PSYCH 101
_________ refers to acquiring knowledge by observing others.
Cognitive learning
Which of the following refers to a time when a neuron does not allow sodium to pass through the neuronal membrane and as a result, is insensitive to messages from other neurons and does not fire?
A refractory period
Which of the following statements is true of a neural impulse?
The process by which a neural impulse travels is electrochemical
According to the general adaptation syndrome, the _________ is first triggered by perception of a stressor.
alarm reaction
Every time a neuron fires, it transmits an impulse of the same strength. This occurrence is known as the
all-or-none principle
Daniella thinks that she is extremely overweight despite having a normal body weight.She avoids eating food and has recently lost a lot of weight.Despite this, she continues to think that she is overweight.Which eating disorder is Daniella most likely suffer from?
anorexia nervosa
In order for Tonya to stop smoking, her therapist laced her cigarettes with incense that smelled horrifically. What is the name of the technique that Tonya's therapist is using?
aversive conditioning
Suppose a person is fired and he harbors beliefs such as: "This job was the most important thing in my life, "What a no-good failure I am, " "My family will starve," "I'll never find a job as good," " There's nothing I can do about it." According to Albert Ellis, such irrational beliefs contribute to anxiety and depression by:
catastrophizing the extent of loss
Jill was surprised at how much her therapist challenged her beliefs concerning her social anxiety. Her therapist kept having her make counter-arguments against many of the thoughts she had that pertained to her anxiety. Jill's therapist is practicing what approach?
client-centered therapies
Brandon has a fear of dogs.To extinguish this fear, his mother baked him his favorite cake and gradually brought a dog closer to him while he ate the cake.In this scenario, Brandon's mother used ____ to cure his fear
counterconditioning
Which of the following is the sequence of phases for the sexual response cycle
excitement, plateau, orgasmic, resolution
The ____ is the third stage in a group of bodily changes that occur in the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) .In this stage, the muscles become fatigued
exhaustion stage
Identify the factors that make up the Big Five factor model.
extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness
A feature of crystallized intelligence is that it does not increase throughout the life span
false
According to Arne Ohman and Susan Mineka, humans are not biologically prepared by evolutionary forces to develop fears of any kind
false
According to Piaget's stages of development, when children are in the concrete operational stage, they are more egocentric than when they are in the preoperational stage
false
Acetylcholine is excitatory at the heart but inhibitory at synapses between nerves and muscles that involve voluntary movement.
false
Ainsworth and her colleagues identified three major types of attachment: secure attachment, avoidant attachment, and ambiguous/resistant attachment.
false
At the post conventional level of adolescence, moral judgements are derived from authority figures.
false
Because psychologist have engaged in thousands of studies on intelligence, they unequivocally agree on the definition of intelligence
false
Dreams are more likely to be coherent in plot than emotionally gripping.
false
Dreams are most likely to be more vivid during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, whereas images are vaguer and more fleeting during rapid eye movement sleep (REM) sleep
false
Early in the 20th century, Gestalt psychologists noted certain consistencies in the way we integrate bits and pieces of sensory stimulation into meaningful wholes.This group of rules is referred to as the law of similarities
false
In divergent thinking, thought is limited to present facts; the problem solver narrows his or her thinking to find the best solution, whereas, in convergent thinking, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course.
false
In the approach avoidance conflict, each of two goals is desirable, and both are within reach
false
In the context of obsessive compulsive disorder, seemingly irresistible urges to engage in thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce anxiety are referred to as obsessions
false
In their continuing research, psychologists have come to define consciousness in only one way, as the continuing self in the world
false
Insomnia is a sleep disorder in which the air passages are obstructed
false
It takes children longer to learn new words than it takes apes to learn new signs
false
Ivan Pavlov proved that reflexes cannot be learned by association.
false
Media violence and aggressive video games decrease viewers' level of emotional arousal
false
PCP, or phencyclidine, is an opioid whose name is an acronym for its chemical structure.
false
People with body dysmorphic disorder have dual personalities.
false
Psychodynamic and client-centered therapies appear to be most effective with well-educated, verbal, strongly motivated clients who report problems with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders.
false
Rates of suicide and suicide attempts are similar among various ethnic groups and according to gender.
false
Research shows that cultural issues do not play a significant role in an individual's psychology
false
The Weschler intelligence scale yielded the mental age score.
false
The human ability to store information is limited
false
Max is a waiter at a coffee shop.He gets paid $ 100 every day at 9pm regardless of the number of customers he serves during the day.In this scenario, Max's payment is based on the ____
fixed interval schedule
Which of the following is not a demand that stress makes on an organism?
fulfillment
In order to form new memories, you must have a fully functioning ________
hippocampus
Clark Hull's drive reduction theory states that
humans learn to engage in behaviors that reduce a state of arousal
The _____________ is a pea-sized structure in the brain that is involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger.
hypothalamus
___________ refer to erroneous beliefs that one is being victimized.
ideas of persecution
Ever since Michelle failed her biology test, she thinks that she will never be able to find a job when she eventually graduate. She feels that she will end up homeless. This situation best demonstrates ____________.
irrational beliefs
Which of the following statements is true of the absolute threshold
it is determined by exposing individuals to progressively stronger stimuli until the minimum stimuli the person can detect is found
Ophelia is in high school.She enjoys studying and does well in school.Her parents encourage her to think and act independently.Whenever she does well in an exam, she feels a sense of self satisfaction.In this scenario, Ophelia's achievement motivation stems from a (n) ____
learning goal
The ____ adjusts or accommodates to an image by changing its thickness
lens
The ________ is a group of structures involved in memory, motivation, and emotion that forms a fringe along the inner edge of the cerebrum.
limbic system
Since the 1960's, most people suffering from extreme psychological disorders ____
live in the community
After returning from work, Greg contemplates whether he should stay home at home or exercise at the gym.He wants to stay home because he likes to relax, but feels guilty about not getting enough exercise.He knows that if he goes to the gym, he will be glad that he is exercising but unhappy because he does not enjoy the activity.According to Neal E. Miller, this is an example of a (n) ____
multiple approach avoidance conflict
The American Psychological Association (2017) has found that Americans are more likely to do one of the following to cope with stress
music and exercise
Seligman (1996) suggested that when things go wrong, we sometimes develop inappropriate attributional styles towards the causes of failure. Which of the following was not proposed by him?
negative or positive
Which of the following substances is classified as a barbiturate
nembutal
Which of the following hassles is an example of environmental hassles
noise
Cognitive theorists note that
people represent their worlds mentally
The core of generalized anxiety disorder appears to be ____________.
pervasive worrying about numerous stressors
The audience was very impressed by the singers's ability to hit the high and low notes.This most closely refers to ____
pitch
The _______ lies below the hypothalamus and is dubbed the "master gland."
pituitary gland
Stephanie decided not to cheat on the exam because she was afraid of the consequences.This is characteristic of which stage of moral reasoning
preconventional
The most dramatic gains in height and weight occur during
prenatal development
According to Piaget, the ________ is the second stage of cognitive development in children.
preoperational stage
Which of the following is true of psychological needs
psychological needs differ markedly from one person to another
In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called ______________.
self-actualization
Which of the following is not a characteristic of middle adulthood?
sense of smell declines
At the start of the exam Bobbi did not notice any distracting sounds. As time passed she became more and more aware of the ticking clock on the wall. What is this an example of?
sensory adaptation
People with ____ stop breathing periodically, up to several hundred times per night
sleep apnea
Peggy Blake and her colleagues constructed a scale of "life changing units" to measure the impact of life changes among college students.Surveys with students revealed that:
some of them considered academic success to be stressful
In the context of classical conditioning, ________ helps organisms adapt to situations that recur from time to time.
spontaneous recovery
According to the American Lung Association, the hydrocarbons, or tars, in cigarette and cigar smoke lead to lung cancer
true
Albert Ellis's form of therapy confronts clients with the ways in which irrational beliefs contribute to anxiety and depression
true
Behavioral psychologists believe learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that arises from practice or experience.
true
Biofeedback training is a system that provides information about a bodily function so the organism can gain control of that function
true
In Pavlov's famous experiment, the dog salivated in response to the tone because the tone became mentally connected with the meat powder.The meat powder is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
true
In a research setting when people can pain through facial expressions they rated electric shocks as more painful.This is an example of the facial feedback hypothesis
true
Newborn children do not know that it is necessary to eat to survive.They turn their head toward stimuli that prod or stroke the cheek, or corner of the mouth.This is termed rooting
true
One suffering from mania may have grand delusional schemes, speak rapidly, and show a rapid flight of ideas
true
In the context of psychodynamic therapies, when the superego floods an individual with excessive guilt, __________.
defenses are established
Jane is a 10 year old girl with a mental age (MA) of 12.Jane's intelligence quotient (IQ) calculated using Wilhelm Stern's formula is ____
120
Which of the following is a similarity between adolescence and emerging adulthood?
Both are ages of feeling in-between
How do pigments gain their colors?
By absorbing light from certain segments of the spectrum and reflecting the rest
Which of the following techniques relies on subtle shifts in blood flow to create a brain scan?
Magnetic resonance imaging
Sam wants to be clinical psychologist.He has been accepted at two different graduate schools.Both schools are equally prestigious and will provide him with an outstanding education.However, he is finding it difficult to choose between the two.According to Neal E Miller, this type of conflict is known as a (n)
approach approach conflict
In the context of evidence based practices, which of the following treatments would be most effective in treating depression, developmental disabilities, and bed wetting
behavior therapy
Which of the following statements is true of approach-approach conflicts?
both goals involved in these conflicts are attainable
Mary has schizophrenia and exhibits symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, lack of emotional expression, and social withdrawal. Mary exhibits ____
both positive and negative symptoms
Vomiting, binge eating, fasting, the use of laxatives, and engaging in prolonged exercise regimens are potentially characteristics of ____________.
bulimia nervosa
David was experiencing a lot of stress because he was experiencing some pain in his right foot, the weather was poor, and he owed money to a friend. These types of stress are considered _____________.
daily hassles
According to the ____, the ancient Greeks believed that the gods punished humans by causing madness
demonological model
The _______ refers to the smallest possible stimulus that can be detected half the time, or the minimum level of stimuli that we can detect.
difference threshold
In _____________, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course.
divergent thinking
_________ intensifies most emotions and is central to the experience of fear and anxiety.
epinephrine
The psychology of motivation concerns the why's and how's of behavior.
false
When problems assault us, irrational beliefs help diminish their effect
false
With age, there are very large declines in memory function, and these changes can never be reversed
false
Women seem less affected by alcohol than men because they have more of an enzyme called aldehyde dehydrogenase, which metabolizes alcohol in the stomach
false
A woman has difficulty concentrating on her job at work because she keeps worrying about things like leaving the door unlocked or the tap turned on. She feels that her house might be robbed or damaged any day because of her carelessness. According to this scenario, she is most likely suffering from __________.
illness anxiety disorder
Positive reinforcement ____ the probability of a behavior occurring, and negative reinforcement _________ the probability of a behavior occurring
increases; increases
Which of the following best defines the term preconscious
it refers to material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention
Which of the following is true of the immune system?
it remembers how to battle antigens, often for years
According to Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, what must be developed immediately prior to esteem needs
love and belongingness
Kim has a poor appetite and has lost a severe amount of weight in the past few months. She is unable to concentrate or make decisions. She no longer wants to live and wishes to die. Psychologists are most likely to diagnose Kim with ____
major depressive disorder
Which of the following are some of the differences between life changes and daily hassles
many life changes are positive and occur less frequently
People with mood disorders
may become severely depressed when things are going well or when they encounter mildly upsetting events
A(n) ______________ is an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus.
memory trace
Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer
money
Which of the following statements is true of prospective memory?
moods and attitudes affect prospective memory
Research on the biology of memory involving the visual cortex of rats reared in stimulating environments and the stimulation of certain synapses in sea snails suggests that:
neural events may be involved in memory
is produced largely by neurons in the brain stem and acts both as a neurotransmitter and as a hormone
norepinephrine
Which of the following is a risk factor for coronary heart disease
overeating
Ray often wakes up at night talking loudly and incoherently.During this time, his heart rate increases, and he recalls vague images of someone pressing on his chest.However, he is never fully awake and returns to sleep., Ray is exhibiting symptoms of ___
sleep terrors
____ is the process by which test scores from various population groups, are obtained and organized so that test results can be compared to those with similar demographic profiles
standardization
The ____ activates the adrenal medulla, causing it to release a mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline during the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome
sympathetic nervous system
Katherine is terrified of dogs. To help alleviate her fears, her therapist first teaches her how to relax her muscles. Next, the therapist uses virtual therapy to expose Katherine to different dogs and asks her to stay relaxed. Which of the following is the basis for the virtual therapy used by Katherine's therapist
systematic desensitization
In boys, pituitary hormones stimulate the testes to increase the output of ____, which in turn causes enlargement of the penis and testes and the appearance of body hair
testosterone
Denise's 4-year-old son is really becoming territorial and possessive of his mother. It has become so bad that neither his sibling nor his father can approach her. Freud would suggest that the little boy's behaviors reflect:
the Oedipus complex
Identify the third stage in Freud's theory of psychosexual development
the phallic stage
Which of the following is true of collectivists
they are more likely to conform to group judgment
Which of the following is true of corticosteroids
they combat allergic reactions
According to Robert Sternberg, there are three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical.
true
According to the biological views on the origins of psychological disorders, humans are genetically predisposed to fear stimuli that may have posed a threat to their ancestors
true
Anterograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred after physical trauma because of the effect of the trauma, while retrograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the trauma
true
By the end of the first trimester of fetal development during pregnancy, formation of all the major organ systems is complete.
true
Client centered therapists believe in viewing the world through a client's frame of reference
true
Cognitive therapy focuses on changing the beliefs, attitudes, and automatic types of thinking that create and compound people's problems
true
Freud stirred controversy by arguing that sexual impulses are a central factor in personality development-that we all experience psychosexual development, the process by which libidinal energy is expressed through different erogenous zones during the stages of development.
true
If you are reading this academic text, you are most likely in the emerging adulthood period of development. Emerging adulthood means roughly spanning the ages of 18 to 25, during which many young people attend college and graduate school, sort out identity issues, and create life plans.
true
If you have an internal locus of control, it means you feel you have control over the direction of your life
true
In psychodynamic theory, descriptive information that is not in awareness, but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention is called preconscious material
true
Jenna has not eaten in 8 hours.She experiences hunger.According to the drive reduction theory.Jenna is experiencing a primary drive.
true
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is defined as the ordering of needs from most basic (physiological needs such as hunger and thirst) to most elaborate and sophisticated (self actualization)
true
Odors trigger firing of receptor neurons in the olfactory membrane high in each nostril
true
People with frequent nightmares are more likely than others to have anxiety, depression, and other psychological problems
true
Physical needs give rise to drives like hunger and thirst.
true
Prolonged exposure to secondhand smoke during childhood is a risk factor for cancer of the throat
true
Psychotherapy is a systematic interaction between a therapist and a client that applies psychology principles to affect the client's thoughts, feelings, or behavior in an effort to help the client overcome psychological disorders, adjust to problems in living, or develop as an individual
true
Research shows that eating disorders are more common when the family environment is negative, with possible history of child abuse or neglect, or exposure to high parental expectations
true
Short term memory and working memory mean the same thing
true
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is an example of an objective test present respondents with a standardized group of test items in form of a questionnaire
true
The beginning of menstruation, or menarche, usually occurs between 11 and 14.
true
The body's response to different stressors shows certain similarities whether the stressor is a bacterial invasion, perceived danger, or a major life change is known as the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).
true
The humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers focused on the self-concept and self-esteem, or self-regard.
true
The left hemisphere of the brain is relatively more involved in tasks that require logic and problem solving than the right hemisphere.
true
With well known information such as our names and occupations, retrieval is effortless and rapid
true
Women under stress are more likely to care for their children and seek social contact and support from others.Taylor termed this the "tend and befriend" responses
true
Your friends had to tell what the painting meant because all you could see was a bunch of random dots on the canvas. You are most likely using Bottom-up processing.
true
If you were having trouble with balance, it would most likely be a problem with your ____ system
vestibular
