PSYCH 101

_________ refers to acquiring knowledge by observing others.

Cognitive learning

Which of the following refers to a time when a neuron does not allow sodium to pass through the neuronal membrane and as a result, is insensitive to messages from other neurons and does not fire?

A refractory period

Which of the following statements is true of a neural impulse?

The process by which a neural impulse travels is electrochemical

According to the general adaptation syndrome, the _________ is first triggered by perception of a stressor.

alarm reaction

Every time a neuron fires, it transmits an impulse of the same strength. This occurrence is known as the

all-or-none principle

Daniella thinks that she is extremely overweight despite having a normal body weight.She avoids eating food and has recently lost a lot of weight.Despite this, she continues to think that she is overweight.Which eating disorder is Daniella most likely suffer from?

anorexia nervosa

In order for Tonya to stop smoking, her therapist laced her cigarettes with incense that smelled horrifically. What is the name of the technique that Tonya's therapist is using?

aversive conditioning

Suppose a person is fired and he harbors beliefs such as: "This job was the most important thing in my life, "What a no-good failure I am, " "My family will starve," "I'll never find a job as good," " There's nothing I can do about it." According to Albert Ellis, such irrational beliefs contribute to anxiety and depression by:

catastrophizing the extent of loss

Jill was surprised at how much her therapist challenged her beliefs concerning her social anxiety. Her therapist kept having her make counter-arguments against many of the thoughts she had that pertained to her anxiety. Jill's therapist is practicing what approach?

client-centered therapies

Brandon has a fear of dogs.To extinguish this fear, his mother baked him his favorite cake and gradually brought a dog closer to him while he ate the cake.In this scenario, Brandon's mother used ____ to cure his fear

counterconditioning

Which of the following is the sequence of phases for the sexual response cycle

excitement, plateau, orgasmic, resolution

The ____ is the third stage in a group of bodily changes that occur in the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) .In this stage, the muscles become fatigued

exhaustion stage

Identify the factors that make up the Big Five factor model.

extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness

A feature of crystallized intelligence is that it does not increase throughout the life span

false

According to Arne Ohman and Susan Mineka, humans are not biologically prepared by evolutionary forces to develop fears of any kind

false

According to Piaget's stages of development, when children are in the concrete operational stage, they are more egocentric than when they are in the preoperational stage

false

Acetylcholine is excitatory at the heart but inhibitory at synapses between nerves and muscles that involve voluntary movement.

false

Ainsworth and her colleagues identified three major types of attachment: secure attachment, avoidant attachment, and ambiguous/resistant attachment.

false

At the post conventional level of adolescence, moral judgements are derived from authority figures.

false

Because psychologist have engaged in thousands of studies on intelligence, they unequivocally agree on the definition of intelligence

false

Dreams are more likely to be coherent in plot than emotionally gripping.

false

Dreams are most likely to be more vivid during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, whereas images are vaguer and more fleeting during rapid eye movement sleep (REM) sleep

false

Early in the 20th century, Gestalt psychologists noted certain consistencies in the way we integrate bits and pieces of sensory stimulation into meaningful wholes.This group of rules is referred to as the law of similarities

false

In divergent thinking, thought is limited to present facts; the problem solver narrows his or her thinking to find the best solution, whereas, in convergent thinking, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course.

false

In the approach avoidance conflict, each of two goals is desirable, and both are within reach

false

In the context of obsessive compulsive disorder, seemingly irresistible urges to engage in thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce anxiety are referred to as obsessions

false

In their continuing research, psychologists have come to define consciousness in only one way, as the continuing self in the world

false

Insomnia is a sleep disorder in which the air passages are obstructed

false

It takes children longer to learn new words than it takes apes to learn new signs

false

Ivan Pavlov proved that reflexes cannot be learned by association.

false

Media violence and aggressive video games decrease viewers' level of emotional arousal

false

PCP, or phencyclidine, is an opioid whose name is an acronym for its chemical structure.

false

People with body dysmorphic disorder have dual personalities.

false

Psychodynamic and client-centered therapies appear to be most effective with well-educated, verbal, strongly motivated clients who report problems with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders.

false

Rates of suicide and suicide attempts are similar among various ethnic groups and according to gender.

false

Research shows that cultural issues do not play a significant role in an individual's psychology

false

The Weschler intelligence scale yielded the mental age score.

false

The human ability to store information is limited

false

Max is a waiter at a coffee shop.He gets paid $ 100 every day at 9pm regardless of the number of customers he serves during the day.In this scenario, Max's payment is based on the ____

fixed interval schedule

Which of the following is not a demand that stress makes on an organism?

fulfillment

In order to form new memories, you must have a fully functioning ________

hippocampus

Clark Hull's drive reduction theory states that

humans learn to engage in behaviors that reduce a state of arousal

The _____________ is a pea-sized structure in the brain that is involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger.

hypothalamus

___________ refer to erroneous beliefs that one is being victimized.

ideas of persecution

Ever since Michelle failed her biology test, she thinks that she will never be able to find a job when she eventually graduate. She feels that she will end up homeless. This situation best demonstrates ____________.

irrational beliefs

Which of the following statements is true of the absolute threshold

it is determined by exposing individuals to progressively stronger stimuli until the minimum stimuli the person can detect is found

Ophelia is in high school.She enjoys studying and does well in school.Her parents encourage her to think and act independently.Whenever she does well in an exam, she feels a sense of self satisfaction.In this scenario, Ophelia's achievement motivation stems from a (n) ____

learning goal

The ____ adjusts or accommodates to an image by changing its thickness

lens

The ________ is a group of structures involved in memory, motivation, and emotion that forms a fringe along the inner edge of the cerebrum.

limbic system

Since the 1960's, most people suffering from extreme psychological disorders ____

live in the community

After returning from work, Greg contemplates whether he should stay home at home or exercise at the gym.He wants to stay home because he likes to relax, but feels guilty about not getting enough exercise.He knows that if he goes to the gym, he will be glad that he is exercising but unhappy because he does not enjoy the activity.According to Neal E. Miller, this is an example of a (n) ____

multiple approach avoidance conflict

The American Psychological Association (2017) has found that Americans are more likely to do one of the following to cope with stress

music and exercise

Seligman (1996) suggested that when things go wrong, we sometimes develop inappropriate attributional styles towards the causes of failure. Which of the following was not proposed by him?

negative or positive

Which of the following substances is classified as a barbiturate

nembutal

Which of the following hassles is an example of environmental hassles

noise

Cognitive theorists note that

people represent their worlds mentally

The core of generalized anxiety disorder appears to be ____________.

pervasive worrying about numerous stressors

The audience was very impressed by the singers's ability to hit the high and low notes.This most closely refers to ____

pitch

The _______ lies below the hypothalamus and is dubbed the "master gland."

pituitary gland

Stephanie decided not to cheat on the exam because she was afraid of the consequences.This is characteristic of which stage of moral reasoning

preconventional

The most dramatic gains in height and weight occur during

prenatal development

According to Piaget, the ________ is the second stage of cognitive development in children.

preoperational stage

Which of the following is true of psychological needs

psychological needs differ markedly from one person to another

In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called ______________.

self-actualization

Which of the following is not a characteristic of middle adulthood?

sense of smell declines

At the start of the exam Bobbi did not notice any distracting sounds. As time passed she became more and more aware of the ticking clock on the wall. What is this an example of?

sensory adaptation

People with ____ stop breathing periodically, up to several hundred times per night

sleep apnea

Peggy Blake and her colleagues constructed a scale of "life changing units" to measure the impact of life changes among college students.Surveys with students revealed that:

some of them considered academic success to be stressful

In the context of classical conditioning, ________ helps organisms adapt to situations that recur from time to time.

spontaneous recovery

According to the American Lung Association, the hydrocarbons, or tars, in cigarette and cigar smoke lead to lung cancer

true

Albert Ellis's form of therapy confronts clients with the ways in which irrational beliefs contribute to anxiety and depression

true

Behavioral psychologists believe learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that arises from practice or experience.

true

Biofeedback training is a system that provides information about a bodily function so the organism can gain control of that function

true

In Pavlov's famous experiment, the dog salivated in response to the tone because the tone became mentally connected with the meat powder.The meat powder is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

true

In a research setting when people can pain through facial expressions they rated electric shocks as more painful.This is an example of the facial feedback hypothesis

true

Newborn children do not know that it is necessary to eat to survive.They turn their head toward stimuli that prod or stroke the cheek, or corner of the mouth.This is termed rooting

true

One suffering from mania may have grand delusional schemes, speak rapidly, and show a rapid flight of ideas

true

In the context of psychodynamic therapies, when the superego floods an individual with excessive guilt, __________.

defenses are established

Jane is a 10 year old girl with a mental age (MA) of 12.Jane's intelligence quotient (IQ) calculated using Wilhelm Stern's formula is ____

120

Which of the following is a similarity between adolescence and emerging adulthood?

Both are ages of feeling in-between

How do pigments gain their colors?

By absorbing light from certain segments of the spectrum and reflecting the rest

Which of the following techniques relies on subtle shifts in blood flow to create a brain scan?

Magnetic resonance imaging

Sam wants to be clinical psychologist.He has been accepted at two different graduate schools.Both schools are equally prestigious and will provide him with an outstanding education.However, he is finding it difficult to choose between the two.According to Neal E Miller, this type of conflict is known as a (n)

approach approach conflict

In the context of evidence based practices, which of the following treatments would be most effective in treating depression, developmental disabilities, and bed wetting

behavior therapy

Which of the following statements is true of approach-approach conflicts?

both goals involved in these conflicts are attainable

Mary has schizophrenia and exhibits symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, lack of emotional expression, and social withdrawal. Mary exhibits ____

both positive and negative symptoms

Vomiting, binge eating, fasting, the use of laxatives, and engaging in prolonged exercise regimens are potentially characteristics of ____________.

bulimia nervosa

David was experiencing a lot of stress because he was experiencing some pain in his right foot, the weather was poor, and he owed money to a friend. These types of stress are considered _____________.

daily hassles

According to the ____, the ancient Greeks believed that the gods punished humans by causing madness

demonological model

The _______ refers to the smallest possible stimulus that can be detected half the time, or the minimum level of stimuli that we can detect.

difference threshold

In _____________, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course.

divergent thinking

_________ intensifies most emotions and is central to the experience of fear and anxiety.

epinephrine

The psychology of motivation concerns the why's and how's of behavior.

false

When problems assault us, irrational beliefs help diminish their effect

false

With age, there are very large declines in memory function, and these changes can never be reversed

false

Women seem less affected by alcohol than men because they have more of an enzyme called aldehyde dehydrogenase, which metabolizes alcohol in the stomach

false

A woman has difficulty concentrating on her job at work because she keeps worrying about things like leaving the door unlocked or the tap turned on. She feels that her house might be robbed or damaged any day because of her carelessness. According to this scenario, she is most likely suffering from __________.

illness anxiety disorder

Positive reinforcement ____ the probability of a behavior occurring, and negative reinforcement _________ the probability of a behavior occurring

increases; increases

Which of the following best defines the term preconscious

it refers to material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention

Which of the following is true of the immune system?

it remembers how to battle antigens, often for years

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, what must be developed immediately prior to esteem needs

love and belongingness

Kim has a poor appetite and has lost a severe amount of weight in the past few months. She is unable to concentrate or make decisions. She no longer wants to live and wishes to die. Psychologists are most likely to diagnose Kim with ____

major depressive disorder

Which of the following are some of the differences between life changes and daily hassles

many life changes are positive and occur less frequently

People with mood disorders

may become severely depressed when things are going well or when they encounter mildly upsetting events

A(n) ______________ is an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus.

memory trace

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer

money

Which of the following statements is true of prospective memory?

moods and attitudes affect prospective memory

Research on the biology of memory involving the visual cortex of rats reared in stimulating environments and the stimulation of certain synapses in sea snails suggests that:

neural events may be involved in memory

is produced largely by neurons in the brain stem and acts both as a neurotransmitter and as a hormone

norepinephrine

Which of the following is a risk factor for coronary heart disease

overeating

Ray often wakes up at night talking loudly and incoherently.During this time, his heart rate increases, and he recalls vague images of someone pressing on his chest.However, he is never fully awake and returns to sleep., Ray is exhibiting symptoms of ___

sleep terrors

____ is the process by which test scores from various population groups, are obtained and organized so that test results can be compared to those with similar demographic profiles

standardization

The ____ activates the adrenal medulla, causing it to release a mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline during the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome

sympathetic nervous system

Katherine is terrified of dogs. To help alleviate her fears, her therapist first teaches her how to relax her muscles. Next, the therapist uses virtual therapy to expose Katherine to different dogs and asks her to stay relaxed. Which of the following is the basis for the virtual therapy used by Katherine's therapist

systematic desensitization

In boys, pituitary hormones stimulate the testes to increase the output of ____, which in turn causes enlargement of the penis and testes and the appearance of body hair

testosterone

Denise's 4-year-old son is really becoming territorial and possessive of his mother. It has become so bad that neither his sibling nor his father can approach her. Freud would suggest that the little boy's behaviors reflect:

the Oedipus complex

Identify the third stage in Freud's theory of psychosexual development

the phallic stage

Which of the following is true of collectivists

they are more likely to conform to group judgment

Which of the following is true of corticosteroids

they combat allergic reactions

According to Robert Sternberg, there are three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical.

true

According to the biological views on the origins of psychological disorders, humans are genetically predisposed to fear stimuli that may have posed a threat to their ancestors

true

Anterograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred after physical trauma because of the effect of the trauma, while retrograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the trauma

true

By the end of the first trimester of fetal development during pregnancy, formation of all the major organ systems is complete.

true

Client centered therapists believe in viewing the world through a client's frame of reference

true

Cognitive therapy focuses on changing the beliefs, attitudes, and automatic types of thinking that create and compound people's problems

true

Freud stirred controversy by arguing that sexual impulses are a central factor in personality development-that we all experience psychosexual development, the process by which libidinal energy is expressed through different erogenous zones during the stages of development.

true

If you are reading this academic text, you are most likely in the emerging adulthood period of development. Emerging adulthood means roughly spanning the ages of 18 to 25, during which many young people attend college and graduate school, sort out identity issues, and create life plans.

true

If you have an internal locus of control, it means you feel you have control over the direction of your life

true

In psychodynamic theory, descriptive information that is not in awareness, but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention is called preconscious material

true

Jenna has not eaten in 8 hours.She experiences hunger.According to the drive reduction theory.Jenna is experiencing a primary drive.

true

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is defined as the ordering of needs from most basic (physiological needs such as hunger and thirst) to most elaborate and sophisticated (self actualization)

true

Odors trigger firing of receptor neurons in the olfactory membrane high in each nostril

true

People with frequent nightmares are more likely than others to have anxiety, depression, and other psychological problems

true

Physical needs give rise to drives like hunger and thirst.

true

Prolonged exposure to secondhand smoke during childhood is a risk factor for cancer of the throat

true

Psychotherapy is a systematic interaction between a therapist and a client that applies psychology principles to affect the client's thoughts, feelings, or behavior in an effort to help the client overcome psychological disorders, adjust to problems in living, or develop as an individual

true

Research shows that eating disorders are more common when the family environment is negative, with possible history of child abuse or neglect, or exposure to high parental expectations

true

Short term memory and working memory mean the same thing

true

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is an example of an objective test present respondents with a standardized group of test items in form of a questionnaire

true

The beginning of menstruation, or menarche, usually occurs between 11 and 14.

true

The body's response to different stressors shows certain similarities whether the stressor is a bacterial invasion, perceived danger, or a major life change is known as the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).

true

The humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers focused on the self-concept and self-esteem, or self-regard.

true

The left hemisphere of the brain is relatively more involved in tasks that require logic and problem solving than the right hemisphere.

true

With well known information such as our names and occupations, retrieval is effortless and rapid

true

Women under stress are more likely to care for their children and seek social contact and support from others.Taylor termed this the "tend and befriend" responses

true

Your friends had to tell what the painting meant because all you could see was a bunch of random dots on the canvas. You are most likely using Bottom-up processing.

true

If you were having trouble with balance, it would most likely be a problem with your ____ system

vestibular