Psych 103 Final Exam
Recent research results have indicated that fathers' _____ improved young children's executive function (Meuwissen & Carlson, 2018).
autonomy support
According to Albert Bandura, which of the following statements is most likely to be endorsed by students with high self-efficacy? a)"I think I am better than everyone else." b)"I know that I will be able to achieve the objective in this class." c) "I will not be able to do well at this activity." d) "I wish I could perform well in sports."
b) I know that I will be able to achieve the objective in this class
In the context of children's friendships, which of the following represents the function of social comparison served by friendship? a) Friendship provides resources and assistance. b) Friendship provides information about where a child stands vis-à-vis others and whether the child is doing okay. c) Friendship provides children with interesting information, excitement, and amusement. d) Friendship provides children with a warm, close, and trusting relationship with another individual.
b)Friendship provides information about where a child stands vis-a-vis others and whether the child is doing okay
According to Baltes and other researchers, in which of the following scenarios is the need for compensation for older adults the most obvious?
being bedridden because of an illness
Most adolescents from ethnic minority groups develop a(n) _____ identity.
bicultural
Determining _____ age involves knowing the functional capacities of a person's vital organs.
biological
What causes autism spectrum disorders?
brain dysfunction with abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitters
Who is at the highest risk of SIDS? a) Malachi, who is 4 weeks old b) Isaiah, who is 10 months old c) Chaz, who is 3 months old d) Tyrell, who is 6 weeks old
c) Chaz, who is 3 months old
In contrast with Kohlberg's theory, Gilligan argues for a(n) _____ perspective, which views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.
care
Infants can see objects before they can control their torso, and they can use their hands long before they can crawl or walk. This would indicate that they have a _____ pattern of growth.
cephalocaudal
Research has shown that infants born to adolescent mothers are more likely to have
childhood illnesses
According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society, which of the following statements is true about an individual's sleep?
chronic sleep deprivation may contribute to cardiovascular disease and a shortened life span
_____ is the term used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines.
climacteric
Living together in a sexual relationship without being married is known as
cohabitation
It is observed that respect for older adults is greater in _____ cultures than in _____ cultures.
collectivistic; individualistic
The _____ life-events approach emphasized the manner in which life events influence an individual's development depends not only on these events but also on mediating factors.
contemporary
the fear of strangers
continues to escalate through the infants first birthday
James Marcia defines _____ as a period of identity development during which an individual is exploring alternatives.
crisis
John Horn maintains that in middle adulthood, _____ intelligence continues to increase.
crystallized
Psychologists suspect that _____ often results from growing up in below-average intellectual environment.
cultural familial intellectual disability
_____ encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation.
culture
Explicit memory is also called _____ memory.
declarative
According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, which of the following is the first stage of dying?
denial and isolation
Erik Erikson believed that people who experience isolation in early adulthood and stagnation in middle adulthood are more likely to experience _____ in late adulthood.
despair
Which of the following is a trend in the U.S. workforce?
disappearance of a longterm career for an increasing number of adults
Emerging adults fail to develop health-promoting habits because they
do not consider how their lifestyle will affect them later in life
One recent, dramatic shift in popular methods of nicotine use is significant to infant health: Research shows chronic exposure to _____ increases the chance of low birth weight in offspring.
e-cigarette aerosol
Conflict with parents often escalates during
early adolescence
Euthanasia is otherwise known as
easy death
The idea that no singular theory can explain life-span development as a whole, but that each theory plays an important role, is referred to as a(n)
eclectic theoretical orientation
Infants show _____ when they are in familiar settings.
less stranger anxiety
A(n) _____ refers to a legal document that reflects the patient's advance care planning.
living will
_____ involves the retention of information over time.
memory
An increasing problem in middle and late adulthood is _____, a condition characterized by hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance.
metabolic syndrome
According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, a person's family, peers, school, and neighborhood constitute his or her
microsystem
_____ adulthood is the developmental period that begins at approximately 40 to 45 years of age and extends to about 60 to 65 years of age.
middle
Which of the following best explains why middle adulthood starts later and lasts longer now than in the early 1900s?
people today have healthier lifestyles than people in the early 1900s
The _____ is the part of adolescent egocentrism involving a sense of uniqueness and invincibility.
personal fable
An individual's body image encompasses their
physical identity
A recent study revealed that smart phone dependence had which of the following consequences for female college students?
poorer sleep quality
Middle-aged Americans agree that a major component of their well-being involves
positive relationships
Deaths that are sudden, violent, or traumatic are likely to
produce more intense feelings in survivors than if the person died of a long illness
Drugs, incompatible blood types, environmental pollutants, infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies, maternal stress, advanced maternal and paternal age, and environmental pollutants are collectively identified as _____ in the context of prenatal development.
teratogens
According to Freud, infants become attached to the person or object
that provides oral satisfaction
By far the most common high-tech assisted reproduction technique used is
In vitro fertilization
Which of the following is the leading cause of death in the 75-to-84 and 85-and-over age groups?
cardiovascular disease
A learning disability
is not primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities
The development of formal operational thinking
is promoted by education in the logic of science and mathematics
Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson considered play to be valuable because
it helps a child master anxieties and conflicts
Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, which appears during middle and late childhood, is called
Industry versus inferiority
In contrast with lower-socioeconomic status parents, higher-socioeconomic status parents
are less directive and more conservational with their children
Kohlberg emphasized perspective taking and _____ as critical aspects of the social stimulation that challenges children to change their moral reasoning.
peer interaction
_____ introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection in 1859.
Charles Darwin
In the context of parent-child relationships, the major shift to autonomy with regard to children does not occur until about age _____ or later.
12
The transition from adolescence to adulthood has been referred to as emerging adulthood and occurs from approximately _____ years of age.
18 to 25
Binge drinking peaks at about
21-22 years of age
From about _____ years of age, children display heteronomous morality.
4 to 7
On average, the adult brain loses _____ percent of its weight between the ages of 20 and 90.
5 to 10
According to Piaget's theory, from _____ years of age, children are in a transition, showing some features of the first stage of moral reasoning and some features of the second stage, autonomous morality.
7 to 10
Life expectancy in the United States is currently about
79 years
In the context of adolescent sexuality, identify a true statement about developing a sexual identity.
An adolescent sexual identity involves styles of behavior and an indication of sexual orientation
The Big Five factors of personality can best be remembered by combining their first letters to form the word
OCEAN
Active euthanasia is legal in the state of
Oregon
The type of care that is designed to reduce pain and suffering and help individuals die with dignity is known as _____ care.
Palliative
In which country is cohabitation virtually universal before marriage?
Sweden
_____ is a philosophy of education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities.
The Montessori approach
In which of the following states is assisted suicide not considered a crime?
Washington
Which of the following statements about self-conscious emotions is true? a) They involve the emotional reactions of others when they are generated. b) These emotions appear in the first six months of the infant's development. c) They include emotions like surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust. d) They are emotions that are present in humans and other animals.
a) They involve the emotional reactions of others when they are generated
Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to
a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
Which of the following statements is true of Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development? a) In this stage, children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings. b) This stage involves the ability to use deductive reasoning. c)In this stage, a child can perform operations independently without adult supervision. d)This stage lasts from approximately 3 months to 2 years of age.
a) In this stage, children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings.
According to Howard Gardner's theories, who among the following would need to have good spatial abilities to be successful?
architects and sailors
Based on Vygotsky's theory, which of the following educational strategies should be incorporated in classrooms? a) offering just enough assistance to a child to accomplish a task b) formal, standardized tests to assess children's learning c) making each child responsible for his or her work without relying on peers or teachers for support d) discouraging distractions like self-talk or private speech
a) offering just enough assistance to a child to accomplish a task
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
are contracted primarily through sexual contact
The leading cause of death in young children in the United States is
accidents
_____ occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.
accomodation
Crystallized intelligence is an individual's
accumulated information and verbal skills
Reductions in _____ have been linked to small declines in memory functioning and to the severe memory loss associated with Alzheimer disease.
acetylcholline
George Vaillant concludes that _____ is a time for detecting parental flaws and discovering the truth about childhood.
adolescence
The concept of emerging adulthood has been criticized as applying mainly to
adolescents who are privileged
Brain death occurs when
all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specified period of time
Researchers have found that relationships between aging parents and their children are characterized by
ambivalence
An advance directive, such as a living will, must be signed when
an individual is able to think clearly
Mental age (MA) is
an individuals level of mental development relatives to others
Most of us reach our peak physical performance
before the age of 30, often between the ages of 19 and 26.
According to Robert J. Sternberg's triangular theory of love, _____ is physical and sexual attraction to another.
passion
Which of the following is the main risk factor that a couple must be aware of when undergoing fertility treatments? a) high birth weight in babies conceived through such treatments b) significant differences in developmental outcomes for children conceived through such treatments c) an increase in the possibility of multiple births when such treatments are used d) negative psychological impact on children conceived through such treatments
c) an increase in the possibility of multiple births when such treatments are used
Piaget's preoperational stage is so named because he believed that children in this stage of development
cannot yet perform reversible mental actions
If intelligence is assumed to be normally distributed, which of the following would you expect to find in the overall population? a) more people of low intelligence than of moderate or high intelligence b) more people of high intelligence than of low intelligence c) more people of high intelligence than of moderate or low intelligence d) more people of moderate intelligence than of high or low intelligence
d) more people of moderate intelligence than of high or low intelligence
Which of the following would Erik Erikson most likely recommend to soothe a crying infant? a) Soothe the baby every other time, so that he or she does not become dependent on external comforters. b) Do not soothe the baby, because he or she will be spoiled. c) Allow the infant to cry because this will encourage the development of a self-sufficient child. d) Pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops.
d) pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops
At which grade level does conformity to peers peak?
eighth and ninth grades
Binge-drinking college students are about how many times more likely to fall behind in school?
eleven times as likely
The _____ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment.
epigenetic
What are the two most important contributors to height differences among children worldwide?
ethnic origin and nutrition
_____ correlations occur because a child's genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments.
evocative genotype enviroment
Psychology's newest approach, _____, emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior.
evolutionary psychology
Life _____ is the number of years that the average person born in a particular year will probably live.
expectancy
The activity dimension of _____ is better than other dimensions in predicting longevity (Chapman & others, 2020).
extraversion
Tara holds her 2-month-old daughter Sonia close to her, makes eye contact, and smiles and sings softly to her. Tara is engaging in
face-to-face play
_____ is a process that helps to explain how young children learn the connection between a word and its referent so quickly.
fast mapping
Most divorces occur in the _____ year of marriage.
fifth to tenth
According to Levinson, the transition from dependence to independence is marked by the
formation of a dream
In Erikson's theory, _____ encompasses adults' desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation.
generativity
Erikson proposed that middle-aged adults face a significant issue that he called
generativity versus stagnation
According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, consummate love is characterized by
passion, intimacy, and commitment
_____ is a genetic abnormality in which delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding.
hemophilia
Sensitivity to _____ sounds usually declines first among _____.
high-pitched; men
In the context of adult attachment styles, attachment-anxious individuals are characterized by
higher negative affect and perceived social rejection than their securely attached counterparts
Being overweight or obese is linked to increased risk of
hypertension
Adolescents who do not successfully resolve their identity crisis suffer from what Erikson calls
identity confusion
Which of the following is Erikson's fifth developmental stage?
identity versus identity confusion
The average U.S. high school dropout rates mask some very high dropout rates
in low income areas of inner cities
The new model of parent-adolescent relationships emphasizes that
in most families, parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe
The improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late childhood is due to
increased myelination of the central nervous system
A(n) _____ is a written statement that spells out a program that is specifically tailored for a student with a disability.
individualized education plan (IEP)
Which parenting style leads to egocentric, domineering, and noncompliant behavior in children?
indulgent parenting
_____ was/were the main cause of death in the United States until the middle of the twentieth century.
infectious disease
According to Mary Ainsworth, a(n) _____ infant avoids the mother or is ambivalent toward her, fears strangers, and is upset by minor, everyday separations.
insecurely attached
Insecure avoidant babies show
insecurity by avoiding the caregiver
Which of the following is Erikson's eighth stage of development?
integrity versus despair
Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory and Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence are examples of the idea that
intelligence consists of a number of specific abilities
A person's mental age divided by chronological age (CA) and multiplied by 100 indicates that person's
intelligence quotient
Erikson describes _____ as finding oneself while losing oneself in another person, and it requires a commitment to another person.
intimacy
According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is the sixth developmental stage?
intimacy versus isolation
Middle adulthood is referred to as the "sandwich" generation because
middle-aged adults may have to care for their own adolescent children as well as their elderly parents
Carol Dweck refers to the cognitive view individuals develop for themselves as
mindset
A cell that contains 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs undergoes the process of _____ to produce two new cells, each containing the same DNA as the original cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes.
mitosis
The majority of unintentional injuries in adolescence involve
motor vehicle accidents
A recent study of complicated grief revealed that individuals with this type of grief had a higher level of the personality trait of
neuroticism
According to the Big Five factors of personality, which of the following personality super traits describes an individual as either secure or insecure?
neuroticism
The most common infant sleep-related problem reported by parents is
nighttime walking
The cultural makeup of the U.S. population has changed over the past few years because of immigration and other factors. Such long-term changes in the genetic and cultural makeup of a population are part of
normative historical change
Influences that generally affect a generation (for example, the effect of the Vietnam War on the baby boomers) are considered _____ influences.
normative history graded
In the context of the milestones in motor skills development in infants, which of the following is true of the first year?
not all infants reach these gross motor development milestones in the same order
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020) has established categories for weight that are determined by body mass index. Children and adolescents at or above the 97th percentile are classified as
obese
According to aging expert Laura Carstensen, who among the following tend to experience less intense positive emotions with new friends and equal levels of positive emotions with established friends?
older adults
Individuals high in _____ have been found to be more likely to have superior cognitive functioning, achievement, and IQ across the life span.
openness to experience
The _____ pattern of growth is the developmental sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.
proximodistal
Jean Piaget believed that cognition in one stage is _____ that in another stage.
qualitatively different from
Puberty refers to a period of
rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occur primarily during early adolescence
Fluid intelligence is the ability to
reason abstractly
Adults remembering more events from the second and third decades of their lives than from other decades is called the
reminiscence bump
According to evolutionary theory, natural selection is linked to _____, which is present in the earlier part of adulthood.
reproductive fitness
B. F. Skinner, a behaviorist, would argue that the most important factors that shape development are
rewards and punishments
What are the two major forms of love?
romantic and affectionate
When a mother plays peek-a-boo with her baby, she moves from covering the baby and saying "peek-a-boo" to covering her own eyes and saying it. This illustrates
scaffolding
Children are internally motivated to perceive the world and to act in accordance with their developing
schemas
Based on recent research (Delker, Bernstein, & Laurent, 2018), which of the following can reduce risk-taking behavior among adolescents with a background of poverty?
secure attachment to the caregiver
_____ adults have positive views of relationships, find it easy to get close to others, and are not overly concerned with or stressed out about their romantic relationships.
securely attached
The term _____ refers to the ability to focus on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant.
selective attention
_____ theory describes how people can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to the tasks they want to master.
selective optimization with compensation
The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes is called
self efficacy
_____ is also called self-worth or self-image.
self esteem
In Erikson's portrait of early childhood, the young child clearly has begun to develop _____, which is the representation of self, the substance, and content of self-conceptions.
self understanding
A person's knowledge about the world is called _____ memory.
semantic
Each year, hundreds of babies in the United States show symptoms such as brain swelling and hemorrhaging, which experts refer to as
shaken baby syndrome
_____ is a government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens
social policy
_____ are now the second leading cause of death in adolescence.
suicides
According to Freud, the moral element of personality is called the
superego
Identity development
takes place in bits and pieces
Two current controversies in early childhood education involve
the curriculum, and the idea of universal preschool education in the united states
The infant's ability to regulate emotions is tied to
the gradual maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex
Piaget concluded that the changes in moral reasoning in children come about through
the mutual give and take of peer relations
The rapid increase in an infant's vocabulary starting at about 18 months of age is called
the vocabulary spurt
Victims of cyberbullying are most likely to respond in what way to the online attacks and harassments?
they inform a friend about the incident
Gender _____ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
typing
Almost half of all deaths from 15 to 24 years of age are due to _____, with the majority of those cases involving _____.
unintentional injuries; motor vehicle accidents
If researchers measure an individual's self-esteem at ages 10, 20, 30, and 40 years, where are they likely to find the most stability?
when measured at the age of 20 and then again at the age of 30
In the context of work and aging, which of the following statements is true of older adults?
when older adults engage in complex working tasks and challenging daily work activities, their cognitive functioning shows less age-related decline
According to Erik Erikson's developmental stages, which of the following is the resolution an individual is most likely to experience if he or she is in the last stage of human development?
wisdom
The slowdown in learning new information has been linked to changes in _____, where individuals manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending written and spoken language.
working memory