Foundation of nutrition chapter 2
In studies of the United States population which of the following habits are associated with health and longevity
- Follow a diet that is low in animal fat and trans fat - consuming fiber rich foods - include fish in diet - exercise regularly
Five foundational guidelines of the 2015-2020 dietary guidelines
- follow healthy eating patterns across the lifespan - focus on variety nutrient density and amounts - limit calorie from added sugars and saturated fats reduce sodium - shift to healthier food and beverage choices - support healthy eating patterns for all
What is one sieving of vegetables according to my plate
1 cup cooked broccoli 1 cup raw broccoli
Standard serving size for dairy
1 cup milk 1 cup yogurt 1.5 oz natural cheese
In fruit standard serving size
1 cup pineapple chunks Half cup raisins
Marty values his health so he only snacks on granola bars that are fortified with vitamins and minerals each bar contains 40% of daily value for vitamin A if Marty consumes four of these each day this will provide
160% of the daily value for vitamin A 40% per serving x 4 servings = 160%
A sedentary 23 year old woman with a desk job needs about how many kcal per day
1800
According to my plate Americans should have how many low fat or fat free dairy products or rich sources of calcium
2 to 3 cups per day
For a food to be considered a rich source of a nutrient it must contain
20% or more
Percent Daily Value
2000 kcal diet
Carbohydrates are equivalent to
4 kcal/gram
Protein are equivalent to
4 kcal/gram
Lipids are equivalent to
9 kcal/gram
You get what type of vitamin from dark green leafy vegetables and orange vegetables
A
When plan a diet to meet nutrient needs which standards can be used
AIs RDAs
Environmental assessment of nutritional status gathers information such as
Ability to prepare food Ability to purchase food Education level
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
Acceptable range of quantities of vitamins and minerals for each gender and age group
Besides poor diet habits a very common lifestyle factor that contributes to chronic disease is the lack of physical
Activity
Typical Americans need to reduce their intake of
Added sugars
When there is not sufficient research evidence to set a precise RDA for a nutrient a —— is set this is amount of nutrient intake assumed to be adequate based on the dietary intakes of people who appear to be maintaining nutritional health
Adequate intake AI
Common philosophies held by RD concerning foods
All foods can be eaten in moderation There are no good or bad foods
Basic premise of dietary guidelines for Americans includes the following statement
All nutrient needs should be met primarily through the consumption of foods to provide an array of nutrients and non nutrients that may benefit health
heart attack
An acute episode of heart disease marked by death or damage of heart muscle due to insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle usually as a result of coronary thrombosis or a coronary occlusion and that is characterized especially by chest pain.
Match following nutritional assessment techniques to examples for a person who chronically abuses alcohol
Anthropometric- low weight for height recent 10 pound weight loss muscle wasting in upper body Biochemical- low amounts of vitamin thiamin and folate in blood Clinical- psychological confusion facial sores uncoordinated movement Dietary- dietary intake of Little more than wine and hamburgers for last week Environmental- currently residing in homeless shelter $35 in wallet unemployed
What are appropriate uses of dietary reference intakes
Assessing the nutritional intakes of a population Planning a diet to meet nutrient needs Planning a diet for weight loss
What will help consumers make healthful and logical nutrition decisions
Avoid practitioners that prescribe unnecessary megadoses of nutrients Apply healthy nutrition practices to confirm or disprove claims Examine the scientific credentials of the individual making the clams Read product labels carefully
Moderation requires
Avoiding megadoses of nutrients Paying attention to portion size of foods
When eating in moderation
Balance a high calorie lunch with a low calorie meal in the same day If you prefer whole milk reduce fat elsewhere in your diet
What is true about serving size listed on nutritional facts panel
Based on typical servings Must be consistent among similar foods
Calcium and vitamin D are nutrients of public health concern
Because many Americans do not get enough of them
Anthropometric measurements that help determine nutritional status
Body circumference Skin-fold thickness Weight Height
A desirable nutritional state is one in which
Body tissues have some nutrients stored for times if need The nutrient has not accumulated to toxic levels in body tissues Essential nutrients are obtained from a variety of foods
Arrange foods according to energy densities from highest to lowest
Butter Bagels Beans Lettuce
eating pattern recommended by the dietary guidelines
Can be adapted to fit personal preference
How are dry beans and peas classified
Can be counted in protein food groups by vegetarians until they satisfy their daily protein needs Can be counted in vegetables group for those who regularly consume fish meat or poultry
Eating more fruits and vegetables helps reduce the risk of
Cancer
Define current energy recommendations of all the macronutrients
Carb 45-65% Fat 20-35% Protein 10-35%
What are nutrient components that must appear on nutrition facts labels
Carbohydrates Calories Fiber
What are 3 major macronutrients
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins
List nutrients that yield energy and how much energy they yield per gram
Carbohydrates, protein, fats 4, 4, 9 kcal/g respectively
What products would fulfill FDA definition or low fat nutrient clain
Cereal 1.5 grams fat per serving Granola bar 2 grams fat per serving
Physical activity guidelines for Americans
Children should engage in 60 min of activity per day Adults should perform 150 min of moderate intensity activity per week
Which food have the high energy density
Chocolates Peanut
Variety in diet means
Choosing different foods within a given food group Choosing foods from various food groups
A quick way to determine content of nutrients and photochemical in a meal is
Color
Rank following foods from highest nutrient density for calcium to lowest
Cup of calcium fortified orange juice 350 milligrams of calcium and 100 kcal Cup of skim milk 300 milligrams of calcium 90 kcal An ounce of mozzarella cheese has 220 milligrams of calcium 80 kcal A half cup of 2% cottage cheese has 80 milligrams of calcium and 100 kcal
What is the abbreviation for umbrella term that describes all the food and nutrition boards nutrients recommendations
DRI
The ——- is generic nutrient standard used on food labels
Daily value
Objects that can be used to estimate portion sizes
Deck of cards - 3 oz of meat Tennis ball - 1/2 cup Golf ball - 2 tablespoons
Match general categories of nutritional status to their examples
Desirable nutrition- when body tissues have enough nutrients to support normal metabolic functions Undernutrition - when sufficient nutrients are not consumed to meet ones needs Over-nutrition - excess intake of calories often leads to obesity
Foods with low energy density are usually high in
Dietary fiber Water
What reference does DRI stand for
Dietary reference intake
Why is alcohol not considered a nutrient
Empty kcalorie food provides energy but no beneficial nutrients
Clinical symptoms of a nutritional deficiency
Enable physicians to detect a deficiency Occur after subclinical deficiency may have been present for an extended time
What is difference between energy density and nutrient density
Energy density = energy per amount consumed Nutrient density = Amount of nutrient per calories provided
Education level living conditions and economic status are part of
Environmental assessment
What is required to determine calorie needs of an average person for a specific weight age or sex
Estimated energy requirements
dietary assessment
Estimation of typical food choices relying mostly on the recounting of one's usual intake or a record of one's previous days' intake.
When choosing dietary supplements avoid those for which recommended dose would
Exceed the UL for any nutrients
Eating a meal with low energy density has been shown to promote satiety without contributing
Excess calorie
Most common cause of malnutrition in developed countries is
Excess of calorie intake
A healthful diet requires people to give up their favorite foods
False
Nutrients for which daily values have been set include
Fiber Total fat Total carbohydrates
Choosing whole grains instead of refined grains will provide the body with extra
Fiber and vitamin E
A food that provides health benefits beyond those supplied by the nutrients in that food are called
Functional food
RD credentials indicate a person
Has completed rigorous classroom work in nutrition Participants in continuing education Has completed rigorous clinical training in nutrition
What are the factors for calculation of estimated energy requirements
Height and weight Physical activity level Age
If undergoing chemotherapy and you have a poor appetite you should consume
High energy density foods
environmental assessment
Includes details about living conditions, education level, and the ability of the person to purchase, transport, and cook food. The person's weekly budget for food purchases is also a key factor to consider.
omega-3 fatty acids effects
Increase HDL Lower blood pressure Help weight loss diabetes arthritis osteoporosis
Effects of fiber on metabolism
Increases satiety Delays glucose absorption Lowers cholesterol - fermentation inhibits HMG CoA reductase
What is listed in descending order by weight on a food label
Ingredients
Which accurately describes daily value
It is used on nutrition facts panel of food labels It is a generic standard It is based on a 2000 kcal diet
Why is protein omitted from food labels
It would be necessary to know protein quality of a food which is expensive to determine Protein is not a public health concern for the majority of people
How does alcohol resemble nutrients
It yields energy 7kcal/gram
What are the recommendations for sodium intake according to dietary guidelines
Less than 2300 milligrams per day
How do you limit carbohydrates intake
Limit intake of refined grains Limit intake of refined sugar
What is true concerning sugar on the nutrition facts food label
Limiting intake is the best advice
Daily food plan includes
Limits for calorie from solid fats to added sugars Recommended daily amounts in commonly used measures Tips for healthy choices in every food group
What are sources of my plate dairy
Low fat milk Soy milk Yogurt
What is my plates consumer health message concerning grains group
Make half your grains whole
Failing health that results from a long-standing dietary practices that do not coincide with nutritional needs is
Malnutrition
biochemical assessment
Measurement of biochemical functions (e.g., concentrations of nutrient by-products or enzyme activities in the blood or urine) related to a nutrient's function.
Are the top of Mediterranean diet pyramid should be eaten lass frequently
Meats and sweets
In order to reap benefits of physical activity it should be
Moderate in intensity Performed regularly
What are drawbacks of using assessment of body composition to determine nutritional status
More expensive assessment is required for confirmation Does not offer in depth examination
Older adults should focus on consuming
Nutrient dense
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
Nutrient intake amount sufficient to meet the needs of 97% to 98% of the individuals in a specific life stage.
What are micronutrients
Nutrients that are consumed in minute quantities (vitamin and minerals)
Which of the following elements of a food label are required by law
Nutritional facts Amount of product Name of place
my plate protein food groups include
Nuts Navy beans Fish Eggs
What is most important health concern that informed development of dietary guidelines for Americans
Obesity
Which are grains according to my plate
Pasta Oat bran cereal Bread
What components are optional on nutrient facts label
Polyunsaturated fat Monounsaturated fat Magnesium
How has portion change affected the status quo of obesity in the US
Portion sizes have drastically increased over time
Over-nutrition may mean
Prolonged consumption of more nutrients than the body needs
If you choose mostly nutrient dense food instead of empty calories you are practicing dietary
Proportionality
Dietary component of comprehensive nutritional assessment may involve
Recalling food intake from previous day
Which are dietary reference intakes DRI
Recommended dietary allowance RDA Estimated energy requirements EER Tolerable upper intake levels UL Adequate intakes AI
Dietary Guidelines recommend that Americans should reduce intakes of
Saturated fats Sodium Trans fats
Healthful diet plan consists of
Selecting foods from each group Consuming a variety of food Balancing calorie intake with calorie use throughout the day Consuming foods in moderation
The absence of what from my plate draws criticism from some nutritionalists
Serving size Energy requirements
subclinical
Stage of a disease or disorder not severe enough to produce symptoms that can be detected or diagnosed.
I examples of short term effects of over nutrition
Stomach distress due to excess iron intake
What is a food that would meet FDA criteria for low calorie nutrient clams
Sugar free candy
What is a limitation of using nutritional assessment to identify a physical problem
Symptoms of nutrient deficiency can be vague and non specific A person may have symptoms and not have their stores depleted
clinical assessment
Systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in a person presenting with a possible psychological disorder.
What is done during clinical assessment
Take blood pressure Examine mouth and tongue Examine the skin
What is true of RDAs
The RDA surveys as a standard to evaluate intake of specific nutrients A significant deviation about 70% below the required RDA for an extended period of time Indicates risk of deficiency
Biochemical assessment of nutritional status involves measurement of
The activity of specific blood enzymes Nutrient by products in the blood urine feces
Nutritional state
The nutritional health of a person as determined by anthropometric measurements (height, weight, circumferences, and so on), biochemical measurements of nutrients or their by-products in blood and urine, a clinical (physical) examination, a dietary analysis, and economic evaluation; also called nutritional status.
nutrient density
The ratio derived by dividing a foods nutrient content by its calorie content. When the food contribution to our nutrient need for that nutrient exceeds the contribution to our calorie need the food is considered to have a favorable nutrient density
How can dietary reference intakes be used to access patients health
They can be used to gauge average requirements with recommended allowance adequate intake and tolerable upper level - they can also be used to establish nutrient standards
What is true about nuts
They have many calories compared to the weight They have high energy density
What is purpose of recommended dietary allowance
To evaluate a person's current dietary intake of nutrients
What is maximum chronic daily intake level of a nutrient that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects in most all people
Tolerable upper intake level
Undernutrition
Too little food energy or too few nutrients to prevent disease or to promote growth; a form of malnutrition
Overnutrition
Too much food energy or excess nutrients to the degree of causing disease or increasing risk of disease; a form of malnutrition
Serious diseases linked to obesity
Type 2 diabetes Some forms of cancer Cardiovascular disease Hypertension
Match following nutrient standards to their descriptions
UL - highest amount of daily nutrient intakes unlikely to cause adverse health effects EER- estimation of calorie needs based on gender, age, height, and physical activity level AL- nutrient intake recommendation set when research is not sufficient to determine RDA RDA - nutrient intake recommendation set to meet the needs of nearly all individuals of a given age or gender
A desirable nutritional state occurs when body tissues have enough essential nutrients from a
Variety of foods to support metabolic functions
Which food group covers half the plate providing dense sources of nutrients and photochemical
Vegetables and fruit
In addition to nutrients found in animal sources of protein plant sources of protein also provide
Vitamin E Fiber Magnesium
A daily serving of ready to eat breakfast cereal is typically fortified with
Vitamins and minerals
Eating a diet low in energy can aid in
Weight loss Weight management
Energy dense food is determined by comparing the
Weight with the calorie of food
Define energy density
a measure of the energy (calories) a food provides relative to the amount of food; should eat more low energy-dense foods than high
Define nutrient density
a measure of the nutrients a food provides relative to the energy it provides. The more nutrients and the fewer kcalories, the higher the nutrient density.
Adequate Intake (AI)
a recommended average daily nutrient intake level based on observed or experimentally determined estimates of nutrient intake by a group of healthy people
malnutrition
a state of poor nutrition
energy density
energy value of a food in relation to the food's weight
What are empty calorie foods?
foods that provide calories or energy (usually in the form of sugar) but few or no other nutrients.
What is leading diet related cause of death in North America
heart disease
How much fat should be saturated fat
less than 10%
Example of nutrient dense food
low-fat yogurt Fat free milk
anthropometric assessment
measurement of body weight and the lengths, circumferences, and thicknesses of parts of the body
Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)
the average dietary energy intake that maintains energy balance and good health in a person of a given age, gender, weight, height, and level of physical activity
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
the highest average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in a particular life stage and gender group