles twitch, his heartbeat is irregular, and he feels nauseated. What is causing Xi to feel this way?
Caffeine
Who described the collective unconscious?
Carl Jung
The sleep cycle is an example of a(n) ________ rhythm.
Circadian
Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?
Psychological dependence
Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false?
Sleep deprivation often results in ADHD
Hamid is a 9-1-1 operator. When the blizzard began, he was told he would have to stay and work three extra shifts to cover for coworkers who were not able to drive to work through the storm. After 32 hours of exhausting work, he makes it home and discovers he is unable to fall asleep no matter how hard he tries. Hamid may be experiencing ________.
Sleep rebound
Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________.
Tolerance
Consciousness
awareness of internal and external stimuli
Sleep regulation
brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world
Withdrawal
variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued
K-complex
very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli
Rotating shift work
work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis
Physical dependence
changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use
Wakefulness
characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior
Meditation
clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus
Melatonin
hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleep-wake cycle
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
infant (one year old or younger) with no apparent medical condition suddenly dies during sleep
Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?
Kicking and punching while asleep
Which of the following statements about sleep-wake cycles is false?
Melatonin initiates the waking cycle
Stage 2 sleep
second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles
Tolerance
state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect
Stage 4 sleep
fourth stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves
Latent content
hidden meaning of a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams
Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.
Depressant
Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.
Hallucinogenic
Feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions are all examples of ________ stimuli.
Internal
Which of the following is an example of wakefulness?
Jemma, competing in a marathon
Shyla experiences a long delay between the time that she goes to bed and the time that she actually falls asleep. In addition, she wakes up several times during the night and has difficulty getting back to sleep. To diagnose Shyla with insomnia, it is necessary that she experiences these symptoms________.
At least three nights a week for one month
Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.
Darkness; Light
Morphine is considered a(n) ________ drug because it decreases pain.
Opioid
NREM sleep is a period of sleep ________.
Outside periods of REM sleep
Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________.
Parasomnias
Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________.
Usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors
Circadian rhythm
biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
area of the hypothalamus in which the body's biological clock is located
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper's nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person's airways, forcing them to remain open
Evolutionary psychology
discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection
Stimulant
drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity; includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine
Cataplexy
lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia
Sleep spindle
rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory
Opiate/opioid
one of a category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties; opiates are produced from the resin of the opium poppy; includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine
Halluucinogen
one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations
Parinsomnia
one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep
Codeine
opiate with relatively low potency often prescribed for minor pain
Lucid dream
people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content
non-REM (NREM)
period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
Sleep debt
result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis
Sleep apnea
sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep
Obstructive sleep apnea
sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)
sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams
Night terror
sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment
Narcolepsy
sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inopportune times
Sleep rebound
sleep-deprived individuals will experience shorter sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep
Methadone
synthetic opioid that is less euphorogenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users
Homeostasis
tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system
Collective unconscious
theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung
Stage 3 sleep
third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves
Methamphetamine
type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused
Theta wave
type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 1 and stage 2 sleep
Delta wave
type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 3 and stage 4 sleep
Alpha wave
type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized; characteristic of the beginning of stage 1 sleep