PSYCH 156 - MIDTERM 2

Primary appraisal

"first movements" of emotions and "automatic evaluation."

What is disinhibition?

It has consequences for long-term adaptation. These are children who boldly approach novelty, who are more likely to be impulsive, inattentive and aggressive. Such as children attribute more hostile intent to others and react with higher levels of anger to perceived slights.

What is the amygdala and what does it do?

It has rich interconnections with the hypothalamus, which regulates emotion-laden behaviors such as sex, eating, and aggression. LeDoux found that the amygdala can receive sensory information that has not been processed by the cortex. The amygdala is involved in learning about fearful stimuli and remembering them.

Phoebe Ellsworth - DIMENSIONAL APPROACH

It involves the differences and similarities of the emotion and its shifts from one emotion to another.

What is Physiological correlates to shyness/fearfulness?

5.5 YEARS: one character fearful, other fearless. Larger rise in diastolic blood pressure. Greater pupil dilation during cognitive acceleration. Less variability in vocal utterances. Increased cortisol, an adrenal hormone produced during stress. Heightened amygdala reactivity at 21.

Autism

Children with autism have difficult time with certain elements of communication and understanding others' intentions and feelings. They also have core deficits in their ability to form social relationships and communicate with language. This is because of the challenge to share thinking. Difficulty with reading someone else's mind, to understand what an emotion mens and what caused it.

what is the system 1?

Fast, automatic appraisals and intuitions about general properties of the social world (salience, threat, approach worthy, savoring, harm)

Time of Fear process

Fear 9 months Stranger and Peril

What are the processes of emotion as identity?

Reactive processes Evocative processes Selective processes

What are Adjective checklists?

Sets of adjectives that are synonyms of emotions and moods.

Dopamine

Shiota and colleagues argue that dopamine is the foundation of positive emotions. Dopamine release and activation in the nucleus accumbens increase in response to pleasure food, opportunity for sex, and conditioned neutral stimuli that have been repeatedly paired with food, sex, or rewarding drugs.

What is Constructivist perspective?

William James thought that emotions are perceptions of inner physiological processes so that there are many ways of experiencing and talking about them.

Emotions as relational processes

With this theory, emotions are more than simply interpersonal feelings: they shape interactions and relationships and have interpersonal meanings. Cries of sadness express feelings loss and a desire for comfort.

Nico Frijda

when an appraisal is made, we are prompted to readiness for a certain mode of action or interaction, appropriate to what has happened. He called the mode Ur-emotions.

Emotion lexicon

Different words to describe an emotion, which can be organized into categories at different levels.

Prototypes

It can be thought of as an example of an object in a category that exhibits typical features of the category. A prototypical bird is a robin.

Metaphors

It's a concept that points to something other than itself. For example: this party is blast. Justice is blind.

Labeling (Lieberman et al.)

Labeling emotion reduces amygdala activation. Activates right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex.

Action readiness

An automatic and unconscious appraisal occurs in different emotions, each which sets the brain into mode adapted to deal with an recurring situation of Action Readiness. it is seen in a secondary appraisal.

Time of smile process

Smile Two months attach

Time of surprise process

Surprise 11 months violation of expectancy. It is attributed to learning.

Ur-emotions

This means primitive emotions, which have some but not all the attributes of full emotions.

Richard Lazarus -DISCRETE APPROACH

A person appraises the events in terms of is relevance to goals. If an event is relevant, it is appraised as to whether it is congruent or incongruent with a goal. Goal-congruent events --> positive emotions. Goal- incongruent events --> negative emotions.

neuromodulators/neuropeptides

A second family of neurochemicals in the brain. Many of these are peptides, or sequences of amino acids, which influence the activation of neurotransmitters.

Emotion suppression

A way of regulating emotions, which results in increased blood pressure and reduces rapport; habitual practicers of this are more vulnerable to depression.

Shared thinking and cooperation

Also called "goal corrected partnership" by John Bowlby. It is based on shared gesture, joint attention and language, emotional mimicry, as well as an interest and motivation to share thoughts and act cooperatively with one another.

What is the cliff studies?

An experimental paradigm in studying emotions in children; drop in plexiglass makes it appear child will drop; when mother shows a fearful or sometimes angry face the children will not cross the cliff, but when mother shows happy face baby crosses Adult's expression signals information about the environment Visual cliff (looks like cliff but it is not) Fear face in mother: 0/17 cross Anger face: 11% cross Happy face: 15/19 cross

Prefrontal cortex

Anatomy: receives input from subcortical regions: Nucleus Accumbens, Amygdala, periaqueductal gray (system 1) Language (words, metaphors), regulation, deliberative reasoning (system 2) Basic functions of frontal lobes: maintain signals from subcortical regions, represent, devise plans. Also, actions tailored to the present context.

Time of anger process

Anger 8 -12 months Autonomy

Neurotransmitters

Are released from the synapses of neurons and diffuse in million of seconds across the tiny synaptic gaps between cells to activate or inhibit receiving neurons.

Attachment and John Bowlby

Attachment behaviors are activated in the presence of threats to the child, which, in turn, keep the child in close proximity to caregivers in the first few years. Through experiences with the caregiver in moments of danger, illness, and distress, infants construct a model of the caregiver as a protector and buffer, allowing them to use the protector as a secure base and explore the world.

What does Craigs say about the Anterior Insular cortex?

Craigs argues that when a neurochemical signals from the body arrive at the anterior insular cortex, it engages self-awareness, awareness of the context, and thoughts of what to do, the beginning of the experience of an emotion.

Time of crying process

Crying Birth signal need

Cultural variations in language of emotion

Cultures vary in the number of words that represent emotions that vary extensively across cultures. Researchers have identified 2000 emotion-related words in English, 750 in Taiwanese, 58 in Ifaluk in Polynesia, and 8 in the Chewong of Malaysia. These are words to describe: anger, fear, happiness, sadness and disgust.

Edward Muybridge

Damage to orbitofrontal cortex Trouble with empathy and coldness.

Wanting vs savoring/liking

Dopamine and activation in the nucleus accumbens are central to wanting.

What are three emotion regulations?

Emotional suppression, Reappraisal and 3rd person perspective

What is nurture?

Emotional variation that you observe in your family environment, neighborhood, socialization, school. Trauma, UCB.

what is Nature?

Emotional variations that you observe in your family, grandparents, aunts and uncles.

Assumptions of the constructivist perspective

First, emotions do not fall into discrete categories. Second, emotions are based on core affect, based on a primary appraisal dimension of goodness or badness, with an orthogonal dimension of energization or lassitude.

What are the three Periqueductal Gray processes related to emotion?

First, it is involved in the release of opioids, which inhibit ascending pain signals before they reach the cortex. Second, it is activated by threatening images that evoke negative emotions along with pain. Third, it may be part of a caregiving system in the mammalian brain that is responsive to harm.

What are the two complementary processes of Attribute beliefs to oneself or others?

First, the children must understand the subjectivity of others' experiences and know that these experiences are different from their own. Second, particularly for embarrassment, shame and other conscious emotions, there must be an awareness of the self as might be seen by other people.

what is social referencing?

The ability to use the emotional displays of others to guide one's own behavior; emerges by the end of the first year along with the ability to move around independently.

What are Evocative processes?

How others react to, perceive us Facial displays, vocal burts: how we are perceived Touch, how we attach to parents, and children

what are selective processes?

How we construe, enter into life's situations What we perceive: risk or reward in romance, careers What we remember: sad, loss; beatific times What we deem right and wrong, political conviction

Talking about emotions

Increasing use of emotion words with development. Half of conversations about causes of emotions. By 28 months, 60% of conversations refer to internal states This emotion talk teaches labeling of emotions, knowledge of mental states, theory of mind Longitudinal work by Jenkins, Dunn: more emotional talk predicts increased emotion talk later, greater empathy, moral development.

What is temperament?

It is a genetically based emotional pattern to the individual's personality. It is moderated by our experiences. It is neurophysiological foundations of identity. Predisposition to respond in emotionally specific way... Nature Present early in life: even in womb perhaps. Stable over time: correlated from one age to the next Consistent across situations Heritable: monozygotic more similar than dizygotic twins in personality traits such as extraversion, neuroticism Based in meaningful variation in neurophyscal system.

3rd person perspective

It is a kind of emotion regulation. In the head of an emotional episode, you might look upon yourself from a third person perspective, or as if you were an actor in a play or from a distant point of view. This kind of regulation engages the medial prefrontal cortex which is known to be involved in self-presentation.

What does oxytocin do?

It is a neuropeptide for trust, good will. It is involved in the lactation, maternal bonding, and sexual interaction, care. Blocking oxytocin prevents maternal behavior, empathy, generosity, gaze at the faces and memory for faces. In primate, injections of oxytocin have led to increases in the frequency of touching and watching infants and decreases in aggressive yawns and facial threats.

What is experience sampling?

It is a self report scale that measures tendencies toward global positive and negative moods, distinct positive emotions like awe, love, and compassion.

When is Default Mode Network activated?

It is activated when the person engages in spontaneous self-generated thought, which can be musing, reflective, or creative. The network has been found to be activated when people engage in self-directed, goal-centered activity, in activities that involve autobiographical memory, in thoughts about the self in relation to other people, in imagination of novel scenes or narratives, and in thinking about moral dilemmas or personal futures.

Secondary appraisal

It is also called second movement. These provide more deliberative, conscious, complex assessments to decide what to think and what to do about what has happened.

Why do people have less words to describe their emotions?

It is associated with being less aware of emotions, a paucity of fantasies, and a cognitive style oriented to outside events rather than to the inner world.

Anterior insular cortex

It is centrally involved in the experience of emotion. It tracks information about breathing, cardiovascular activity such as the contradiction of the heart and blood flow, the arousal of the sexual organs, digestive processes, as well as skeletal muscle actions involved in bodily movements. It is where bodily changes appear to be transformed into physical sensations that enter our conscious awareness. It also registers informations about others' emotions, it is activated by emotional touch and by perceiving facial expressions in others

Oxytocin

It is produced in the hypothalamus and released into both the brain and blood stream.

What is theory of mind?

It is the ability to understand oneself and others in terms of mental states (emotions, desires, and beliefs). The ability to understand that others think and feel as you do; develops after children hit 3 years olD.

Core relational theme

It is the core meaning associated to an emotion. For example: anxiety is caused by an existential threat.

Central nervous system

It is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

what is Behavioral inhibition?

It is the tendency to avoid new people, objects and experiences. It is evident during infancy and early childhood. CORE EMOTIONS: Fear and self conscious emotion. BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM INVOLVED: Amygdala, SANS, serotonin deficit.

What is the Disorganized style?

It is thought to develop in the context of a chaotic and/or frightening caregiving environment. Such children lack a developed means to regulate painful emotions in the face of attachment distress.

Emotional complexity

It is variation of the language used to describe emotions. Some people differentiate emotion into a wide variety of categories and distinctions and they lead emotionally complex lives.

Scripts

It refers to a characteristic outline of a sequence of events.

Emotion regulation

It refers to the set of processes that modulate the onset, intensity, duration, physiology, and expression of emotional experience it can be automatic or voluntary. Emotion regulation is both personal and interpersonal.

Emotion as an identity development

Malturational: unfolding of emotions Temperament: biological foundations of identity Parenting, attachment Acculturation and socialization.

Time of means-end thinking process

Means-end thinking children ability to recognize goals

Twin studies

Monozygotic more similar than dizygotic twins in personality such as extraversion, neuroticism (r=.5 vs .3).

What are the five categories of metaphors according to George Lakoff, Mark Johnson, and Zoltan Kovecses?

Natural forces, opponents, diseases, fluids in containers and animals.

Prosocial behavior.

Oxytocin leads to desire to affiliate. It will produce prosocial behavior in warm, kind, people but not others.

Brain's response to giving

People who cooperate in an economic game: Their reward circuit activate. this circuit is activated by more complex social rewards alongside pleasing tastes and money.

What are the three categories of Emotion Lexicon?

Prototypes, Scripts and Metaphors.

Opioids

Reduce the pain responses. When it is injected into the brain of rodents, distress vocalizations associated with mammalian separation and grief are dramatically reduced. Opioids are involved during experience of savoring and liking things. It also reduced Panic and associated feelings of sadness, distress, and loneliness.

Time of sad process

Sadness Adolescence Separate

Mention the different types of attachment

Securely attached Avoidant attachment Resistant/Ambivalent attachment Disorganized style

Time of self-conscious emotions

Self-conscious emotions 18 months embarrassment and envy, prosocial emotional tendencies as empathy and sympathy-based.

Vocal Expression of Emotion

Since babies are born, their brain is equipped to process emotional information. . Cheng et al., found that newborn (1-5 days old) were able to differentiate between fearful, happy, and neutral voices. This ability of discriminate emotions from voice is even during sleep. When they are presented with other babies laughter or cries, they also show different patterns of neural activation. 12 months old babies can make distinctions between different vocal expressions of positivity and tie these vocalizations to the likely eliciting circumstance. They are also able to think about the causes of emotion in another person.

Multimodal recognition of emotions

Six month olds have been shown to be able to match happy and angry bodily expressions to corresponding vocalizations of happiness and anger.

What is effortful control?

The ability to regulate attention and behavior deliberately and voluntary. It develops strongy during the preschool period. Good effortful is related to less negativity in children's emotional lives and to better attentional control, processes that are supported by neural development in prefrontal brain regions. It is 40% heritable.

"Selfish genes"

The code information of the gene is passed down from generation to generation. If there is an unselfish gene, it would disappear.

Embarrassment

The development of consciousness and mentalizing abilities in the second year allows for experience of embarrassment as well as the beginning of empathy.

Negativity bias

The fact that bad events or stimuli affect us more strongly than good stimulus. Presented when a child is about 7 months old.

Executive function

The set of processes involved in being able to plan in relation to long-term goals and other people, to negotiate the unexpected, and to deal with dangers, and with immediate emotions

Conceptualization

The use of words to describe emotion experiences. We interpret the experience with our ideas and notions about what caused the emotion.

what are reactive processes?

They are our emotional reactions to stimuli Subjective feeling such as fear and calm Amygdala, cortisol, vagal tone and Oxytocin and Serotonin.

Neuropeptides

They are small protein-like molecules used by neurons to communicate with each other. They are neuronal signalling molecules that influence the activity of the brain and the body in specific ways.

GABA and Serotonin

They both inhibit the activation of the emotion systems. GABA's big role in the body is to reduce the activity of neurons in the brain and central nervous system, which in turn has a broad range of effects on the body and mind, including increased relaxation, reduced stress, a more calm, balanced mood, alleviation of pain, and a boost to sleep. Low serotonin levels have been linked to depression. It is believed to help regulate mood and social behavior, appetite and digestion, sleep, memory, and sexual desire and function.

When does emotions and personal goals develop?

This develops over the first 18 months of a child's life.

Mindfulnes

This patterns practices are sosphicate form of emotion conceptualization, in which in a physically calm state the individual directs attention an categorizes transient emotional states or the stresses and difficulties of social living.

Traumatic injury patient studies

Trauma leads to the diminished activity of the higher regions of the brain, thus releasing the lower from inhibition.

Component Process Model

We evaluate events in a sequence of appraisals. There is an unfolding of emotion as a function of specific appraisal components and emotional-related response. understanding emotion is that people vary in their emotional appraisals and responses.

Habituation paradigm

a method for studying the recognition of facial expressions in infants; based on the fact that infants tend to look at patterns that are new to them for longer than familiar patterns; infants are presented with a picture of a facial expression until they no longer look at it

What is Reappraisal?

a way of regulating emotions at the cognitive change stage of emotion regulation which involves reframing the event in a way that changes the emotions felt

what is Resistant/Ambivalent attachment?

is thought to develop in the context of inconsistent caregiver sensitivity, wherein infants maximize their expression of distress in order to obtain a response from their parents.

Postures and gestures

four month olds are not able to perceive the difference between fear and happiness on the basis of body postures, but eight month olds can make this discrimination. Infants as young as six and a half months have been found to discriminate happy from neutral bodily gestures and prefer the happy actions.

What is Securely attached?

infants have experienced sensitive and consistent caregiving, which allows them to learn to expect parental availability in the face of stress.

Difference between Awe in interdependent culture and independent culture

interpersonal in china and more self-focused in US

what is Avoidant attachment?

is associated with a consistently insensitive caregiving style. Infants adaptively respond to this environment by minimizing signs of distress in the face of stress, as they have learned their emotions will be ignored or rejected.

nucleus accumbens (NAC)

part of the reward pathway in the brain; located in forebrain just beneath prefrontal cortex. it is rich in dopamine and opioid neurotransmitter pathways and has long been thought central to the experience of positive effect.

Alexithymia

people who have a narrower language of emotion, which means having a few words for emotions.

Time of responsivity process

six months early brain development and child's understanding of their minds.

Old"/Mammalian brain

the limbic system developed to support emotions that allow for mammals' increasing solidarity. Study: when large parts of the limbic system in wild monkey were removed, the wild monkeys, normally aggressive, would become docile, hypersexual, disinhibited and approach everything without fear.