Psych 201 Makeup Exam 2
Validity
Degree to which an exam measures the trait it was designed to measure
Acculturative Stress
Demands faced by immigrants in adjusting to a host society
Disbelief that one is really dying is characteristic of which stage of death and dying?
Denial
In the history of intelligence tests, which event is the most recent?
Development of the deviation IQ
Which type of psychologist would most likely study such phenomena as the effects of parenting style on a child's emotional growth?
Developmental
____ is marked by fluctuations between episodes of depression and mania.
Bipolar I disorder
Anticonvulsant drugs used to treat epilepsy have also proved useful in the treatment of...
Bipolar disorder
Behavior therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapies have demonstrated impressive results in treating all of the following EXCEPT...
Bipolar disorder
Resistance
Blockage in the flow of free association; topics the client resists thinking or talking about
The cognitive model of panic disorder focuses on misinterpretations of...
Bodily sensations
Attachment
Bonding between an infant and a parent or caregiver on an emotional level
Dontarius was born at thirty-one weeks of gestation with a birth weight of four pounds and twelve ounces. Dontarius is classified as...
Both premature and low birth weight
Neville is memorizing parts of the brain for his psychology exam. Neville rehearses the information over and over, past the point of practice needed to recognize and list all of the parts of the brain. Which memory technique is Neville utilizing?
Overlearning
Regarding post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which of the following statements is FALSE?
PTSD is found almost entirely in Western cultures
Adrenal Medulla
Part of adrenal glands that secretes the stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine
Type A Behavior Pattern
Routine of bearing characterized by impatience, time urgency, competitiveness, and hostility
Social Norms
Rules that define acceptable and expected behavior for members of a groups
According to Vygotsky, the optimal relationship between adult and child is...
Tutor and student
If you are like the average person, you can expect to reach the peak of your physical performance in your...
Twenties
Regarding attitudes, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Twin studies suggest that people inherit particular genes for particular attitudes
The type of psychological disorder that attracted Sigmund Freud to the study of psychological factors in abnormal behavior would now be called...
Functional neurological symptom disorder
An average child in the concrete operational stage of cognitive development can be expected to do all but which of the following?
Generate hypotheses and think deductively
Most people consider recognition tasks to be easier than recall tasks, possibly because...
Recognition tasks provide more retrieval cues than do recall tasks
Which social psychologist proposed that people tend to focus more on the behavior of others than on the circumstances in which the behavior occurs?
Fritz Heider
A friend approaches you and asks, "Is psychotherapy effective?" Which of the following is the most reasonable answer for you to make?
"Yes, people who participate in psychotherapy are more likely to achieve a good outcome than those who go untreated, but there is continued debate about whether some forms of therapy are more effective than others."
If Felicity's development is average, she can be expected to discriminate among happy, angry, and neutral facial expressions at what age?
4 to 6 months
Psychologists have identified ______ types of conflict, and they are called ______
4; approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach-avoidance, and multiple approach-avoidance
Men are at greater risk than women for developing coronary heart disease until about what age?
65
In a classic study on conformity (Asch, 1956), approximately what percentage of college students sided with the incorrect majority at least once?
75%
In research reported in your text, an analysis of 400 controlled studies evaluating the effectiveness of psychotherapy found that the average person receiving therapy did better than approximately what percentage of people placed on waiting lists for therapy?
80%
Dissociative amnesia is...
A loss of memory with no identifiable physical cause
Which of the following definitions best describes frustration?
A negative emotional state that results when efforts to pursue a goal are blocked
Melanoma accounts for ______ percent of skin cancers, and it claims approximately ______ lives in the United States every year
5; 8,000
When people make dispositional attributions for their successes and make situational attributions for their failures, they are demonstrating...
A self-serving bias
Genetic studies demonstrate that the concordance rate for schizophrenia is...
Highest among monozygotic twins
The patterns of behavior in personality disorders are, in many cases...
Highly resistant to change
Javan's English teacher tells him, "Watch your syntax!" To what is Javan's teacher referring?
His ordering of words within sentences and phrases
Sensory Memory
Holding recalled impressions to stimuli for a very short duration
Corticosteroids
Hormones of the adrenal glands that increase strain resistance by increasing the stored nutrient availability
Which component of the Type A behavior pattern best explains the connections between the Type A profile and heart disease?
Hostility
June recalls a procedural memory when she remembers...
How to play "Chopsticks" on the piano
Regarding the role of genetics and that of the environment in intelligence, experts generally agree that...
Changing the environment can make an enormous difference
Exhaustion
Characterized by physical and psychological depletion
Alarm
Characterized by sympathetic nervous system arousal
Resistance Stage
Characterized by the body attempting persistent straining adaptation
Who is most likely to be enjoying a lifetime peak in both fluid and crystallized intelligence?
Chris, who is a stock trader and has just celebrated his thirtieth birthday
Persistent or continuing stress is best described as...
Chronic
Other factors being equal, which person is MOST likely to suffer from the effects of stress?
Claire, who has a type A personality
Sleep is important for which memory process?
Consolidation of short-term memories into long-term memories
Cliff has vivid memories of burning his hand on a birthday candle at his seventh birthday party. But his mother corrects him, saying, "You never burned your hand. But I would tell you at every birthday to be careful of the candles." Which theoretical model best accounts for Cliff's misremembering?
Constructionist theory
The view that memory is based on recreating representations of the past rather than recalled verbatim images of the past is called...
Constructionist theory
The effects of fetal alcohol syndrome...
Continue into adolescence and adulthood
Moral reasoning based on conformity with social rules is characteristic of which level of moral development?
Conventional
Zygote
Egg cell that has been fertilized
According to Erikson, psychosocial development in late adulthood centers on the crisis of...
Ego integrity vs. despair
In Freudian terms, the goal of psychoanalysis is to shine the light of the _____ on the unconscious recesses of the ______.
Ego; id
Even though she was only a toddler at the time, 45-year-old Jean has a vivid picture in her mind of her mother weeping when the television announced that President Kennedy had been assassinated. Jean's experience is an example of which of the following?
Flashbulb memory
"I can't seem to pinpoint why I am so afraid of things. I can't concentrate on my studies, can't sleep at night, and I have headaches. I've felt like this for more than a year." This person is most likely describing...
Generalized anxiety disorder
Persistent anxiety that is not tied to any particular object or situation is called...
Generalized anxiety disorder
Perceptions are to ____ as beliefs are to ____
Hallucinations; delusions
Teratogen
Harmful substances that can cause birth defects
Compared to people with low self-efficacy, people with high self-efficacy...
Have a tendency to view stressful situations more as challenges than as obstacles
Frankie is trying to maintain a tolerable level of stress. Your textbook states that he can do so by taking all of the following steps EXCEPT...
Have one or two drinks after dinner to aid relaxation and reduce the impact of daily hassles
Tom's parents have just been told that Tom has dyslexia. What does this mean?
He has impaired ability in reading
In systematic desensitization, when the client is gradually exposed to the actual situations that are feared, this is called...
In vivo exposure
When questioning eyewitnesses, open-ended questions tend to _________ but tend to elicit _________
Increase accuracy; fewer details
Memory Storage
Information being held in the mind for later use
Major changes in life circumstances are called...
Life events
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
Ratio used to measure one's capacity to think rationally
The rules governing the meaning of words are called...
Semantics
Algorithm
Set of step-by-step rules that will always lead to a correct solution to a problem
The self-defense explanation of a crime essentially involves convincing the jury to make what sort of attribution about the defendant's actions?
Situational
What is the primary reason that people's behaviors do not always match their attitudes?
Situational constraints
Studies describing gender differences in conformity suggest that women are ______ men to conform
Slightly more likely than
George was committed to a psychiatric hospital after he was caught happily shopping at the local supermarket without any clothes on. By what criterion is George's behavior considered abnormal?
Social deviance
A psychoanalyst would view a phobia as a symptom of...
Some unconscious conflict
Mira has hallucinations and delusions. Which of the following is a hallucination, as opposed to a delusion?
Mira hears critical voices commenting on her every action
The relationship between attitudes and behavior is best described as...
Modest
Accommodation
Modification of an established schema to fit a new object/problem
Compared to short-term memory, long-term memory relies...
More on semantic coding and less on acoustic coding
Juan suffers from alcoholism and has not responded to other types of treatment. Juan's therapist suggests aversive conditioning in which Juan will take a nausea-inducing drug at the same time he sniffs beer. In this treatment strategy, the beer is the ______ during conditioning and the _____ after conditioning.
Neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus
All but which of the following people have a specific phobia?
Nicole, who is afraid of venturing out into open places
Embryo
Organism in progress from implantation in the uterine wall through the eighth week after conception
Fetus
Organism in progress from the third month after conception until birth
The first class of antipsychotics were the...
Phenothiazines
The semantic network model proposes a process called ______ in which thinking of a concept leads to a rippling effect that triggers other related concepts
Spreading activation
Norm
Standard used to compare an individuals's performance on a quiz with the performance of others
Frustration
State of emotion that is negative and experienced when efforts to pursue goals are thwarted
Regarding stereotypes, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Stereotypes are relatively easy to change when new, valid information is presented
In the process of learning the techniques of his job, Arlen will need to keep this new information in his memory for a long time. This part of the memory process is known as...
Storage
Social Psychology
Studies how we think and behave when interacting with others
Health Psychology
Study of how cognitive and behavioral principles are used to prevent illness and promote wellness
Antigens
Substances that the immune system recognizes as foreign that induce it to produce antibodies in defense
Regarding influences on helping, which of the following statements is FALSE?
The presence of others increases the likelihood that someone will choose to help
According to Ellis, negative emotions are...
The result of irrational beliefs about life events
When children are first learning the alphabet, they tend to be accurate on the ABCD portion and the WXYZ portion while making lots of mistakes in between. This represents...
The serial position effect
Concerns with intelligence tests include all of the following EXCEPT...
There is a lack of access to them
Which of the following statements is true regarding prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases?
There is a vaccine against some types of HPV
Cognitive Therapy
Treatment directed at changing the maladaptive thoughts, beliefs, and feelings underlying emotional and behavior problems
Family Therapy
Treatment of a family unit as a whole, where the main focus is on kin dynamics and communication
Electroconclusive Therapy
Treatment that passes electrical current through the brain, causing a seizure; for alleviating severe depression
The triangular model of love is described by each of the following components EXCEPT...
Trust
Psychotherapy
Use of psychological principles and techniques to treat mental health disorders
If you were to investigate the case studies of a number of people with dissociative identity disorder, you would probably find that these people...
Usually demonstrate personalities that are very different from each other
Which of the following structures of the brain may be abnormally larger in people suffering from schizophrenia?
Ventricles
What percentage of people with intellectual disability can be described as having a profound level of intellectual disability?
Very few, 2% or less
Teratogens that damage the arms and legs are most likely to have an effect during which weeks of pregnancy?
Weeks 4 to 8
Ping has a birth defect affecting her right arm. During which weeks of prenatal development is it likely that she was exposed to a teratogen that caused this defect?
Weeks 4 to 8
Lymphocytes
White blood cells that protect the body against disease-causing organisms
All but which of the following underlie creative thinking?
Use of algorithms
Schizophrenia is best described as a type of ________ disorder
Psychotic
Kohlberg's theory of moral development has _____ levels, and they are called ______
3; preconventional, conventional, and postconventional
Pedro just began lifting his chin and bringing objects to his mouth. What age would you guess Pedro to be?
2 to 3 months old
Which of the statements about locating a qualified mental health professional is untrue?
A client should not inquire about the specific therapeutic methods that will be used because this will spoil their effects
Fluid Intelligence
Abilities that rely on information-processing skills such as reaction time, attention, and working memory
After receiving a cute boy's cell phone number, Tammie mentally repeats the number over and over in her head. This process converts auditory signals into strings of recognizable sounds, and it is called __________ encoding
Acoustic
In her yoga teacher training, Reissa uses "Roy G. Biv" to memorize the colors associated with the seven chakras. Which memory technique is Reissa utilizing?
Acronym
Fear of heights is to ______ as fear of enclosed spaces is to ______
Acrophobia; claustrophobia
Attribution
Act of assigning causes to behavior
Conformity
Act of matching behavior and appearance to perceived social norms
Regarding causes of suicide, which of the following statements is false?
Adolescents who have a friend who attempted suicide are less likely than their peers to attempt suicide themselves
According to the text, creative problem solving begins with...
Adopting a questioning attitude
All but which of the following factors are cited in the text to explain why African Americans have a higher death rate due to coronary heart disease than Whites Americans?
African Americans have a genetic predisposition toward the development of CHD
According to Freud, the most important use of interpretation in psychoanalysis is...
Analysis of the transference relationship
Hassles
Annoyance of daily life that impose a stressful burden
Guilford was a pioneer in the development of tests that measured...
Divergent thinking
Tatiana is a schizophrenia patient with delusional thinking. Based on this description, what is Tatiana most likely experiencing?
False but firm beliefs
In the elaboration likelihood model, peripheral is to ______ as central is to _____
Fatigued; alert
Specific Phobia
Fear and avoidance that is persistent of a particular object or situation
Regarding anxiety disorders, which of the following statements is false?
Fear is a general feeling of anxiety or dread that is not specific to particular situations
Aporaphobia
Fear of being in public places
Claustrophobia
Fear of enclosed spaces
Acrophobia
Fear of heights
In attribution theory, dispositional attributions are ______ and situational attributions are...
Internal; external
Twenty-five-year-old Allison is predicted to be in which stage of psychosocial development?
Intimacy vs. isolation
The biological unfolding of an organism according to its underlying genetic code is called...
Maturation
Attitude
Positive or negative evaluation of people. objects, or issues
Tony used to ride motorcycles in college. Now, as an adult, he'd like to ride again. Which of the following systems would most help him remember how to ride a motorcycle?
Procedural memory
Which of the following is a phoneme?
The "sh" in ship
Regarding major depressive disorder...
Women are more likely than men to be diagnosed
According to the text, which of the following definitions best describes intelligence?
The capacity to think and reason clearly and to act purposefully and effectively in adapting to the environment
In psychoanalysis, transference is when...
The client begins acting toward the therapist in ways that mirror the client's conflict-ridden relationships with others
Functional fixedness is defined as...
The inability to see new uses for old objects
Which of the following is NOT a key idea from psychodynamic therapies?
Therapy will help people develop their unique potentials
In anterograde amnesia...
There is an inability to form new long-term memories
What is the major drawback of algorithms?
There may not be any algorithm that precisely applies to one's particular problem
Stereotypes are widely held beliefs that people have certain traits because...
They belong to a particular group
Regarding persuasive appeals, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Those of low intelligence or low self-confidence are generally harder to persuade
All but which of the following are examples of phonemes?
Ed
The hormone _________ has been linked to increased aggressive behavior
Testosterone
Approximately what percentage of men could be classified as having antisocial personality disorder?
3 to 6%
Marvin is a 25-year-old man with intellectual disability. He has very simple communication and manual skills, but has great difficulty in reading and math. Based on this description, Marvin's IQ score most likely falls between...
35 and 49
There are ______ major types of antidepressants, and they are called _______.
3; MAO inhibitors, tricyclics, and selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors
Many psychologists think of human memory as a type of information processing system that has _____ basic processes that are called ______
3; encoding, storage, and retrieval
If Maury's son's development is normal, Maury can expect that his son will develop depth perception by about what age?
6 months
Which of the following exemplifies specific phobia?
A fear of flying or heights
Spearman proposed that intelligence is composed of...
A general factor he termed "g" and other specific abilities
Which of the following is the best definition of concept?
A mental category used to group objects according to shared features
What is bipolar disorder?
A mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression
Which of the following definitions best describes out-group negativism?
A predisposition to attribute more negative characteristics to members of out-groups than to those of in-groups
Which of the following definitions best describes distress?
A state of physical or mental pain or suffering
Of the following people with attitudes toward hybrid vehicles, which one best describes the behavioral component of attitudes?
A.J. purchases a Honda hybrid car with his graduation money
Mental Age
Ability of average intellectual quality as displayed by people of a given age through testing
Creativity
Ability to combine intellectual elements in new and useful ways
Short-Term Memory
Ability to hold and manipulate information in conscious attention
Fight-Or-Flight Response
Ability to innately, quickly mobilize bodily resources to either resist or run when threat manifests
Crystallized Intelligence
Ability to use or apply already-acquired knowledge
Compared to White Americans of European descent, African Americans score, on average...
About 15 points lower on IQ tests
A group of students discusses their grades on their first psychology exam. Which student is making a dispositional attribution?
Arne says, "I'll never pass this course. I'm just stupid."
Angelique has not left her house for two years. She is completely terrified of going out. Based on this description, she is probably suffering from...
Agoraphobia
Viola is so afraid of being away from her home that she has not left her home in 5 years. Her extreme fear exemplifies...
Agoraphobia
The fight-or-flight response occurs during which stage of the GAS?
Alarm
Which of the following is the correct order of stages in the general adaptation syndrome?
Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
When her students are first learning algebra, math teacher Ruth Dibble teaches the students a series of step-by-step rules for working with algebraic equations. What is Ms. Dibble teaching her students?
Algorithms
Which brain structure plays an important role in encoding fear and anger?
Amygdala
The _____ plays an important role in encoding emotional experiences, such as fear responses
Amygdala
Other factors being equal, a person from which group is least at risk for committing suicide?
An African-American female
Which of the following people is experiencing stress because of frustration?
Andor wants to attend Harvard, but does not have the grades or money to achieve his goal. He attends the local community college instead, but is angry about it
Which type of drug typically acts on the neurotransmitter GABA?
Antianxiety
Sheila constantly worries about the next day's events and loses sleep every night from thinking about the people she will interact with and what could happen. She most likely suffers from an.....
Anxiety disorder
Assimilation
Application of an established schema to new objects or problems
Psychoanalysis
Approach by Freud to psychotherapy emphasizing the exploration of unconscious conflicts
Lisa is afraid of contracting an STD. Therefore, when having sex for the first time with her new partner, Bradley, she took several steps to protect herself. Unfortunately, she placed herself at risk when she...
Asked Bradley to wear a natural condom
Recognition Task
Assessment of the ability to correctly identify previously learned information
Gloria's family has a large minivan she calls a car. Her grandmother buys a small hybrid that Gloria also calls a car. This is a demonstration of...
Assimilation
Sterotype
Assumption that all members of a group share the same characteristics
Narrowing of arteries due to a buildup of fatty deposits is called _____, while hardening of the arteries is called
Atherosclerosis; arteriosclerosis
A positive or negative evaluation that predisposes behavior toward an object, person, or situation is called a(n)...
Attitude
The explanations given for someone's behavior or beliefs are known as...
Attributions
Research on parenting styles suggests that the most effective parenting style is...
Authoritative
Associating objects that elicit an undesirable response with unpleasant or negative stimuli describes the key principle of...
Aversive conditioning
All of the following may protect us against sexually transmitted diseases EXCEPT...
Avoiding sexual behavior that results in orgasm
Conservation
Awareness that substance quantity remains constant despite changes in shape/appearance
As described in the text, the diathesis-stress model is an example of which model of abnormal behavior?
Biopsychosocial
When the sole of her foot is stroked, three-week-old Pam curls and fans her toes. Pam is demonstrating which reflex?
Babinski
Marietta, who is terminally ill, promises to go to church every Sunday if God will let her live to see the birth of her first grandchild. Marietta reflects which stage of death and dying?
Bargaining
Discrimination
Behavior that is unfair because it is based on stereotyping and prejudice
______ is an empirically supported treatment for enuresis (bed-wetting)
Behavior therapy
In the diathesis-stress model of explaining schizophrenia, which of the following factors would represent a psychosocial influence?
Being raised in an abusive family environment
Which life event is associated with the highest stress rating on the College Life Stress Inventory?
Being raped
Egocentrism
Belief that everyone thinks as you do
Learned Helplessness Model
Belief that one cannot control the outcome of events
Pascal has a mental age of 15 and a chronological age of 20. Using the IQ formula from the text, Pascal's IQ would be described as...
Below average
Research on attachment suggests that children who showed more secure attachments as infants are more likely than their less securely attached peers to show all but which of the following?
Better physical health
Sarah is trying to learn how to relax. One approach she might try is a deep breathing exercise reported in your textbook. To apply this technique, Sarah needs to...
Breathe only through her nose and take the same amount of time inhaling as exhaling
Generalizing from research evidence, some forms of psychodynamic therapy are predicted to produce good results in treating which of the following?
Bulimia
______ is a state of physical and emotional exhaustion resulting from excessive job demands, caregiving, or other stress-laden commitments.
Burnout
The contact hypothesis suggests that prejudice...
Can be reduced by bringing groups into contact with each other
Intelligence
Capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment
Piaget's primary research technique involved...
Careful observation
Exaggerating the importance of negative events or personal flaws describes which type of cognitive distortion?
Catastrophizing
Concept
Categories for mentally classifying events, objects, and ideas based on common features or properties
Which ethnic groups have relatively higher rates of suicide?
Caucasian Americans and Native Americans
Which of the following is the best definition of obedience?
Compliance with the commands of authority figures
Dissociative Disorders
Class of psychological disorders involving changes in consciousness, memory, or self-identity
Chris is in counseling with a therapist who never gives advice or directions to him but who often restates what Chris has said so that he can reflect on his feelings. What type of therapist is Chris seeing?
Client-centered
Regarding clinical psychologists, which of the following statements is TRUE?
Clinical psychologists have passed a licensing exam
Psychological hardiness is a...
Cluster of personality traits associated with increased resilience to stress
Psychological Hardiness
Cluster of personality traits that may buffer the effects of strain
Michelle has always preferred standard, run-of-the-mill milk chocolate; that is, until her sister encouraged her to try an organic, 72% cacao, imported Belgian dark chocolate. Now, she believes that she has eaten the "wrong" kind of chocolate most of her life. Which element of her attitude does this most reflect?
Cognition
Dr. Gregor's research focuses on decision-making and problem solving. Gregor is probably a(n) ______ psychologist
Cognitive
Georgina always considered herself an honest and moral person. During a particularly busy week in school, she didn't have time to study for her upcoming history exam. On exam day her friend offered to sit net to her, allowing her to look at her answers. Georgina looked at the first two answers, but was filled with disgust at herself and decided to do her best on her own. Georgina's mindset in this situation is an example of.....
Cognitive dissonance
Cognitive therapists such as Aaron Beck refer to errors in thinking as...
Cognitive distortions
The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the...
Cognitive model
Drake is a 26 y/o man with depression. His therapist believes his depression state is maintained by persistent negative thoughts he holds about himself. Her attempts to teach him new, constructive ways of thinking to take misplaced blame off himself; this exemplifies the method of.....
Cognitive therapy
Aaron Beck developed ____ therapy, and Albert Ellis developed ____ therapy.
Cognitive; rational-emotive behavior
In Sternberg's model of love, the desire to maintain the relationship through good times and bad times is called...
Commitment
Dr. Lau is a couples therapist. What is the most typical problem she is likely to target in treatment?
Communication difficulties
Regarding dissociative disorders, which of the following statements is false?
Compared to other psychological disorders, dissociative disorders are relatively common
Regarding the use of antidepressants, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Compared to tricyclics, SSRIs have more severe side effects
Engineer Phinegan Tatarchuk likes to use analogy during the creative process of developing new products. When Tatarchuk does this, he is...
Comparing two things based on similarities
All of the following are stages in Kübler-Ross's model of death and dying EXCEPT
Compensation
Obedience
Compliance with a request from an authority figure
Seven year old Dan is asked to imagine three trucks, a blue one, a red one, and a green one, all of different sizes. He is told that the blue truck is bigger than the red one and the red one is bigger than the green one. He is then asked, which truck is larger, the blue one or the green one. After a pause, he concludes correctly that the blue one is bigger. According to Piaget, Dan as reached the _____ of cognitive development
Concrete operational stage
During the ____ stage of cognitive development, children are capable of logical mental operations but only on physically present objects
Concrete operations
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Condition characterized by unusual lack of remorse, empathy, or regard for social rules, or conventions
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Condition in which people are almost constantly plagued by exaggerated worries
Panic Disorder
Condition of anxiety characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Condition of anxiety involving repetitive thoughts and urges to perform certain rituals
Bipolar Disorder
Condition of mood characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression
Stressor
Condition or event in the environment that is specific and challenges or threatens a person
Major Depressive Disorder
Condition that's effective on which a person feels deeply sad and hopeless for weeks/months
Pauline would like to be a full-time college student. However, she also would like to work full-time. She is a single mother and would prefer to not have her child in daycare. The state of tension that Pauline feels is most accurately labeled
Conflict
Shandra experiences tension because she has two competing goals that must both be resolved. Psychologists use the term _____ to describe Shandra's source of stress
Conflict
The tendency to adjust one's behavior to actual or perceived social pressures is called...
Conformity
Regarding client-centered therapy, which of the following DOES NOT belong?
Confrontation
Reliability
Consistency or stability of an exam or measure
Which of the following are considered nonlinguistic forms of communication?
Cooing and crying
During a stress response, the adrenal cortex secretes...
Corticosteroids
Stress and physical illness are linked through the actions of...
Corticosteroids
After many years spent as a young man studying in the field of philosophy, Johan was very well versed in many of the different philosophers and their teachings. That he can still remember and write about those different philosophers and what they taught at the ripe-old age of 82, exemplifies.....
Crystallized intelligence
Who developed an artificial language based on plastic chips and trained a chimp to communicate with these chips?
David Premack
The most widely used intelligence tests in America today were developed by...
David Wechsler
The idea that memory gradually disintegrates over time is the basis of...
Decay theory
Dr. Holmes is a pediatrician whose college-aged son is interested in taking a few psychology elective courses. His son is most interested in how a child's mind develops in response to physical maturation and brain growth. Dr. Holmes's son should in a _____ course
Developmental psychology
As you wait for a bus, you notice a naked man casually walking down the sidewalk. This behavior is not acceptable and therefore is abnormal based upon the ____ definition of abnormal behavior...
Deviation from social norms
If his development is normal, newborn baby Moses can be expected to do all but which of the following within his first week of life?
Differentiate various speech sounds
Children who react negatively to change and are generally irritable are classified as having what kind of temperament?
Difficult
The failure of witnesses to help Kitty Genovese when she was viciously attacked may have been due to the tendency to believe that others would act and so they wouldn't need to. This explanation is based on the principle of...
Diffusion of responsibility
Alzheimer's Disease
Disease of age characterized by memory loss, mental confusion, eventual near-total loss of mental abilities
Schizophrenia
Disorder that is severe, characterized by disturbances in thought, perceptions, emotions, and behavior
Dr. Betts conducts a study of infant attachment. One child, Leon, seems confused during the observation period. He is unable to directly approach his caregiver, even when he is very distressed. From this description, it appears that Leon does not have a consistent strategy for dealing with separations and reunions. Leon's attachment style can best be described as...
Disorganized/disoriented
During the war in Iraq, Max saw his best friend killed during an enemy attack. Max felt that he was partially responsible for his friend's death, and he has a great deal of guilt. Subsequently, Max has perfect recall of his war experience, except for his friend's death. Max's psychologically caused amnesia is referred to as...
Dissociative amnesia
Culture-fair IQ tests are not widely used because they...
Do not predict academic performance as well as standard tests
A homeless woman asks Tyler for five dollars. After Tyler says no, the woman asks for a dollar and Tyler gives her a dollar. Tyler's behavior is a response to which compliance technique?
Door-in-the-face
Jewel takes an antianxiety drug for the treatment of her panic disorder. She experiences a common side effect from her treatment. Which side effect is Jewel most likely to experience?
Drowsiness
In a study reported in the text, which orientation was most often reported by a group of clinical and counseling psychologists?
Eclectic
All but which of the following people are demonstrating an irrational belief, according to Ellis?
Eduardo believes that life's problems don't typically have clear and quick solution
In Piaget's theory, the tendency to view the world only from one's own perspective is...
Egocentrism
Gardner describes intelligence as being composed of...
Eight distinct intelligences
During prenatal development, the umbilical cord connects the ___
Embryo and fetus to the placenta
According to Carl Rogers, what are three important components of therapy?
Empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard
Gestalt therapy frequently uses which of the following techniques?
Empty chair
Concepts function to do all but which of the following?
Enable us to engage in mental imagery
What is the order of processing in memory?
Encoding, storage, retrieval
By manipulating a particular gene in flies, scientists have been able to...
Enhance learning and memory ability
Advances in genetic engineering show that it is possible to...
Enhance learning and memory ability in nonhuman organisms
Of the following changes Fiona experienced during puberty, which is described as a primary sex characteristic?
Enlarged uterus
Remembering your first day as a college student would be considered...
Episodic information
Flashbulb Memory
Especially vivid and detailed remembering of an emotional event
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Excessive or misplaced concern about one's physical indications
Which of the following parental actions is associated with children having more behavior problems?
Excessive use of criticism, use of harsh punishment, and inconsistent discipline
Social Loafing
Exertion of less effort when performing group task than when performing the same task alone
Todd has been "stressed-out" for so long that he has developed an ulcer. Todd must be in the ____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome
Exhaustion
The ability to think abstractly and flexibly in solving problems is referred to as...
Fluid intelligence
All but which of the following would be considered hassles?
Flunking a class
Shiloh canvasses for her favorite politicians. She has discovered that asking someone to do a small favor makes it easier to convince that person to do a larger favor that supports her candidate. Which technique of persuasion has Shiloh discovered?
Foot-in-the-door
Concepts defined by specific rules are called...
Formal concepts
According to Piaget, full cognitive maturity occurs in which stage of cognitive development?
Formal operational
Because the anxiety is not tied to any particular object in generalized anxiety disorder, this type of anxiety is often described as...
Free-floating
Whose theory of intelligence has had a particularly strong influence on the field of education?
Gardner's
Twin and adoptee studies provide strong evidence for a __________ factor involved in anxiety disorders
Genetic
All of the following sexually transmitted diseases can be treated with antibiotics EXCEPT...
Genital warts
Hal has noticed cauliflower-shaped growths on his upper thighs and genitals. He probably has...
Genital warts
Sonny has struggled with aggressive behavior. After attending a series of therapy sessions also attended by his peers from school, Sonny felt much more confident about overcoming his aggression issues. Sonny and his cohorts participated in.....
Group therapy
A social psychological explanation of the poor decisions of President Kennedy's administration in the Bay of Pigs incident is best described by which principle?
Groupthink
In group decision-making, the tendency for group discussion to be limited to a single point of view is best described by which psychological principle?
Groupthink
What is the branch of psychology that investigates the relationships between psychological variables and health?
Health psychology
Dr. Judah Levine is a health psychologist. Thus, he might do which of the following?
Help a mayor design a campaign to reduce teen smoking in his city
Rules of thumb or cognitive strategies are known as...
Heuristics
Maintenance Rehearsal
Process of repeating information multiple times in order to remember
In most cases, long-repressed memories of childhood abuse come to light during...
Hypnosis or psychotherapy
Which part of the brain coordinates the endocrine's system response to stress?
Hypothalamus
Kendra takes the test of Type A personality in your text. Responding "yes" to which statement will increase her score on "Type A"?
I tend to interrupt other people when they are talking
In his work on the measurement of intelligence, Binet was initially attempting to...
Identify children who would benefit from special education
Fifteen-year-old Erica is predicted to experience which psychosocial crisis?
Identity vs. role diffusion
Based on your reading of the text, all but which of the following behaviors is recommended for cancer prevention?
If using alcohol, limit consumption to 3 drinks per day for women and 4 drinks per day for men
Fifteen-year-old Mareek believes that other people are as interested in him as he is. This reflects which aspect of adolescent cognitive development?
Imaginary audience
Regarding infant sensory abilities, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Infants develop the ability to detect their mother's odor after three months of age
Vaccination
Injection of a weakened or partial infectious agent to produce antibodies that create immunity
Karen had been trying to solve a problem for several days when she experienced a sudden awareness of the correct solution to her problem. Karen's experience describes the concept of...
Insight
Paul was not given a promotion. He feels upset and disappointed because he thinks of himself as a failure who will never succeed. From the perspective of rational-emotive behavior therapy, Paul's view of himself is the...
Irrational belief
Alzheimer's disease...
Is a brain disease and the leading cause of dementia
As a class project, Dr. Thomas asks her class to attempt to replicate the findings of Asch's classic experiment on conformity. What task will students in the class use in their attempted replication?
Judging the length of lines
Which of the following examples represents the most remarkable demonstration of teaching animals to communicate?
Kanzi the chimp, who learned to communicate through observation and imitation of his mother
Procedural memory is to ______ as declarative memory is to ______
Knowing how; knowing that
Who studied the process of imprinting in geese and other species?
Konrad Lorenz
The Gestalt therapist Fritz Perls was most disillusioned with which aspect of psychoanalysis?
Lack of emphasis on the client's subjective experience in the present
Adrenal Cortex
Layer of the adrenal glands that is outermost and that secretes corticosteroids
Jim is a good tennis player, except for his serve. Despite taking many lessons and practicing for countless hours, he still can't seem to develop an effective serve. He has reached the point that he has simply given up. His defeatist attitude in the face of constant disappointment is indicative of the....
Learned helplessness model
Compared to traditional psychoanalysis, modern psychoanalysis includes all of the following EXCEPT...
Less confrontation
Who adapted the Binet-Simon Intelligence Test for American use and established norms for the test?
Lewis Terman
Schizophrenia follows a _______ and typically develops _______
Lifelong course; in late adolescence or early adulthood
Which drug can produce mild impairments in memory and must be closely monitored because of its potentially toxic effects?
Lithium
Amnesia
Loss of memory
Anterograde amnesia
Loss of the ability to form or recover memories for events occurring after an injury/trauma
Regarding intellectual disability, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Low IQ scores are sufficient to determine intellectual disability
All but which of the following have been implicated in the development of borderline personality disorder?
Low levels of dopamine production
Reduction of anxiety that occurs when feared objects are avoided is the basis of which explanation of phobic avoidance?
Operant conditioning
Kelly is a 12-year-old with intellectual disability. Even though she has difficulty with math and reading, Kelly is placed in a regular classroom for her entire school day. Which educational practice for students with intellectual disability is Kelly's school using?
Mainstreaming
Sean stopped outside his professor's office to check on the answers to a quiz. When he began to write the answers down, his pen ran out of ink. He repeated the last four answers to himself while he rushed to his dorm room to write them down. This is best explained by the concept of...
Maintenance rehearsal
Bonnie has been feeling extremely sad for the last two months. She has difficulty getting out of bed to face the day and has lost interest in formerly pleasurable activities. Occasionally, she thinks about committing suicide. She sounds like she may be suffering from ________ disorder
Major depressive
Which of the following statements regarding language development is most strongly supported by the evidence?
Many areas of the brain appear to be responsible for producing language
Antidepressants
Medications to treat unhappiness that affect the levels or activity of neurotransmitters
Antipsychotic Drugs
Medicines used in the treatment to help alleviate hallucinations and delusional thinking
Regarding ideas about where memories are stored, the current belief is that
Memories are stored in neuronal networks rather than individual cells
Implicit Memory
Memory that is recovered without conscious effort
Regarding research on attraction, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Men, but not women, tend to emphasize physical attractiveness when assessing partners for casual sexual relationships
In Binet's method of intelligence testing, the age at which a child's performance peaked was considered his or her...
Mental age
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) uses the term _____ to describe abnormal patterns of behavior
Mental disorder
Memory
Mental system for processing, holding, and recovering information
Systematic Desensitization
Method of reducing fear by gradually exposing people to objects or situations they fear
Antibodies
Molecules of immune system protein that mark antigens for destruction by specialized lymphocytes
Which group is predicted to have the most highly correlated IQ scores?
Monozygotic twins reared together
Generalizing from the Greek word on which it is based, "teras," which of the following words best describes the nature of a teratogen?
Monster
Lawrence Kohlberg was interested in which aspect of development?
Moral
Which of the following is not one of the criteria used by psychologists to determine whether a behavior is abnormal?
Morality
Compared to people from collectivist cultures, people from individualistic cultures are...
More likely to show a self-serving bias
Among a large group of adopted children, the IQ scores of the children are predicted to be...
More similar to those of their biological parents than their adoptive parents
Nurse Ross Millhouse works in an assisted living facility where he cares for residents over the age of 85. Assuming the residents are typical of people of their age, about what percentage of the residents under Millhouse's care would be expected to suffer from Alzheimer's disease?
More than one in three
Flashbulb memories are ____ other long-term memories
More vivid and about as accurate as
When we correctly combine phonemes into meaningful combinations of sounds and words, we are using...
Morphology
Matilda is at a reception. The dinner choices are chicken and beef, her two favorite entrees. However, chicken sometimes upsets her stomach and the beef has a lot of saturated fat, which Matilda is trying to avoid for health reasons. She is facing what sort of conflict?
Multiple approach-avoidance
Why do students generally perform better on multiple-choice tests than on essay tests?
Multiple-choice tests provide more retrieval cues
Which of the following statements best captures the cognitive distortion of "mistaken responsibility"?
My partner is angry today. I must have done something wrong
Helena takes the subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults (WAIS). She will take all but which of the following?
Name memory
The criterion of maladaptive behavior used in determining whether behavior is abnormal would likely to be applied to which of the following cases?
Nate, who has developed a drug abuse problem that is affecting his health
What is the current status of research on memory-enhancing drugs?
No compelling scientific evidence that the drugs enhance memory in normal individuals
Research examining the effects of full-time day care on infant attachment has found...
No strong evidence that day care interferes with attachment
An implicit memory is also known as a(n)...
Nondeclarative memory
One of Ebbinghaus's innovations was using ______ as study material for testing memory
Nonsense syllables
Twenty-month-old Hannah realizes that her mother still exists even when Hannah cannot see her. What cognitive achievement has Hannah mastered?
Object permanence
Which of the following is NOT a feature of systematic desensitization?
Observing non-fearful subjects interact with fearful stimuli
Nagging, intrusive thoughts are called ______, and repetitive or ritual behaviors are called ______
Obsessions; compulsions
Psychosurgery is sometimes used today to treat severe cases of...
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
The Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve suggests that forgetting...
Occurs quickly at first, and then slows down
In retrograde amnesia...
Old long-term memories are lost
Proactive inference occurs when...
Older memories interfere with newer memories
Dr. Ohno conducts research on retrospective memory. Which type of memory will Ohno's research participants be recalling?
Past experiences or events and previously acquired information
Temperament
Pattern of behavior and mood that is general to a person
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Pattern of physical and mental defects in babies from maternal alcohol use during pregnancy
All but which of the following are myths about suicide?
People who commit suicide are usually suffering from a psychological disorder, but are not insane
Regarding psychological hardiness, which of the following statements is FALSE?
People with psychological hardiness try to avoid change
Hallucination
Perception that is false
Willem is a skilled pianist. He has recently started playing the violin. When an audience is present, Willem probably...
Performs better on the piano only
Puberty
Period during which a person matures sexually and becomes capable of reproduction
Mania
Period of abnormally excessive energy and elation
Adolescence
Period of growth beginning at puberty and ending at young adulthood
Menopause
Period when a female stops menstruating and is no longer fertile
Erika is not registered to vote and lives with her parents. Her friend takes her to a debate between two people running for City Council regarding property taxes. She would probably use which form of processing?
Peripheral
Delusions of ______ describe the most common theme among schizophrenia patients
Persecution
A person's individual identity is best described as her/his...
Personal identity
Developmental Psychology
Perspective of psychology that examines changes in behavior and personality that occur across the lifespan
Maturation
Physical growth and development of the body, brain, and nervous system
Formal Operations
Piaget's final stage of cognitive development characterized by the ability to engage in abstract thought
Which activity might allow Gwyneth to help her six-month-old granddaughter develop object permanence?
Playing peek-a-boo with her
If Derek is like the average American father, he is more likely than the mother to engage in which of the following activities with his infant daughter?
Playing physically with her
All but which of the following is identified in the text as a factor influencing conformity?
Political preference
People with an external locus of control are _______ at coping with stress because they believe _______
Poorer; there is nothing they can do about it
In schizophrenia, behavioral excesses are to ______ as behavioral deficits are to _____
Positive symptoms; negative symptoms
A major depressive disorder is defined as a disorder characterized by lengthy periods of depressed mood, loss of pleasure in normal activities, disturbances in sleep and appetite, difficulty concentrating, feelings of hopelessness, and...
Possible thoughts of suicide
After being raped, Clarita develops a psychological disorder. Her symptoms include impaired functioning, heightened arousal, and nightmares of the rape. Based on this description, what is Clarita's disorder most likely to be?
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Practice of adverse and disruptive reactions following a disturbing event
Prejudice
Preconceived positive or negative attitude toward an entire group of people
A child who explains that putting his toys away is good because he will get a treat is at what level of moral development?
Preconventional
A diathesis is a...
Predisposition or vulnerability to a disorder
Ted has antisocial personality disorder. It is likely that Ted shows abnormal functioning in which part of his brain?
Prefrontal cortex
Lia comes from an Eastern European country that prides itself on athletic ability, especially basketball. She coaches the girl's basketball team in the local high school. In spite of all the other talented players to choose from, she has chosen her entire starting line-up made up of other players from the same background, believing they are better athletes. Her attitude exemplifies a form of...
Prejudice
Stress
Pressure or demand placed on an organism to adjust or adapt
Psychosurgery
Procedure of surgery done on the brain in an effort to treat psychological disorders
Chunking
Process of grouping similar or meaningful information together
Thinking
Process of intellectually characterizing an manipulating information
Memory Retrieval
Process of recovering and bringing to mind collected information
Behavior that is beneficial to others is called ______ behavior
Prosocial
High consumption of saturated fat is linked to what types of cancer?
Prostate and colorectal
Psychotropic drugs are also known as _______ drugs
Psychiatric
Nikita is a therapist who is working with a man who suffers from major depression. Through their years of work together, they have explored the client's early childhood memories, have interpreted his dreams, and have explored the root of his depression in an internalized conflict and guilt felt over his parent's difficult divorce. Nikita's practice likely involves he use of.....
Psychoanalysis
What therapeutic approach focuses on threatening thoughts and desires that lead to unconscious conflicts that create mental disorders?
Psychoanalysis
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Psychological state of tension when attitudes, beliefs, and related behaviors are inconsistent
A general term for any psychologically based form of treatment to help people better understand and/or resolve their problems is...
Psychotherapy
Suzette seeks the help of a mental health professional because she just hasn't feel like herself lately; she is unusually sad, sleeps late, avoids her friends, and eats excessively. During her appointments, Suzette and her therapist engage in conversation as a way to help Suzette understand her feelings. This type of conversation is termed...
Psychotherapy
Toula, who is Greek, has a negative bias toward members of other racial groups. What is Toula's bias called?
Racism
When two-week-old Carson's father strokes the baby's left cheek, Carson turns his head to the left. Carson's response is called the _______ reflex
Rooting
Wynona is a Type A personality, and she is starting to experience physical problems as a result of stress. According to the text, Wynona should try all but which of the following?
Read career-related books for enjoyment
Shannon goes to a cognitive therapist that gives her the following assignment, "Next time you have a negative thought, investigate it to determine if it is valid." Based on this description, which therapeutic technique is Shannon's therapist using?
Reality testing
When Louise told her friend about a book she had just read, she was able to provide a lot of details about the last several pages. This demonstrates the
Recency effect
Object Permanence
Recognition that items continue to exist when they are no longer visible
Jamal is in a situation where another person needs help. According to the bystander intervention model, Jamal's first step will be...
Recognizing a need for help
All of the following are symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder EXCEPT...
Reduced arousal
Decay Theory
Reduction that is gradual in ability to retrieve previously learned information over time
The consistency of a measure, including test-retest, inter-rater, inter-method, and internal consistency, is called...
Reliability
In testing, ____ is to consistency of results as ____ is to accuracy of results
Reliability; validity
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Remedy designed by Albert Ellis to identify and change self-defeating thoughts and actions
Group Therapy
Remedy involving treatment of several unrelated clients in a united format
The serial position effect occurs when people...
Remember the first and last things in a list the best
In order to more effectively deal with stress, Rodney repeats the following whenever he experiences an obstacle, "This is not a catastrophe. I am a good problem solver. I can find a solution." Which method for removing distress from stress is Rodney using?
Replacing stress-inducing thoughts with stress-busting thoughts
According to Freud, psychological symptoms...
Represent an outward expression of inner turmoil
Motivated forgetting is another name for...
Repression
Regarding research on the Whorfian hypothesis, which of the following statements is TRUE?
Research evidence does not support the original version of the Whorfian hypothesis, but it does support a weaker version of the hypothesis
In psychoanalysis, Hannah seems to hesitate when talking about her relationship with her father. Hannah's hesitation may describe...
Resistance
Schizophrenia is a disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought and speech, disorders of movement, avolition/asociality, and...
Restricted affect
For which of her clients is behavioral therapist Dr. Williamson most likely to choose virtual reality therapy?
Ricky has a fear of flying in airplanes
Herman counts the number of times it takes to rehearse a list of nonsense syllables in order to memorize it. Then he counts the number of times it takes to relearn the list after a month has passed. Herman then calculates the difference between the number of times and determines the percentage gain he made between the two efforts at memorization. Herman uses this figure as a measure of memory retention. Which technique is Herman using?
Savings method
The disorder that most resembles common notions of insanity, madness, or lunacy is...
Schizophrenia
Generalizing from attachment research, it appears that the majority of infants have which attachment style?
Secure
As cited in the text, which of the following behavioral patterns doubles the risk of heart disease?
Sedentary lifestyle
In finding mental health help, the text recommends all but which of the following?
Selecting a therapist from local advertisements
General Adaptation Syndrome
Selye's model of the body's overall stress response in three stages
On an exam, a student is asked to describe the three branches of government. The student must retrieve...
Semantic knowledge
The World Wide Web's structure, which is organized in terms of a network of associated concepts, is based on which of the following?
Semantic network model
Which of the following suggests that long-term memory is organized in terms of an elaborate arrangement of associated concepts?
Semantic network model
One possible biological explanation for aggression involves the neurotransmitter ______, which acts like a "behavioral seat belt."
Serotonin
All but which of the following are suggestions in the text for successfully quitting smoking?
Set a date and try to quit all at once
Electroconvulsive shock therapy is effective in treating...
Severe depression
Common side effects of antidepressants are...
Sexual dysfunction and dry mouth
Heuristic
Shortcut or rule of thumb that might lead to a correct solution to a problem
Representativeness Heuristic
Shortcut that involves deciding based on an observation sample as typical of a general category
Serial Position Effect
Tendency to make the most errors in remembering the middle items of an ordered list
Yves is called on in class to define the representativeness heuristic. He answers that "it is a rule of thumb in which stimuli similar to an exemplar are believed to be more likely than stimuli that are dissimilar." Which part of his definition is incorrect?
Similar to an exemplar
Research on attraction suggests that you will be most attracted to someone who is...
Similar to you
Behavior that violates established social norms or standards describes which of the following criteria for determining abnormal behavior?
Social deviance
The tendency for people to work harder when they are in the presence of others is called...
Social facilitation
All but which of the following are factors that influence the process of impression formation?
Social identity
The tendency for people to reduce their efforts when working as part of a group is called...
Social loafing
When meeting new people, Giancarlo immediately gives a hug and a kiss. He has always done this growing up in Italy. When he meets new people he abides by the _____ he learned within his family.
Social norms
Which way of defining abnormal behavior is most likely to change as society changes over time?
Social norms approach
Which subfield of psychology is concerned with how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by interactions with others?
Social psychology
A ______ is a mental image or representation that a person uses to understand her/his social environment
Social schema
The argument that "everyone's doing it" may help explain why people obey immoral commands. This argument may be explained by the principle of...
Social validation
Phoneme
Sounds of a language that are basic to speech
Experts suggest that college students distribute their study sessions throughout the semester rather than preparing for exams by cramming. This means that college students should use which approach to memorization?
Spaced practice
Functional Fixedness
Tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use
Social Facilitation
Tendency to perform better when in the presence of others
Mental set is a...
Tendency to rely on problem-solving strategies that worked in the past
Conflict
Tension created by opposing response tendencies or notices operating simultaneously
Chronic Stress
Strain that is continuing or lingering
Mneumonic
Strategy for enhancing memory
Pressures or demands placed on an organism to adjust or adapt to its environment describes...
Stress
In memory processes, the primacy effect refers to...
Superior memory for items at the beginning of a list
Perhaps the earliest idea regarding abnormal behavior was that...
Supernatural forces or demonic spirits were at work
All but which of the following are sexually transmitted diseases caused by viruses?
Syphilis
Katherine has just discovered a hard, round painless sore on her genitals. She should immediately see her doctor to be tested for...
Syphilis
Language
System of using words or symbols to form meaningful expressions, and rules for combining them
Ashwin has long has a fear of flying. To assist him, his therapist trains him to deeply relax himself, and then while deeply relaxed Ashwin imagines a series of encounters with increasingly fearful stimuli relating to flying. His therapist is using the method of.....
Systematic desensitization
Aversive Conditioning
Technique of behavior therapy pairing a specific behavior with unpleasant stimulus to reduce its occurance
Free Association
Technique of psychoanalysis encouraging patients to say whatever comes to mind without content censoring
What is the response to stress that is possibly more characteristic of females than males?
Tend and befriend
Retroactive Interference
Tendency for new memories to intrude on the recovery of old memories
Proactive Interference
Tendency for old memories to intrude on the recovery of newer memories
Fundamental Attribution Error
Tendency to credit behavior to internal causes without regard to situational influences
Which of the following best describes the hope of the community-based care movement?
That mental patients could be reintegrated into society instead of being hospitalized for the long-term
When Gina was ten, she swam in the ocean for the first time. She remembers the feeling of kicking her feet, slicing her arms through the water, tasting the tangy salt water, floating her on her back, and learning from her father that salt water is more dense than fresh water, which makes floating easier. Which element is a semantic memory?
That salt water is more dense than fresh water
Which of the following definitions best describes intelligence?
The ability to think and reason clearly and to act purposefully and effectively in adapting to the environment
In IQ testing, what is predictive validity?
The degree to which test scores accurately forecast future behavior or performance
Which of the following involves the removal of normal restraints that serve to keep impulsive behaviors in check?
The disinhibition effect
Marjorie is in her seventh month of pregnancy with her first child. Which of the following is true regarding her fetus's development?
The fetus can hear and recognize Marjorie's voice
Regarding the relationship between life events and stress, which of the following statements is FALSE?
The findings from a recent study discussed in the text show that life events clearly do have a causal effect on psychological and physical functioning
You are walking in a parking lot full of small puddles of water. A car drives through one near you and splashes you with water. You attribute the driver's behavior to his own carelessness and lack of civility. This is called...
The fundamental attribution error
Regarding the effectiveness of psychotherapy, which of the following statements is FALSE?
The greatest improvements in therapy are typically gained during the last few months of treatment
Regarding research evidence on aggression, which of the following statements is FALSE?
The increased availability of serotonin in aggressive men's brains may create a tendency to make them more likely to respond to social provocation
A six-month-old fetus has a good chance of surviving if born prematurely. Why?
The lungs function
Which of the following is a finding from Harry Harlow's study (1958) of rhesus monkeys and attachment?
The mother's ability to provide contact comfort was critical in forming a strong attachment on the part of her infant
Which of the following statements regarding criteria for determining abnormal behavior is false?
The one determining feature of abnormal behavior is unusualness
In her research, Brenda Milner found that an amnesia patient could learn to perform a new motor task, mirror tracing, as well as typical control participants did. However, the amnesia patient could not remember the details of the task. This outcome suggests that...
The patient's procedural memories were intact but not his declarative memories
A biological psychologist studies the effects of amphetamine on aggression in rhesus monkeys. However, to the researcher's surprise, the experimental results differ for isolated monkeys versus monkeys in a colony. What is missing from this experiment?
The social psychology perspective
Kohlberg's model of moral development has been criticized as culturally biased because...
The stages have only been found in people from Western cultures
The secondary gain of conversion symptoms refers most closely to which of the following?
The symptom prevents the individual from having to confront stressful or conflict-laden situations
Which of the following is the best definition of social facilitation?
The tendency for people to perform better when others are present
Vanessa feels an attachment toward her therapist and the therapy process. Vanessa's experience is referred to as...
The therapeutic alliance
Meta-analyses of the effectiveness of psychotherapy suggest...
There is little difference in the effectiveness of the different forms of therapy
All but which of the following are reasons given in the text as to why racial and ethnic minorities have less access to mental health care than the majority group?
They are more likely to suffer from disorders that fall outside the range of available treatments
The "nine-dot" problem presented in the text demonstrates which suggestion for generating alternatives?
Thinking out of the box
Delusion
Thought or belief that's fixed, which a person believes is true but in reality isn't
Genital herpes is spread...
Through sexual contact
Regarding theories of intelligence, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Thurstone felt that a general factor of intelligence is sufficient to assess intelligence
Harriet is working on building a sense of independence and self-control. Generalizing from the theory of psychosocial development, Harriet is probably in which age group?
Toddlerhood
During his psychoanalysis, Brian reacts to his therapist in the same way he reacted to his mother. Freud would describe this reaction as...
Transference
Ten-month-old Kazik's parents are very sensitive to her needs. Whenever she cries, someone tries to comfort her. Based on this description, she will probably effectively resolve which psychosocial crisis?
Trust vs. mistrust
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Type of condition involving present of two or more distinct personalities; also called multiple personality
Groupthink
Type of flawed decision making wherein a body seeking uniformity doesn't question its decisions critically
A graph of the serial position effect, where the likelihood of recall of an item is plotted as a function of the item's position in a list during presentation, takes the shape of a(n)...
U-shaped curve
A primary assumption of psychoanalysis is that...
Unconscious conflicts lead to symptoms
Dr. Gomez is a Gestalt therapist. What would you expect to be the emphasis of his therapy sessions with clients?
Uncovering clients' unconscious childhood conflicts
The majority of community-based mental health centers today would best be described as...
Understaffed and underfunded
Morpheme
Units that are the smallest meaningful ones in a language, such as prefixes, suffixes, words
According to Freud, abnormal behavior results from...
Unresolved unconscious conflicts from childhood
In order to prevent STDs, the textbook mentions all of the following EXCEPT...
Use "natural" condoms, such as those made from lambskin
Which type of imagery is easiest to form?
Visual
Bertram suffers from schizophrenia with symptoms of catatonia. Sometimes he seems to "freeze up" in an unusual body position for hours at a time. This particular symptom is called...
Waxy flexibility
Personality Disorders
Ways of behaving that create a variety of problems and are long-standing and inflexible
In which condition is a person most likely to carefully evaluate a persuasive message?
When they are highly motivated and they have the skills to evaluate the message
In general, which type of memory task produces better retrieval?
Recognition
Evelyn has been sharing laundry and clothing with her roommate Kate. Now, Kate has discovered that she has genital warts. Evelyn is afraid that she may contract this STD if the roommates continue sharing clothing and laundry. Is Evelyn's concern reasonable?
Yes. Genital warts can be spread through contact with contaminated clothing or towels
Brooke goes to a Gestalt therapist. In her therapy, Brooke will probably be encouraged to...
Focus on how she is feeling in the here-and-now
In contrast to maintenance rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal involves...
Focusing on the meaning of the material
Regarding electroconvulsive therapy, which of the following statements is FALSE?
For those who receive ECT, memories of events during the weeks or months preceding and following the experience are very strong
In his studies of memory, Ebbinghaus found that ____ of the information was lost by the end of the first day after studying and that ____ of the information was lost after a month had passed
66 percent; 80 percent
What do many patients diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder have in common?
A history of abuse in childhood
Language is...
A set of rules and symbols for communication
When people explain their own behavior by making a situational attribution and the behavior of others by making a dispositional attribution it is called...
Actor-observer effect
Karen has been asked to head a team at work that is charged with finding new ways to develop products for their marketing group. She has asked her team members to begin exploring approaches that have worked in the past and to identify approaches that have not worked before. This is an example of...
Adopting a questioning attitude
Which heuristic involves starting with a possible solution and then working in reverse order to see if the data support the solution?
Backward-working heuristic
Which of the following individuals is making the fundamental attribution error
Bernard asks a girl in his class for a date, and she responds in a curt, rude manner. Bernard says that she's stuck-up, but doesn't realize the girl's mother just died
When asked to report his social security number Ian says, "999-99-1111." Ian has taken the larger 9-digit number and broken it down into smaller pieces, which makes it easier to recall. This is best explained by the concept of...
Chunking
Joshua is a normal, six-day-old baby. He can be expected to do which of the following?
Detect the mother's odor
Humanistic theorists contend that abnormal behavior...
Develops from encountering obstacles on the road to personal growth
A class of psychological disorders involving changes in consciousness, memory, or self-identity is known as...
Dissociative disorders
In sensory memory, auditory stimuli are to _____ memory as visual stimuli are to ______ memory
Echoic; iconic
Flashbulb memories are most likely to be associated with...
Emotionally charged experiences
In the Moro reflex, a newborn infant...
Extends its arms and arches its back when its head falls backward or in response to loud noise
Regarding impression formation, which of the following statements is FALSE?
First impressions are relatively easy to change once we get to know the person
Which of the following best describes the role of heredity in attitudes?
Genes contribute to factors such as intelligence and personality traits that affect the development of attitudes
Charles has Alzheimer's disease. What can Charles and his family expect in the coming years?
His condition will worsen
As discussed in the text, hostility is linked to increased risk of coronary heart disease because...
Hostile people are frequently angry, and chronic anger increases the risk of hypertension and coronary heart disease
In the stress response, _______ is to corticotrophin-releasing hormone as ______ is to adrenocorticotrophic hormone
Hypothalamus; pituitary gland
Regarding general trends in IQ scores in the United States, which of the following is TRUE?
IQ scores have been rising steadily, at about 3 points per decade, for several generations
The stressful time of soul searching and self-examination that many adolescents experience is the...
Identity crisis
Answering "strongly agree" to which of the following statements will increase your score on the optimism quiz presented in your text?
In uncertain times, I usually expect the best
In a cross-cultural study of moral reasoning in Americans and Indians reported in the text, which of the following was found?
Indians placed more emphasis on interpersonal responsibilities, while Americans placed more emphasis on justice
Selena's parents arrange for her to take part in an intelligence test for preschool admissions. Her individual intelligence is measured to be 125 relative to a statistically normal curve with an average of 100. This is her...
Intelligence quotient
Which recipient variables have an influence on persuasion?
Intelligence, confidence, and mood
According to Erik Erikson, people who forge a strong sense of ego identity earlier in development are more likely to achieve what in early adulthood?
Intimacy
The matching hypothesis predicts that Sandra will look for a partner who...
Is similar to her in physical attractiveness
Charlie is most likely to experience cognitive dissonance if he decides to buy the car that...
Is sleek and so much sexier than all the other cars but is also a gas guzzler and costs much more than he wants to spend
What is a primary disadvantage of the antianxiety drug Valium?
It can lead to psychological and physiological dependence, and it can be deadly when mixed with alcohol
Regarding behavior therapy, which of the following is TRUE?
It is relatively brief, typically lasting only weeks or months
Junie is from a culture that values self-criticism and humility. Other factors being equal, Junie is ______ than someone from a culture that values the protection of self-esteem
Less likely to show a self-serving bias
Which of the following psychologists is a leading expert on eyewitness testimony?
Loftus
Intelligence consisting of seven different primary mental abilities was proposed by...
Louis Thurstone
In his research on memory, Kandel demonstrated that...
Memory formation involves biochemical changes occurring at the synaptic level
As cited in the text, many of Albert Einstein's creative insights involved the use of...
Mental imagery
The capacity of short-term memory was investigated by
Miller
Shawn was born with fetal alcohol syndrome. Shawn's symptoms would be LEAST likely to include...
Missing extremities
Dissociative identity disorder is commonly referred to as...
Multiple personality disorder
Which of the following best describes the psychological concept of self-efficacy?
One's belief that one is capable of accomplishing desired goals
Use of symbols such as words and mental images, simple problem solving, and talking about things not present characterizes the...
Preoperational stage
LeRoy is listening to a story about a great American hero. This hero overcame incredible odds and endured tremendous stress. Knowing what you do about stress, what personality trait did this hero undoubtedly possess that protected him from the harmful effects of stress?
Psychological hardiness
Maintenance rehearsal involves practice based on ____, whereas elaborative rehearsal involves practice based on____
Repetition; rehearsing meaningful associations
Which theory of forgetting suggests that forgetting is the result of a failure to access stored memories?
Retrieval theory
A research study found that African American children adopted by upper middle-class White American families...
Scored 15 points higher on IQ tests than would be expected of African American children in general
When 11-month-old Ethan is in a new environment, he feels free to explore. However, he periodically "checks in" with his caregiver during exploration. If his caregiver leaves the room, Ethan sometimes cries and limits his exploration. Upon his caregiver's return, Ethan gives a warm greeting; then he begins his exploration again. Generalizing from research on attachment, Ethan's attachment would be described as...
Secure
When one-year-old Terrace is in new surroundings, he will explore freely if his mother watches him. If she leaves the room he begins to cry, but when she returns he smiles and stops fussing. Terrace would be considered a(n) ____ infant
Securely attached
The storage device of sensory memory is called the...
Sensory register
Tara has experienced severe delays in all areas of development, though she has learned some basic speech skills. Her doctors think she may be able to learn some simple tasks, but she will require fairly close supervision in everything she does. Tara is best described as having...
Severe disability
Results of attitude research with twins has revealed...
Significant shared attitudes that cannot be explained by common environments
Pablo has an intense fear of giving oral presentations in class. He also is very fearful of dating. Based on this description, he is probably suffering from...
Social anxiety disorder
Physical complaints that cannot be explained medically are characteristic of...
Somatic symptoms and related disorders
Which statement best describes the current state of opinion on recovered memories of childhood abuse?
Some recovered memories are genuine, whereas others are false, and psychologists lack the tools to differentiate between them
Ella finds herself extremely frightened whenever she sees a snake. This describes a form of...
Specific phobia
All but which of the following describes the functions of the community-based mental health centers?
Supervised residential facilities
Somatic symptom disorder is characterized by physical symptoms...
That do not have an underlying medical cause
Garth goes to a psychodynamic therapist for treatment of his anxiety. What will be the goal of Garth's therapy?
To unroot unconscious conflicts that give rise to his anxiety
Antonio is faced with a multiple approach-avoidance conflict. This means Antonio is facing
Two or more goals, each of which is simultaneously attractive yet unpleasant
Stressors that are ______ tend to have the greatest impact on health
Unpredictable and uncontrollable
Some scientists would say that Koko the gorilla learned human language because she...
Used the American Sign Language sign for pain while pointing to her mouth, thus communicating that she had a decayed tooth
Computer technology has been used for a new form of exposure therapy called...
Virtual reality therapy
Carlos asks Laura to write down her phone number and e-mail address. He promptly loses the slip of paper. However, he finds that he stills remembers them both. This is possible because...
Working memory can manage more than one type of information at a time
