Psych 142 Final Study Guide

After reading about the possible causes of schizophrenia, a scientist thinks that a virus is most likely the cause. What term most accurately describes the scientist's idea? a) hypothesis b) dependent variable c) extraneous variable d) experimental estimate

a) hypothesis

Observing behavior as it happens in real-life natural settings without imposing laboratory controls is known as the ________. a) naturalistic observations method b) experimental method c) survey method d) psychometric approach

a) naturalistic observations method

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have? a) night terrors b) narcolepsy c) restless leg syndrome d) sleep apnea

a) night terrors

What stage of sleep are you most likely experiencing if an EEG of your brain activity showed sleep spindles and K complexes? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) REM

b) 2

Who was an early proponent of functionalism? a) Ivan Pavlov b) William James c) Willhelm Wundt d) Max Wertheimer

b) William James

A group of randomly selected subjects for a study that matches the population on important characteristics such as age and sex is called ________. a) volunteer bias b) a representative sample c) an experimental group d) a control group

b) a representative sample

The work of Freud was built around ________. a) a theory of personality that emphasizes the awareness of one's own cognitive processes b) a theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts

b) a theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts

What occurs during stage 1 sleep? a) both our respiration and heartbeat quicken b) both our respiration and heartbeat slow down c) our respiration quickens while our heartbeat slows down d) our heartbeat quickens while our respiration slows down

b) both our respiration and heartbeat slow down

A detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated is called a ________. a) representative sample b) case study c) single-blind study d) naturalistic observation

b) case study

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________. a) conscience b) consciousness c) REM sleep d) unconsciousness

b) consciousness

In an experiment, the variable that is controlled or manipulated by the researcher is called the ___________ variable. a) independent b) dependent c) correlational d) expirmental

b) dependent

Alcohol is considered a ___________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity. a) antipsychotic b) depressant c) hallucinogen d) stimulant

b) depressant

In a _________ study, both the researchers ad the participants are unaware of the group assignments. a) control b) double blind c) pilot d) randomly assigned

b) double blind

_______ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers. a) attrition b) inner-rater reliability c) A control group d) Validity

b) inner-rater reliability

Mona lives on the east coast of the USA. She takes an overnight flight to the west coast to visit family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigues, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from ______________. a) homeostasis b) jet lag c) night terrors d) parasomnia

b) jet lag

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)? a) crying while asleep b) kicking and punching while asleep c) snoring while asleep d) talking while asleep

b) kicking and punching while asleep

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false? a) sleep deprivation can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function b) sleep deprivation is associated with obesity c) sleep deprivation has been found to lead to ADHD d) sleep deprivation often results in depression like symptoms

c) sleep deprivation has been found to lead to ADHD

__________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can be even conducted by phone, email, or mail. a) archival research b) case studies c) surveys d) university experiments

c) surveys

Which of these is the most accurate definition of the discipline of psychology? a) the scientific study of behavior b) the scientific study of mental processes c) the scientific study of behavior and mental processes d) the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes

c) the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

What did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed? a) free will b) brain physiology c) the unconscious mind d) external consequences

c) the unconscious mind

What is one of the major reasons that psychologist report results so publicly? a) to comply with legal requirements b) to identify all extraneous variables c) to allow researchers to replicate experiments d) to explain research results so that non-psychologists can understand them

c) to allow researchers to replicate experiments

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________. a) physical dependence b) psychological dependence c) tolerance d) withdrawel

c) tolerance

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep. a) night terrors b) non REM c) NREM d) REM

d) REM

The goals of psychology are to ___________. a) explore the conscious and unconscious functions of the human mind b) understand, compare, and analyze human behavior c) improve psychological well being in all individuals birth until death d) describe, explain, predict, and control behavior

d) describe, explain, predict, and control behavior

A group of researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example , learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the _________ variable.

d) independent; dependent

The more modern form of psychoanalysis is called the _____________ perspective. a) Gestalt b) humanistic c) eclectic d) psychodynamic

d) psychodynamic

____________ are the most commonly used species for animal research. a) elephants b) birds c) cats and dogs d) rodents

d) rodents

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity. a) antipsychotic b) depressant c) hallucinogen d) stimulant

d) stimulant

This organization, one of the largest professional groups of psychologists in the world, was founded in 1892. a) the American Psychological Society b) the National Institute of Mental Health c) the Centers for Disease Control d) the American Psychological Association

d) the American Psychological Association

Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as ___________, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge. a) deductive reasoning b) inductive reasoning c) the experiment d) the scientific method

d) the scientific method

A(n) ________________ is a well developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena. a) conclusion b) hypothesis c) operational definition d) theory

d) theory

Which type of early psychologist believed that "the whole is more than the sum of its parts"? a) Gestalt psychologist b) behaviorist c) structuralist d) functionalist

a) Gestalt psychologist

___________ is an anthropologist who contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation. a) Jane Goodall b) Sigmund Freud c) Suzanne Fanger d) Tatiana Hogan

a) Jane Goodall

________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time. a) attrition b) experimenter bias c) generalizability d) single blinding

a) attrition

Studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants _____________. a) can sometimes be tested with animal studies b) can only be examined using a descriptive or correlational approach c) are used to form strong opinions that are logical and intuitive d) are not possible to test with any form of empirical methods

a) can sometimes be tested with animal studies

Most people are awake during the day and sleep at night because their __________ cycles are aligned with the outside world. a) circadian b) external c) melatonin d) diurnal

a) circadian

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________. a) confirmation bias b) confounding variable c) correlational research d) observer bias

a) confirmation bias

Melatonin release from the pineal gland is stimulated by ____________ and inhibited by _____________.

a) darkness; light

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent? a) explaining the hypothesis to the participants b) letting the participants know that participation is voluntary c) obtaining the participant's signature or a signature from the parent or guardian if the participant is a minor d) reviewing that data is confidential

a) explaining the hypothesis to the participants

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimum level, within a biological system? a) homeostasis b) insomnia c) melatonin d) rhythm

a) homeostasis

A negative correlation means __________. a) a third variable eliminates a correlational relationship b) one variable decreases as the other increases c) there is a relationship between two variables, but it is not statistically significant d) two variables increase together, but they are associated with undesirable outcome

b) one variable decreases as the other increases

The ___________ effect occurs when a person's expectations or beliefs influence or determine their experience in a given situation. a) rhino b) placebo c) rorschach d) cosmos

b) placebo

On a television talk show, an actor describes the symptoms of anxiety he has been experiencing. He reports that the severity of the symptoms has decreased since he has been taking a drug prescribed by his therapist back in Hollywood. You conclude that the actor's therapist is probably a ______________.

b) psychiatrist

The ability of research study or psychological instrument to consistently produce a given result is called ________. a) validity b) reliability c) standardization d) operationalization

b) reliability

Which perspective focuses on free and will and self actualization? a) the psychoanalytic perspective b) the humanistic perspective c) The cognitive perspective d) the behavioral perspective

b) the humanistic perspective

Which founding contributors to psychologist helped develop behaviorism? a) Gestalt and Wundt b) Freud and Watson c) Watson and Pavlov d) Pavlov and Wundt

c) Watson and Pavlov

In 1879, in Leipzig, Germany, the first psychological laboratory was overseen by __________. a) William James b) William Tell c) Willhelm Wundt d) Sigmund Freud

c) Willhelm Wundt

Which word is the most appropriate synonym for validity? a) consistency b) applicability c) accuracy d) repitition

c) accuracy

obstructive sleep apnea occurs when __________. a) a disruption in signals that regulate breathing, which are sent from the brain, cause periods of interrupted breathing. b) an individual dreams she cannot breathe and wakes up in panic c) an individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep d) signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing are blocked in the hypothalamus

c) an individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep

What kind of research is Saanvi conducting if she tracks six groups of participants, each group a different age, over several years, assessing them on her variable of interest once every six months? a) correlational b) sequential c) cross sectional d) longitudinal

c) cross sectional

Which of the following questions could be answered best by survey method? a) what is the effect of ingesting alcohol on problem solving ability? b) does wall color affect the frequency of violence in prison populations? c) do students prefer a grading system with or without pluses and minuses? d) what is the relationship between number of hours per study and gpa?

c) do students prefer a grading system with or without pluses and minuses?

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness? a) cognitive behavioral b) dependent c) evolutionary d) Freudian

c) evolutionary

In Freud's model of dreams, the hidden meaning of a dream is called the ___________ content. a) ego driven b) preconscious c) latent d) manifest

c) latent

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design. a) cross sectional b) experimental c) longitudinal d) survey

c) longitudinal

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek may have ________. a) somnambulism b) damage to his K- complex c) narcolepsy d) REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

c) narcolepsy

The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on one's behavior is part of what early field of psychology? a) structuralism b) functionalism c) psychoanalysis d) behaviorism

c) psychoanalysis

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________. a) inner rater reliability b) standardization c) replication d) validity

c) replication

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ___________. a) smoking causes lung cancer b) smoking contributes to lung cancer c) there is a predisposition toward both smoking and lung cancer d) there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

d) there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer