Psych 101 Test 3

According to eyewitness testimony research, which of the following increases the likelihood of identification errors?

According to eyewitness testimony research, which of the following increases the likelihood of identification errors?

Which of these statements is correct about eyewitness identification of criminal suspects?

Eyewitnesses are prone to memory errors concerning the accident or crime they witnessed

Which of the following students should retrieve information more successfully on classroom tests based on studies of recoding strategies?

Irene, who attempts to relate her notes to information she already knows

In this stage of sleep, the individual is just entering sleep and the EEG closely resembles that of a person

Stage 1

The encoding specificity principle is a hypothesis that states:

a retrieval cue will be effective to the extend that information encoded from the cue overlaps or matches information in the memory trace

Which of the following has a significant effect on the accuracy of eyewitness memory?

age of the eyewitness, the presence of weapons, and the wording of questions that are asked about the crime

In a follow-up study to the original Bobo Doll experiment, Badura observed the process of vicarious reinforcement, where children behaved less aggressively when:

aggressive models were punished

Episodic memory is the memory system that holds what kind of information?

autobiographical knowledge

Which of the following best explains the concept of "levels of awareness" in respect to consciousness?

awareness is a continuum that includes both high and low awareness

Kim enjoys skiing and finds that she goes on the slopes as often as she can. Kim's behavior may be explained by Thorndike's Law of Effect, which states that

behavior that is rewarding or satisfying is likely to be repeated

Which of the following statements is true?

both positive and negative reinforcement increase the likelihood of a response

When Nora goes into a cupcake bakery, she is surrounded by cues associated with cupcakes. Her response elicited by these cues is to expect a very delicious dessert. When she waits until she gets home to eat the cupcake, that's exactly what she experiences. However, when she eats the cupcake at the bakery it is not as delicious as she predicted. Which concept can explain this phenomenon of cues reducing the strength of the unconditioned response (i.e. enjoyment of the cupcake)?

conditioned compensatory responses

Caitlin loves to get email from her friends back home. Her computer makes a "boing" noise every time an email arrives. Before she got this computer, the "boing" noise meant nothing to her, but now she really loves that noise. The "boing" on her computer has become, for Caitlin, a(n)

conditioned stimulus

Your psychology professor calls on you during class. The first thought that goes through your mind is, "Why me?" This thought could be characterized as

consciousness

A researcher reads the following list of words to a group of participants: night, dream, bed, quiet, pillow, snore, nightmare, blanket, alarm. The researcher then asks the participants to write down as many words as they can recall from the list. Several write down the word "sleep," which was not on the list. This example BEST illustrates:

constructive memory

Research into the debate of media violence suggest that media violence:

contributes to increased aggression in children and adults

Your drive to class each day is fairly standard - you start your car, take the same route, and park in the same spot (or close to the same spot). One day, while sitting at a red light, you witness a car chase - cops and even a helicopter. Years later, you can recall details from that drive. Which memory concept is associated with why you will remember that particular drive to class?

distinctiveness

Ilana is trying to remember a set of dates for her history class. While she practices the dates, she makes up rhymes and stories to go with them. This method of improving her memory by adding to the information she is trying to remember while practicing it is called

elaborative rehearsal

It is critical to use good interviewing techniques with eyewitnesses after an event because good interviewing techniques can:

enhance the quality and quantity of information obtained from an eyewitness.

Memories that we believe to be real, but never actually occurred are called _____

false memories

Imagine that you are a memory researcher and want to learn about memory errors. You decide to meet with participants and ask them about the time they went camping with their family (even though they have never camped in their lives). At first, the participants are hesitant, not really remembering the camping trip (because it never happened!). However, after you show them a few Photoshopped images of them in a sleeping bag and in the forest, they begin to remember details about the trip - how the family went berry picking or that an animal tried to get into the food supply. This phenomenon is referred to as:

false memory

Stimulants are drugs that:

have an arousal effect on the central nervous system, causing a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension

Darcey is in a relaxed state with decreased self-consciousness. In this state she is open to suggestion. Which state is Darcy in?

hypnosis

Jules was recently in a motorcycle accident that damaged portions of her limbic system, particularly the hippocampus. You would not be surprised if Jules experienced a(n)

inability to consolidate new memories

Alcohol exerts its effects on the body by:

increasing the inhibitory effect of GABA

Some people have amazing and elaborate memory processes that allow them to remember a large amount of information in a short amount of time. Often, these individuals are said to use ______, or elaborate scenes with discrete places, to help them encode and recall information at a rapid rate.

memory palaces

In a study, researchers asked one group of participants to watch a video about two friends in an unpleasant argument. They asked another group of participants to watch the same video, but told them that it was a video of two friends enjoying a lively discussion. Afterwards, the researchers notice that participants who were told the discussion was an argument were more likely to falsely report that the people in the video were yelling, frowning, and angry. This is an example of:

misinformation effect

When people are deprived of REM sleep, they show which of the following behaviors when they can rest without disturbance?

more REM sleep than normal

Although, you may think that if you pay close attention to a bright spot, you must be aware of it. But that is not always correct. In the phenomenon, ___________, bright discs completely vanish from your awareness in full attention.

motion-induced blindness

Sarah wants to go to the movies, but she forgot to wash the dishes as her mother asked. She is not allowed to go to the movies. If Sarah is less likely to forget to wash the dishes in the future, she has experienced

negative punishment

A child who learns to play kickball by sitting back and watching is engaged in:

observational learning

Patients who have experienced damage to the striate cortex sometimes show a phenomenon known as blind sight. In this case, MOST patients:

often guess correctly in response to where an object is located even though they report they cannot see it

Whenever a student answers a question in class, Professor Goldsmith responds, "That's a great question; thank you for asking it." Students are subsequently more likely to ask questions in Goldsmith's class. This example most clearly illustrates

operant conditioning

In Loftus and Palmer's classic 1974 experiment, participants answered questions about a motor vehicle accident. The central findings of the experiment revealed that:

people who answered questions that implied that the vehicles were traveling at a faster rate (how fast were cars going when they smashed into each other?) gave high speed estimates.

If your friend used the phrase "red hat" in a sentence and then, several minutes later, you noticed someone wearing a red hat you might reasonably conclude that this is an example of:

perceptual priming

Conrad took a unit quiz for his psychology class, but he only took it once, although he could take it multiple times. As a result he didn't see all the questions that were available in the quiz-bank. When he eventually studied for that unit exam, he only studied the information that was on the quiz that he had taken earlier. As a result he missed a number of questions. This phenomena is called:

retrieval inhibition

Charlene flew to see her grandparents on a plane that was piloted by Janet Harris. When Charlene arrived they asked her how she enjoyed the flight. "It was a wonderful flight, and the pilot was very good. He was able to avoid turbulence." Charlene's inability to remember the pilot's gender may have been influenced by

schemas

In classical conditioning the unconditioned response is:

the biological response triggered by the unconditioned stimulus

Research on flashbulb memories indicates that

the details of these memories are not very accurate

Levi met a cute girl walking from class. The girl gave him her number and he is trying to remember the digits until he can write it down. Levi is using what type of memory to remember the girl's phone number?

working memory