Psych 202 Exam 3

How many human chromosomes are common to both males and females?

45

What is a schema?

a concept that helps us make sense of our world

In which phase of the sexual response cycle do the blood vessels in the pelvic region begin to swell?

excitement phase

Researchers interested in investigating the prior events that have shaped how we behave, think, and feel are probably most interested in _____personality.

explaining

When you study hard for an exam to get good grades and keep your scholarship, this is:

extrinsic motivation

Infant emotional development is measured by

facial expressions

Adolescence is characterized by Piaget's

formal operational stage

Masters and Johnson described four stages of

sexual response cycle

According to Mischel, personality variables have the greatest effect on behavior when

situational cues are weak or ambiguous

What aspects of brain tissue have been correlated with the Big Five traits?

size and thickness

By a week after birth, infants are able to distinguish between their mothers' ________ and that of another nursing mother

smell

The ________ on personality focuses on the many ways our individual traits and thoughts interact with our social world as we move from one situation to another

social-cognitive perspective

The term fixation refers to Freud's notion that __________.

people can become psychologically stuck at a particular stage of psychosexual development

Recent research findings indicate that adolescents' high-risk behaviors are least likely to be due to

perceived invulnerability

Freud indicated that defense mechanisms

reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Cognitive theories, though not as comprehensive as psychodynamic or humanistic theories, have an advantage of being __________, and therefore are able to be far more specific.

research-based

Concepts that help us make sense of the world are called

schemas

What is a major factor for personality according to the humanistic approach?

self-actualization tendency

Our feelings of high or low self-worth are referred to as our

self-esteem

Most college students perceive themselves as above average compared with their classmates. This best illustrates

self-serving bias

Because slow, sustained changes in body weight, as well as psychological factors, can alter our ________, some researchers have therefore adopted the term ________.

set point; settling point

Who proposed the idea that children are young apprentices?

Lev Vygotsky

The psychologist most associated with appealing to instincts to explain motivation was:

William James

The relationship between various levels of arousal and effective task performance is described by

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Todd's therapist shows him a picture of a man and a woman standing near a telephone pole and asks Todd to tell a story about what he sees. Todd's therapist is using __________.

a Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Who emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in healthy personality development?

Carl Rogers

Overjustification is most likely to occur when

Cindy is given a trophy for riding her bicycle.

Research on the nonverbal expression of emotion indicates that:

Introverts are better than extraverts at recognizing nonverbal expressions of emotion in others

Which of these is not an important criticism of Freud's theory of personality?

It emphasizes the importance of unconscious forces

To be included on the MMPI, questions needed to be

answered differently by one group of psychiatric patients than other groups

During sex, the physiological responses experienced by women

are similar to those of men

In Piaget's theory of development: the two processes that together control how someone deals with new experiences are

assimilation and accomodation

Which of the following help shape(s) our personality?

both temperament and behavior style

The text indicates that one important result of the struggle between the neo-Freudians over Freud's theory was that they

built a bridge from Freud to more modern theories

Defining one's identity in terms of one's extended family or work group is most closely associated with

collectivism

Presented with two identical balls of clay, children in the ________ stage say that the two balls still contain the same amount of clay, even when one is rolled out into a snake or flattened into a pancake.

concrete operational

Mark thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is most directly relevant to the issue of

continuity and stages

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development differed from Piaget's largely due to its focus on:

cultural influences

Freud believed that all ________ functioned indirectly and unconsciously.

defense mechanisms

When thinking about achieving a goal, research tells us that ________ rewards motivate us to set goals; ________ rewards best predict our persistence toward goals.

delayed; immediate

One important criticism of the trait approach to personality is that it does not

describe how various personality traits develop

Achievement motivation refers to a

desire for significant accomplishment

People sense meaning when they experience their life as having all of the following EXCEPT

discord

Worldwide, the least common infant attachment style is:

disorganized

Bonnie is afraid to express anger at her overbearing and irritating supervisor at work, so she is critical of her children instead. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Bonnie's reaction to her children illustrates

displacement

Remis was feeling depressed about the bad grade he got on his first psychology exam. Because he had another test to take that day and did not want his unhappiness to affect his later test, Remis started thinking about all the good grades he had received this semester to brighten his mood. This illustrates:

emotion regulation

An individual who is_____ tends to be happier than a person who does not have these characteristics.

emotionally stable; high in affiliation

Research on the sexual response cycle indicates that:

enough sperm may be released prior to male orgasm to enable conception

Increases in ________ increase hunger, whereas increases in ________ decrease hunger.

ghrelin; blood glucose

In psychology, ________ is passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals.

grit

Scientists have just discovered a tribe of people in a South American jungle that have never been exposed to the outside world or people aside from those in their village. The first researchers greet them with a smile. Which emotion would the tribe member most likely attribute to the expression of a smile?

happiness

Which of the following is NOT a form of gender expression?

height

Which theoretical perspective states that physiological needs must be met before higher-level safety needs and psychological needs can be achieved?

hierarchy of needs theory

Marital satisfaction follows peaks and valleys; it starts out ________, ________ when children are very young, and ________ when children leave the house.

high; decreases; increases

One major problem with drive theory of motivation is that

humans will sometimes engage in behaviors that increase a drive.

Simon LeVay discovered that a cluster of neural cells located in the ________ was ________ in homosexual men than in heterosexual men

hypothalamus; smaller

According to Freudian theory of personality; R.L. Stevenson's character; Mr. Hyde; a man who loved to drink and womanize; was most likely ruled by which aspect of his personality?

id

Which component of the mind did Freud describe as the most basic, serving as the source of our bodily needs, wants, and desires?

id

Since Kohlberg's theory is a stage theory, then the behavior of individuals in a particular stage should be consistent. The research data indicates that

individuals in a particular stage do not show a high degree of consistency

The fusion of a sperm cell and an egg into a single cell is called

interaction

According to the trait approach to personality, an individual's trait:

is relatively consistent across a variety of settings

One reason why the information processing perspective on development is an important one today is that it

is supported by a growing body of scientific evidence

Carroll Izard has suggested that love is a mixture of interest-excitement and

joy

All of the following are associated with fetal alcohol syndrome except:

large eye openings

Research on teen social relationships indicates that most adolescents

like their parents

Sheldon and Amy met on an online dating site. Sheldon describes himself as stubborn, competitive, and argumentative. According to the Big Five trait theory, Sheldon is most likely

low in agreeableness

By motivating us to satisfy our physical needs, hunger and thirst serve to

maintain homeostasis

A major cognitive advance made during the sensorimotor stage is the ability to

make mental representations of objects that are not physically present

Primary sex characteristics are to ________ as secondary sex characteristics are to ________.

male testes; adrenal glands

Puberty is most closely related to the onset of

menarche

Research has demonstrated that introverts typically respond _____ to a variety of stimuli as compared to extraverts.

more strongly

Women show ________ facial expression of emotion than men while viewing frightening films, and they show ________ facial expression of emotion than men while viewing happy films.

more; more

Horney identifies three patterns in ways people use to deal with anxiety: moving towards others in a(n) __________ fashion, against others in a(n) __________ fashion, or away from others in a self-protective fashion.

neurotic; aggressive

What is the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages?

oral; anal; phallic; latency; genital

Sheen is usually animated and talkative when he is with his girlfriend, but he is often quiet and reserved at home. He actively participates in many classroom discussions but frequently seems reluctant to talk with friends at the campus coffee shop. According to Walter Mischel, Sheen's behavior should lead us to question the importance of:

personality traits

Research in which experimental subjects are exposed to emotion-inducing stimuli after receiving beta-blockers indicates that __________ necessary for emotional experience.

physical arousal is not

Incentives can be described as ________ that lure or repel us.

positive or negative external stimuli

Jackson can see himself becoming just like his father—overweight, unhealthy, and depressed. To prevent that from happening, Jackson carefully monitors his food intake and engages in a regular program of exercise with a group of supportive friends. Jackson's healthy lifestyle best illustrates the motivational impact of

possible selves

Consider the moral dilemma faced by the husband who is trying to decide to steal a drug he cannot afford, but which will save his wife's life. The person who reasons that it would be all right to steal the drug because the right to life is more important than property rights has reached the _____ stage of moral development.

postconventional

Until you read this question, you were probably not aware of the name of your state capital, but once it is mentioned you can think of it fairly easily. This would be part of your

preconscious mind

On the basis of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, one would be least likely to predict that a: -starving person might sell his child to obtain food. -teacher with high self-esteem might seek a career change to use his abilities more fully. -successful business executive might show greater concern for his family relationships than for becoming president of his corporation. -prisoner might choose to die rather than betray his country.

prisoner might choose to die rather than betray is country

Assessment instruments in which individuals are asked to describe ambiguous stimuli are called __________ tests.

projective

Sigmund is very interested in his neighbor Sally but has much anxiety about his attraction to her since his friends would not approve. Every time he sees her he acts very rude and says mean things to her despite his intense attraction to her. This is an example of what type of defense mechanism?

reaction formation

According to Adler, when people feel a sense of inferiority, it will generally result in

striving to improve

No matter how long and hard Oprah studies, she always feels she hasn't studied as much as she should have. A Freudian psychologist would suggest that Oprah shows signs of a:

strong superego

If research suggested that a pregnant mother's use of an artificial sweetener caused harm to the fetus, the artificial sweetener would be considered a

teratogen

According to psychoanalytic theory, boys' fear of castration is most closely associated with

the Oedipus complex

As the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions, the self is considered to be

the center of personality

It is expected that new cognitive theories of personality will take __________ , which previous cognitive theories have tended to omit, into account.

the emotions

According to _____, the act of smiling will probably make you feel happier.

the facial feedback hypothesis

Detectors that respond to certain chemicals in the blood and help regulate caloric intake are located in

the hypothalamus and liver

The psychodynamic perspective highlights all of the following EXCEPT

the interaction between environment and cognitive processes

During which phase of the sexual response cycle does the refractory period begin?

the resolution phase

Harlow's research with monkeys showed that

the satisfaction from feeding is not sufficient for atttachment

Fifteen-year-old Samantha has just experienced her first menstrual period. Her mother is concerned about her daughter's late menstruation. Based on what you know about pubertal development, how would you respond to her mother?

the timing of puberty is much less predictable than the physical stages

Which theory is more interested in identifying traits than in describing them?

trait theory

When Mr. Morgan misinterpreted his harmless symptoms of autonomic nervous system arousal as indicative of an impending heart attack, he suffered an unusually intense level of fear. His emotional suffering is best understood in terms of the

two-factor theory

Emotions can be distinguished based on their _____, which is how positive or negative the experience is, and their _____, which is how active or passive the experience is.

valence; arousal

Which of the following is NOT a gay-straight trait difference?

visual depth perception

The three stages a human goes through while in the womb are, in order,

zygote, embryo, fetus