Psych 202 Exam 3
How many human chromosomes are common to both males and females?
45
What is a schema?
a concept that helps us make sense of our world
In which phase of the sexual response cycle do the blood vessels in the pelvic region begin to swell?
excitement phase
Researchers interested in investigating the prior events that have shaped how we behave, think, and feel are probably most interested in _____personality.
explaining
When you study hard for an exam to get good grades and keep your scholarship, this is:
extrinsic motivation
Infant emotional development is measured by
facial expressions
Adolescence is characterized by Piaget's
formal operational stage
Masters and Johnson described four stages of
sexual response cycle
According to Mischel, personality variables have the greatest effect on behavior when
situational cues are weak or ambiguous
What aspects of brain tissue have been correlated with the Big Five traits?
size and thickness
By a week after birth, infants are able to distinguish between their mothers' ________ and that of another nursing mother
smell
The ________ on personality focuses on the many ways our individual traits and thoughts interact with our social world as we move from one situation to another
social-cognitive perspective
The term fixation refers to Freud's notion that __________.
people can become psychologically stuck at a particular stage of psychosexual development
Recent research findings indicate that adolescents' high-risk behaviors are least likely to be due to
perceived invulnerability
Freud indicated that defense mechanisms
reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Cognitive theories, though not as comprehensive as psychodynamic or humanistic theories, have an advantage of being __________, and therefore are able to be far more specific.
research-based
Concepts that help us make sense of the world are called
schemas
What is a major factor for personality according to the humanistic approach?
self-actualization tendency
Our feelings of high or low self-worth are referred to as our
self-esteem
Most college students perceive themselves as above average compared with their classmates. This best illustrates
self-serving bias
Because slow, sustained changes in body weight, as well as psychological factors, can alter our ________, some researchers have therefore adopted the term ________.
set point; settling point
Who proposed the idea that children are young apprentices?
Lev Vygotsky
The psychologist most associated with appealing to instincts to explain motivation was:
William James
The relationship between various levels of arousal and effective task performance is described by
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Todd's therapist shows him a picture of a man and a woman standing near a telephone pole and asks Todd to tell a story about what he sees. Todd's therapist is using __________.
a Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Who emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in healthy personality development?
Carl Rogers
Overjustification is most likely to occur when
Cindy is given a trophy for riding her bicycle.
Research on the nonverbal expression of emotion indicates that:
Introverts are better than extraverts at recognizing nonverbal expressions of emotion in others
Which of these is not an important criticism of Freud's theory of personality?
It emphasizes the importance of unconscious forces
To be included on the MMPI, questions needed to be
answered differently by one group of psychiatric patients than other groups
During sex, the physiological responses experienced by women
are similar to those of men
In Piaget's theory of development: the two processes that together control how someone deals with new experiences are
assimilation and accomodation
Which of the following help shape(s) our personality?
both temperament and behavior style
The text indicates that one important result of the struggle between the neo-Freudians over Freud's theory was that they
built a bridge from Freud to more modern theories
Defining one's identity in terms of one's extended family or work group is most closely associated with
collectivism
Presented with two identical balls of clay, children in the ________ stage say that the two balls still contain the same amount of clay, even when one is rolled out into a snake or flattened into a pancake.
concrete operational
Mark thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is most directly relevant to the issue of
continuity and stages
Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development differed from Piaget's largely due to its focus on:
cultural influences
Freud believed that all ________ functioned indirectly and unconsciously.
defense mechanisms
When thinking about achieving a goal, research tells us that ________ rewards motivate us to set goals; ________ rewards best predict our persistence toward goals.
delayed; immediate
One important criticism of the trait approach to personality is that it does not
describe how various personality traits develop
Achievement motivation refers to a
desire for significant accomplishment
People sense meaning when they experience their life as having all of the following EXCEPT
discord
Worldwide, the least common infant attachment style is:
disorganized
Bonnie is afraid to express anger at her overbearing and irritating supervisor at work, so she is critical of her children instead. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Bonnie's reaction to her children illustrates
displacement
Remis was feeling depressed about the bad grade he got on his first psychology exam. Because he had another test to take that day and did not want his unhappiness to affect his later test, Remis started thinking about all the good grades he had received this semester to brighten his mood. This illustrates:
emotion regulation
An individual who is_____ tends to be happier than a person who does not have these characteristics.
emotionally stable; high in affiliation
Research on the sexual response cycle indicates that:
enough sperm may be released prior to male orgasm to enable conception
Increases in ________ increase hunger, whereas increases in ________ decrease hunger.
ghrelin; blood glucose
In psychology, ________ is passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals.
grit
Scientists have just discovered a tribe of people in a South American jungle that have never been exposed to the outside world or people aside from those in their village. The first researchers greet them with a smile. Which emotion would the tribe member most likely attribute to the expression of a smile?
happiness
Which of the following is NOT a form of gender expression?
height
Which theoretical perspective states that physiological needs must be met before higher-level safety needs and psychological needs can be achieved?
hierarchy of needs theory
Marital satisfaction follows peaks and valleys; it starts out ________, ________ when children are very young, and ________ when children leave the house.
high; decreases; increases
One major problem with drive theory of motivation is that
humans will sometimes engage in behaviors that increase a drive.
Simon LeVay discovered that a cluster of neural cells located in the ________ was ________ in homosexual men than in heterosexual men
hypothalamus; smaller
According to Freudian theory of personality; R.L. Stevenson's character; Mr. Hyde; a man who loved to drink and womanize; was most likely ruled by which aspect of his personality?
id
Which component of the mind did Freud describe as the most basic, serving as the source of our bodily needs, wants, and desires?
id
Since Kohlberg's theory is a stage theory, then the behavior of individuals in a particular stage should be consistent. The research data indicates that
individuals in a particular stage do not show a high degree of consistency
The fusion of a sperm cell and an egg into a single cell is called
interaction
According to the trait approach to personality, an individual's trait:
is relatively consistent across a variety of settings
One reason why the information processing perspective on development is an important one today is that it
is supported by a growing body of scientific evidence
Carroll Izard has suggested that love is a mixture of interest-excitement and
joy
All of the following are associated with fetal alcohol syndrome except:
large eye openings
Research on teen social relationships indicates that most adolescents
like their parents
Sheldon and Amy met on an online dating site. Sheldon describes himself as stubborn, competitive, and argumentative. According to the Big Five trait theory, Sheldon is most likely
low in agreeableness
By motivating us to satisfy our physical needs, hunger and thirst serve to
maintain homeostasis
A major cognitive advance made during the sensorimotor stage is the ability to
make mental representations of objects that are not physically present
Primary sex characteristics are to ________ as secondary sex characteristics are to ________.
male testes; adrenal glands
Puberty is most closely related to the onset of
menarche
Research has demonstrated that introverts typically respond _____ to a variety of stimuli as compared to extraverts.
more strongly
Women show ________ facial expression of emotion than men while viewing frightening films, and they show ________ facial expression of emotion than men while viewing happy films.
more; more
Horney identifies three patterns in ways people use to deal with anxiety: moving towards others in a(n) __________ fashion, against others in a(n) __________ fashion, or away from others in a self-protective fashion.
neurotic; aggressive
What is the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages?
oral; anal; phallic; latency; genital
Sheen is usually animated and talkative when he is with his girlfriend, but he is often quiet and reserved at home. He actively participates in many classroom discussions but frequently seems reluctant to talk with friends at the campus coffee shop. According to Walter Mischel, Sheen's behavior should lead us to question the importance of:
personality traits
Research in which experimental subjects are exposed to emotion-inducing stimuli after receiving beta-blockers indicates that __________ necessary for emotional experience.
physical arousal is not
Incentives can be described as ________ that lure or repel us.
positive or negative external stimuli
Jackson can see himself becoming just like his father—overweight, unhealthy, and depressed. To prevent that from happening, Jackson carefully monitors his food intake and engages in a regular program of exercise with a group of supportive friends. Jackson's healthy lifestyle best illustrates the motivational impact of
possible selves
Consider the moral dilemma faced by the husband who is trying to decide to steal a drug he cannot afford, but which will save his wife's life. The person who reasons that it would be all right to steal the drug because the right to life is more important than property rights has reached the _____ stage of moral development.
postconventional
Until you read this question, you were probably not aware of the name of your state capital, but once it is mentioned you can think of it fairly easily. This would be part of your
preconscious mind
On the basis of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, one would be least likely to predict that a: -starving person might sell his child to obtain food. -teacher with high self-esteem might seek a career change to use his abilities more fully. -successful business executive might show greater concern for his family relationships than for becoming president of his corporation. -prisoner might choose to die rather than betray his country.
prisoner might choose to die rather than betray is country
Assessment instruments in which individuals are asked to describe ambiguous stimuli are called __________ tests.
projective
Sigmund is very interested in his neighbor Sally but has much anxiety about his attraction to her since his friends would not approve. Every time he sees her he acts very rude and says mean things to her despite his intense attraction to her. This is an example of what type of defense mechanism?
reaction formation
According to Adler, when people feel a sense of inferiority, it will generally result in
striving to improve
No matter how long and hard Oprah studies, she always feels she hasn't studied as much as she should have. A Freudian psychologist would suggest that Oprah shows signs of a:
strong superego
If research suggested that a pregnant mother's use of an artificial sweetener caused harm to the fetus, the artificial sweetener would be considered a
teratogen
According to psychoanalytic theory, boys' fear of castration is most closely associated with
the Oedipus complex
As the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions, the self is considered to be
the center of personality
It is expected that new cognitive theories of personality will take __________ , which previous cognitive theories have tended to omit, into account.
the emotions
According to _____, the act of smiling will probably make you feel happier.
the facial feedback hypothesis
Detectors that respond to certain chemicals in the blood and help regulate caloric intake are located in
the hypothalamus and liver
The psychodynamic perspective highlights all of the following EXCEPT
the interaction between environment and cognitive processes
During which phase of the sexual response cycle does the refractory period begin?
the resolution phase
Harlow's research with monkeys showed that
the satisfaction from feeding is not sufficient for atttachment
Fifteen-year-old Samantha has just experienced her first menstrual period. Her mother is concerned about her daughter's late menstruation. Based on what you know about pubertal development, how would you respond to her mother?
the timing of puberty is much less predictable than the physical stages
Which theory is more interested in identifying traits than in describing them?
trait theory
When Mr. Morgan misinterpreted his harmless symptoms of autonomic nervous system arousal as indicative of an impending heart attack, he suffered an unusually intense level of fear. His emotional suffering is best understood in terms of the
two-factor theory
Emotions can be distinguished based on their _____, which is how positive or negative the experience is, and their _____, which is how active or passive the experience is.
valence; arousal
Which of the following is NOT a gay-straight trait difference?
visual depth perception
The three stages a human goes through while in the womb are, in order,
zygote, embryo, fetus