Psych 103 Final Exam

Recent research results have indicated that fathers' _____ improved young children's executive function (Meuwissen & Carlson, 2018).

autonomy support

According to Albert Bandura, which of the following statements is most likely to be endorsed by students with high self-efficacy? a)"I think I am better than everyone else." b)"I know that I will be able to achieve the objective in this class." c) "I will not be able to do well at this activity." d) "I wish I could perform well in sports."

b) I know that I will be able to achieve the objective in this class

In the context of children's friendships, which of the following represents the function of social comparison served by friendship? a) Friendship provides resources and assistance. b) Friendship provides information about where a child stands vis-à-vis others and whether the child is doing okay. c) Friendship provides children with interesting information, excitement, and amusement. d) Friendship provides children with a warm, close, and trusting relationship with another individual.

b)Friendship provides information about where a child stands vis-a-vis others and whether the child is doing okay

According to Baltes and other researchers, in which of the following scenarios is the need for compensation for older adults the most obvious?

being bedridden because of an illness

Most adolescents from ethnic minority groups develop a(n) _____ identity.

bicultural

Determining _____ age involves knowing the functional capacities of a person's vital organs.

biological

What causes autism spectrum disorders?

brain dysfunction with abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitters

Who is at the highest risk of SIDS? a) Malachi, who is 4 weeks old b) Isaiah, who is 10 months old c) Chaz, who is 3 months old d) Tyrell, who is 6 weeks old

c) Chaz, who is 3 months old

In contrast with Kohlberg's theory, Gilligan argues for a(n) _____ perspective, which views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.

care

Infants can see objects before they can control their torso, and they can use their hands long before they can crawl or walk. This would indicate that they have a _____ pattern of growth.

cephalocaudal

Research has shown that infants born to adolescent mothers are more likely to have

childhood illnesses

According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society, which of the following statements is true about an individual's sleep?

chronic sleep deprivation may contribute to cardiovascular disease and a shortened life span

_____ is the term used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines.

climacteric

Living together in a sexual relationship without being married is known as

cohabitation

It is observed that respect for older adults is greater in _____ cultures than in _____ cultures.

collectivistic; individualistic

The _____ life-events approach emphasized the manner in which life events influence an individual's development depends not only on these events but also on mediating factors.

contemporary

the fear of strangers

continues to escalate through the infants first birthday

James Marcia defines _____ as a period of identity development during which an individual is exploring alternatives.

crisis

John Horn maintains that in middle adulthood, _____ intelligence continues to increase.

crystallized

Psychologists suspect that _____ often results from growing up in below-average intellectual environment.

cultural familial intellectual disability

_____ encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation.

culture

Explicit memory is also called _____ memory.

declarative

According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, which of the following is the first stage of dying?

denial and isolation

Erik Erikson believed that people who experience isolation in early adulthood and stagnation in middle adulthood are more likely to experience _____ in late adulthood.

despair

Which of the following is a trend in the U.S. workforce?

disappearance of a longterm career for an increasing number of adults

Emerging adults fail to develop health-promoting habits because they

do not consider how their lifestyle will affect them later in life

One recent, dramatic shift in popular methods of nicotine use is significant to infant health: Research shows chronic exposure to _____ increases the chance of low birth weight in offspring.

e-cigarette aerosol

Conflict with parents often escalates during

early adolescence

Euthanasia is otherwise known as

easy death

The idea that no singular theory can explain life-span development as a whole, but that each theory plays an important role, is referred to as a(n)

eclectic theoretical orientation

Infants show _____ when they are in familiar settings.

less stranger anxiety

A(n) _____ refers to a legal document that reflects the patient's advance care planning.

living will

_____ involves the retention of information over time.

memory

An increasing problem in middle and late adulthood is _____, a condition characterized by hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance.

metabolic syndrome

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, a person's family, peers, school, and neighborhood constitute his or her

microsystem

_____ adulthood is the developmental period that begins at approximately 40 to 45 years of age and extends to about 60 to 65 years of age.

middle

Which of the following best explains why middle adulthood starts later and lasts longer now than in the early 1900s?

people today have healthier lifestyles than people in the early 1900s

The _____ is the part of adolescent egocentrism involving a sense of uniqueness and invincibility.

personal fable

An individual's body image encompasses their

physical identity

A recent study revealed that smart phone dependence had which of the following consequences for female college students?

poorer sleep quality

Middle-aged Americans agree that a major component of their well-being involves

positive relationships

Deaths that are sudden, violent, or traumatic are likely to

produce more intense feelings in survivors than if the person died of a long illness

Drugs, incompatible blood types, environmental pollutants, infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies, maternal stress, advanced maternal and paternal age, and environmental pollutants are collectively identified as _____ in the context of prenatal development.

teratogens

According to Freud, infants become attached to the person or object

that provides oral satisfaction

By far the most common high-tech assisted reproduction technique used is

In vitro fertilization

Which of the following is the leading cause of death in the 75-to-84 and 85-and-over age groups?

cardiovascular disease

A learning disability

is not primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities

The development of formal operational thinking

is promoted by education in the logic of science and mathematics

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson considered play to be valuable because

it helps a child master anxieties and conflicts

Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, which appears during middle and late childhood, is called

Industry versus inferiority

In contrast with lower-socioeconomic status parents, higher-socioeconomic status parents

are less directive and more conservational with their children

Kohlberg emphasized perspective taking and _____ as critical aspects of the social stimulation that challenges children to change their moral reasoning.

peer interaction

_____ introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection in 1859.

Charles Darwin

In the context of parent-child relationships, the major shift to autonomy with regard to children does not occur until about age _____ or later.

12

The transition from adolescence to adulthood has been referred to as emerging adulthood and occurs from approximately _____ years of age.

18 to 25

Binge drinking peaks at about

21-22 years of age

From about _____ years of age, children display heteronomous morality.

4 to 7

On average, the adult brain loses _____ percent of its weight between the ages of 20 and 90.

5 to 10

According to Piaget's theory, from _____ years of age, children are in a transition, showing some features of the first stage of moral reasoning and some features of the second stage, autonomous morality.

7 to 10

Life expectancy in the United States is currently about

79 years

In the context of adolescent sexuality, identify a true statement about developing a sexual identity.

An adolescent sexual identity involves styles of behavior and an indication of sexual orientation

The Big Five factors of personality can best be remembered by combining their first letters to form the word

OCEAN

Active euthanasia is legal in the state of

Oregon

The type of care that is designed to reduce pain and suffering and help individuals die with dignity is known as _____ care.

Palliative

In which country is cohabitation virtually universal before marriage?

Sweden

_____ is a philosophy of education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities.

The Montessori approach

In which of the following states is assisted suicide not considered a crime?

Washington

Which of the following statements about self-conscious emotions is true? a) They involve the emotional reactions of others when they are generated. b) These emotions appear in the first six months of the infant's development. c) They include emotions like surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust. d) They are emotions that are present in humans and other animals.

a) They involve the emotional reactions of others when they are generated

Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to

a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.

Which of the following statements is true of Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development? a) In this stage, children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings. b) This stage involves the ability to use deductive reasoning. c)In this stage, a child can perform operations independently without adult supervision. d)This stage lasts from approximately 3 months to 2 years of age.

a) In this stage, children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings.

According to Howard Gardner's theories, who among the following would need to have good spatial abilities to be successful?

architects and sailors

Based on Vygotsky's theory, which of the following educational strategies should be incorporated in classrooms? a) offering just enough assistance to a child to accomplish a task b) formal, standardized tests to assess children's learning c) making each child responsible for his or her work without relying on peers or teachers for support d) discouraging distractions like self-talk or private speech

a) offering just enough assistance to a child to accomplish a task

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

are contracted primarily through sexual contact

The leading cause of death in young children in the United States is

accidents

_____ occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.

accomodation

Crystallized intelligence is an individual's

accumulated information and verbal skills

Reductions in _____ have been linked to small declines in memory functioning and to the severe memory loss associated with Alzheimer disease.

acetylcholline

George Vaillant concludes that _____ is a time for detecting parental flaws and discovering the truth about childhood.

adolescence

The concept of emerging adulthood has been criticized as applying mainly to

adolescents who are privileged

Brain death occurs when

all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specified period of time

Researchers have found that relationships between aging parents and their children are characterized by

ambivalence

An advance directive, such as a living will, must be signed when

an individual is able to think clearly

Mental age (MA) is

an individuals level of mental development relatives to others

Most of us reach our peak physical performance

before the age of 30, often between the ages of 19 and 26.

According to Robert J. Sternberg's triangular theory of love, _____ is physical and sexual attraction to another.

passion

Which of the following is the main risk factor that a couple must be aware of when undergoing fertility treatments? a) high birth weight in babies conceived through such treatments b) significant differences in developmental outcomes for children conceived through such treatments c) an increase in the possibility of multiple births when such treatments are used d) negative psychological impact on children conceived through such treatments

c) an increase in the possibility of multiple births when such treatments are used

Piaget's preoperational stage is so named because he believed that children in this stage of development

cannot yet perform reversible mental actions

If intelligence is assumed to be normally distributed, which of the following would you expect to find in the overall population? a) more people of low intelligence than of moderate or high intelligence b) more people of high intelligence than of low intelligence c) more people of high intelligence than of moderate or low intelligence d) more people of moderate intelligence than of high or low intelligence

d) more people of moderate intelligence than of high or low intelligence

Which of the following would Erik Erikson most likely recommend to soothe a crying infant? a) Soothe the baby every other time, so that he or she does not become dependent on external comforters. b) Do not soothe the baby, because he or she will be spoiled. c) Allow the infant to cry because this will encourage the development of a self-sufficient child. d) Pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops.

d) pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops

At which grade level does conformity to peers peak?

eighth and ninth grades

Binge-drinking college students are about how many times more likely to fall behind in school?

eleven times as likely

The _____ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment.

epigenetic

What are the two most important contributors to height differences among children worldwide?

ethnic origin and nutrition

_____ correlations occur because a child's genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments.

evocative genotype enviroment

Psychology's newest approach, _____, emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior.

evolutionary psychology

Life _____ is the number of years that the average person born in a particular year will probably live.

expectancy

The activity dimension of _____ is better than other dimensions in predicting longevity (Chapman & others, 2020).

extraversion

Tara holds her 2-month-old daughter Sonia close to her, makes eye contact, and smiles and sings softly to her. Tara is engaging in

face-to-face play

_____ is a process that helps to explain how young children learn the connection between a word and its referent so quickly.

fast mapping

Most divorces occur in the _____ year of marriage.

fifth to tenth

According to Levinson, the transition from dependence to independence is marked by the

formation of a dream

In Erikson's theory, _____ encompasses adults' desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation.

generativity

Erikson proposed that middle-aged adults face a significant issue that he called

generativity versus stagnation

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, consummate love is characterized by

passion, intimacy, and commitment

_____ is a genetic abnormality in which delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding.

hemophilia

Sensitivity to _____ sounds usually declines first among _____.

high-pitched; men

In the context of adult attachment styles, attachment-anxious individuals are characterized by

higher negative affect and perceived social rejection than their securely attached counterparts

Being overweight or obese is linked to increased risk of

hypertension

Adolescents who do not successfully resolve their identity crisis suffer from what Erikson calls

identity confusion

Which of the following is Erikson's fifth developmental stage?

identity versus identity confusion

The average U.S. high school dropout rates mask some very high dropout rates

in low income areas of inner cities

The new model of parent-adolescent relationships emphasizes that

in most families, parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe

The improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late childhood is due to

increased myelination of the central nervous system

A(n) _____ is a written statement that spells out a program that is specifically tailored for a student with a disability.

individualized education plan (IEP)

Which parenting style leads to egocentric, domineering, and noncompliant behavior in children?

indulgent parenting

_____ was/were the main cause of death in the United States until the middle of the twentieth century.

infectious disease

According to Mary Ainsworth, a(n) _____ infant avoids the mother or is ambivalent toward her, fears strangers, and is upset by minor, everyday separations.

insecurely attached

Insecure avoidant babies show

insecurity by avoiding the caregiver

Which of the following is Erikson's eighth stage of development?

integrity versus despair

Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory and Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence are examples of the idea that

intelligence consists of a number of specific abilities

A person's mental age divided by chronological age (CA) and multiplied by 100 indicates that person's

intelligence quotient

Erikson describes _____ as finding oneself while losing oneself in another person, and it requires a commitment to another person.

intimacy

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is the sixth developmental stage?

intimacy versus isolation

Middle adulthood is referred to as the "sandwich" generation because

middle-aged adults may have to care for their own adolescent children as well as their elderly parents

Carol Dweck refers to the cognitive view individuals develop for themselves as

mindset

A cell that contains 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs undergoes the process of _____ to produce two new cells, each containing the same DNA as the original cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes.

mitosis

The majority of unintentional injuries in adolescence involve

motor vehicle accidents

A recent study of complicated grief revealed that individuals with this type of grief had a higher level of the personality trait of

neuroticism

According to the Big Five factors of personality, which of the following personality super traits describes an individual as either secure or insecure?

neuroticism

The most common infant sleep-related problem reported by parents is

nighttime walking

The cultural makeup of the U.S. population has changed over the past few years because of immigration and other factors. Such long-term changes in the genetic and cultural makeup of a population are part of

normative historical change

Influences that generally affect a generation (for example, the effect of the Vietnam War on the baby boomers) are considered _____ influences.

normative history graded

In the context of the milestones in motor skills development in infants, which of the following is true of the first year?

not all infants reach these gross motor development milestones in the same order

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020) has established categories for weight that are determined by body mass index. Children and adolescents at or above the 97th percentile are classified as

obese

According to aging expert Laura Carstensen, who among the following tend to experience less intense positive emotions with new friends and equal levels of positive emotions with established friends?

older adults

Individuals high in _____ have been found to be more likely to have superior cognitive functioning, achievement, and IQ across the life span.

openness to experience

The _____ pattern of growth is the developmental sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.

proximodistal

Jean Piaget believed that cognition in one stage is _____ that in another stage.

qualitatively different from

Puberty refers to a period of

rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occur primarily during early adolescence

Fluid intelligence is the ability to

reason abstractly

Adults remembering more events from the second and third decades of their lives than from other decades is called the

reminiscence bump

According to evolutionary theory, natural selection is linked to _____, which is present in the earlier part of adulthood.

reproductive fitness

B. F. Skinner, a behaviorist, would argue that the most important factors that shape development are

rewards and punishments

What are the two major forms of love?

romantic and affectionate

When a mother plays peek-a-boo with her baby, she moves from covering the baby and saying "peek-a-boo" to covering her own eyes and saying it. This illustrates

scaffolding

Children are internally motivated to perceive the world and to act in accordance with their developing

schemas

Based on recent research (Delker, Bernstein, & Laurent, 2018), which of the following can reduce risk-taking behavior among adolescents with a background of poverty?

secure attachment to the caregiver

_____ adults have positive views of relationships, find it easy to get close to others, and are not overly concerned with or stressed out about their romantic relationships.

securely attached

The term _____ refers to the ability to focus on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant.

selective attention

_____ theory describes how people can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to the tasks they want to master.

selective optimization with compensation

The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes is called

self efficacy

_____ is also called self-worth or self-image.

self esteem

In Erikson's portrait of early childhood, the young child clearly has begun to develop _____, which is the representation of self, the substance, and content of self-conceptions.

self understanding

A person's knowledge about the world is called _____ memory.

semantic

Each year, hundreds of babies in the United States show symptoms such as brain swelling and hemorrhaging, which experts refer to as

shaken baby syndrome

_____ is a government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens

social policy

_____ are now the second leading cause of death in adolescence.

suicides

According to Freud, the moral element of personality is called the

superego

Identity development

takes place in bits and pieces

Two current controversies in early childhood education involve

the curriculum, and the idea of universal preschool education in the united states

The infant's ability to regulate emotions is tied to

the gradual maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex

Piaget concluded that the changes in moral reasoning in children come about through

the mutual give and take of peer relations

The rapid increase in an infant's vocabulary starting at about 18 months of age is called

the vocabulary spurt

Victims of cyberbullying are most likely to respond in what way to the online attacks and harassments?

they inform a friend about the incident

Gender _____ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

typing

Almost half of all deaths from 15 to 24 years of age are due to _____, with the majority of those cases involving _____.

unintentional injuries; motor vehicle accidents

If researchers measure an individual's self-esteem at ages 10, 20, 30, and 40 years, where are they likely to find the most stability?

when measured at the age of 20 and then again at the age of 30

In the context of work and aging, which of the following statements is true of older adults?

when older adults engage in complex working tasks and challenging daily work activities, their cognitive functioning shows less age-related decline

According to Erik Erikson's developmental stages, which of the following is the resolution an individual is most likely to experience if he or she is in the last stage of human development?

wisdom

The slowdown in learning new information has been linked to changes in _____, where individuals manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending written and spoken language.

working memory