Foundation of nutrition chapter 2

In studies of the United States population which of the following habits are associated with health and longevity

- Follow a diet that is low in animal fat and trans fat - consuming fiber rich foods - include fish in diet - exercise regularly

Five foundational guidelines of the 2015-2020 dietary guidelines

- follow healthy eating patterns across the lifespan - focus on variety nutrient density and amounts - limit calorie from added sugars and saturated fats reduce sodium - shift to healthier food and beverage choices - support healthy eating patterns for all

What is one sieving of vegetables according to my plate

1 cup cooked broccoli 1 cup raw broccoli

Standard serving size for dairy

1 cup milk 1 cup yogurt 1.5 oz natural cheese

In fruit standard serving size

1 cup pineapple chunks Half cup raisins

Marty values his health so he only snacks on granola bars that are fortified with vitamins and minerals each bar contains 40% of daily value for vitamin A if Marty consumes four of these each day this will provide

160% of the daily value for vitamin A 40% per serving x 4 servings = 160%

A sedentary 23 year old woman with a desk job needs about how many kcal per day

1800

According to my plate Americans should have how many low fat or fat free dairy products or rich sources of calcium

2 to 3 cups per day

For a food to be considered a rich source of a nutrient it must contain

20% or more

Percent Daily Value

2000 kcal diet

Carbohydrates are equivalent to

4 kcal/gram

Protein are equivalent to

4 kcal/gram

Lipids are equivalent to

9 kcal/gram

You get what type of vitamin from dark green leafy vegetables and orange vegetables

A

When plan a diet to meet nutrient needs which standards can be used

AIs RDAs

Environmental assessment of nutritional status gathers information such as

Ability to prepare food Ability to purchase food Education level

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)

Acceptable range of quantities of vitamins and minerals for each gender and age group

Besides poor diet habits a very common lifestyle factor that contributes to chronic disease is the lack of physical

Activity

Typical Americans need to reduce their intake of

Added sugars

When there is not sufficient research evidence to set a precise RDA for a nutrient a —— is set this is amount of nutrient intake assumed to be adequate based on the dietary intakes of people who appear to be maintaining nutritional health

Adequate intake AI

Common philosophies held by RD concerning foods

All foods can be eaten in moderation There are no good or bad foods

Basic premise of dietary guidelines for Americans includes the following statement

All nutrient needs should be met primarily through the consumption of foods to provide an array of nutrients and non nutrients that may benefit health

heart attack

An acute episode of heart disease marked by death or damage of heart muscle due to insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle usually as a result of coronary thrombosis or a coronary occlusion and that is characterized especially by chest pain.

Match following nutritional assessment techniques to examples for a person who chronically abuses alcohol

Anthropometric- low weight for height recent 10 pound weight loss muscle wasting in upper body Biochemical- low amounts of vitamin thiamin and folate in blood Clinical- psychological confusion facial sores uncoordinated movement Dietary- dietary intake of Little more than wine and hamburgers for last week Environmental- currently residing in homeless shelter $35 in wallet unemployed

What are appropriate uses of dietary reference intakes

Assessing the nutritional intakes of a population Planning a diet to meet nutrient needs Planning a diet for weight loss

What will help consumers make healthful and logical nutrition decisions

Avoid practitioners that prescribe unnecessary megadoses of nutrients Apply healthy nutrition practices to confirm or disprove claims Examine the scientific credentials of the individual making the clams Read product labels carefully

Moderation requires

Avoiding megadoses of nutrients Paying attention to portion size of foods

When eating in moderation

Balance a high calorie lunch with a low calorie meal in the same day If you prefer whole milk reduce fat elsewhere in your diet

What is true about serving size listed on nutritional facts panel

Based on typical servings Must be consistent among similar foods

Calcium and vitamin D are nutrients of public health concern

Because many Americans do not get enough of them

Anthropometric measurements that help determine nutritional status

Body circumference Skin-fold thickness Weight Height

A desirable nutritional state is one in which

Body tissues have some nutrients stored for times if need The nutrient has not accumulated to toxic levels in body tissues Essential nutrients are obtained from a variety of foods

Arrange foods according to energy densities from highest to lowest

Butter Bagels Beans Lettuce

eating pattern recommended by the dietary guidelines

Can be adapted to fit personal preference

How are dry beans and peas classified

Can be counted in protein food groups by vegetarians until they satisfy their daily protein needs Can be counted in vegetables group for those who regularly consume fish meat or poultry

Eating more fruits and vegetables helps reduce the risk of

Cancer

Define current energy recommendations of all the macronutrients

Carb 45-65% Fat 20-35% Protein 10-35%

What are nutrient components that must appear on nutrition facts labels

Carbohydrates Calories Fiber

What are 3 major macronutrients

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins

List nutrients that yield energy and how much energy they yield per gram

Carbohydrates, protein, fats 4, 4, 9 kcal/g respectively

What products would fulfill FDA definition or low fat nutrient clain

Cereal 1.5 grams fat per serving Granola bar 2 grams fat per serving

Physical activity guidelines for Americans

Children should engage in 60 min of activity per day Adults should perform 150 min of moderate intensity activity per week

Which food have the high energy density

Chocolates Peanut

Variety in diet means

Choosing different foods within a given food group Choosing foods from various food groups

A quick way to determine content of nutrients and photochemical in a meal is

Color

Rank following foods from highest nutrient density for calcium to lowest

Cup of calcium fortified orange juice 350 milligrams of calcium and 100 kcal Cup of skim milk 300 milligrams of calcium 90 kcal An ounce of mozzarella cheese has 220 milligrams of calcium 80 kcal A half cup of 2% cottage cheese has 80 milligrams of calcium and 100 kcal

What is the abbreviation for umbrella term that describes all the food and nutrition boards nutrients recommendations

DRI

The ——- is generic nutrient standard used on food labels

Daily value

Objects that can be used to estimate portion sizes

Deck of cards - 3 oz of meat Tennis ball - 1/2 cup Golf ball - 2 tablespoons

Match general categories of nutritional status to their examples

Desirable nutrition- when body tissues have enough nutrients to support normal metabolic functions Undernutrition - when sufficient nutrients are not consumed to meet ones needs Over-nutrition - excess intake of calories often leads to obesity

Foods with low energy density are usually high in

Dietary fiber Water

What reference does DRI stand for

Dietary reference intake

Why is alcohol not considered a nutrient

Empty kcalorie food provides energy but no beneficial nutrients

Clinical symptoms of a nutritional deficiency

Enable physicians to detect a deficiency Occur after subclinical deficiency may have been present for an extended time

What is difference between energy density and nutrient density

Energy density = energy per amount consumed Nutrient density = Amount of nutrient per calories provided

Education level living conditions and economic status are part of

Environmental assessment

What is required to determine calorie needs of an average person for a specific weight age or sex

Estimated energy requirements

dietary assessment

Estimation of typical food choices relying mostly on the recounting of one's usual intake or a record of one's previous days' intake.

When choosing dietary supplements avoid those for which recommended dose would

Exceed the UL for any nutrients

Eating a meal with low energy density has been shown to promote satiety without contributing

Excess calorie

Most common cause of malnutrition in developed countries is

Excess of calorie intake

A healthful diet requires people to give up their favorite foods

False

Nutrients for which daily values have been set include

Fiber Total fat Total carbohydrates

Choosing whole grains instead of refined grains will provide the body with extra

Fiber and vitamin E

A food that provides health benefits beyond those supplied by the nutrients in that food are called

Functional food

RD credentials indicate a person

Has completed rigorous classroom work in nutrition Participants in continuing education Has completed rigorous clinical training in nutrition

What are the factors for calculation of estimated energy requirements

Height and weight Physical activity level Age

If undergoing chemotherapy and you have a poor appetite you should consume

High energy density foods

environmental assessment

Includes details about living conditions, education level, and the ability of the person to purchase, transport, and cook food. The person's weekly budget for food purchases is also a key factor to consider.

omega-3 fatty acids effects

Increase HDL Lower blood pressure Help weight loss diabetes arthritis osteoporosis

Effects of fiber on metabolism

Increases satiety Delays glucose absorption Lowers cholesterol - fermentation inhibits HMG CoA reductase

What is listed in descending order by weight on a food label

Ingredients

Which accurately describes daily value

It is used on nutrition facts panel of food labels It is a generic standard It is based on a 2000 kcal diet

Why is protein omitted from food labels

It would be necessary to know protein quality of a food which is expensive to determine Protein is not a public health concern for the majority of people

How does alcohol resemble nutrients

It yields energy 7kcal/gram

What are the recommendations for sodium intake according to dietary guidelines

Less than 2300 milligrams per day

How do you limit carbohydrates intake

Limit intake of refined grains Limit intake of refined sugar

What is true concerning sugar on the nutrition facts food label

Limiting intake is the best advice

Daily food plan includes

Limits for calorie from solid fats to added sugars Recommended daily amounts in commonly used measures Tips for healthy choices in every food group

What are sources of my plate dairy

Low fat milk Soy milk Yogurt

What is my plates consumer health message concerning grains group

Make half your grains whole

Failing health that results from a long-standing dietary practices that do not coincide with nutritional needs is

Malnutrition

biochemical assessment

Measurement of biochemical functions (e.g., concentrations of nutrient by-products or enzyme activities in the blood or urine) related to a nutrient's function.

Are the top of Mediterranean diet pyramid should be eaten lass frequently

Meats and sweets

In order to reap benefits of physical activity it should be

Moderate in intensity Performed regularly

What are drawbacks of using assessment of body composition to determine nutritional status

More expensive assessment is required for confirmation Does not offer in depth examination

Older adults should focus on consuming

Nutrient dense

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

Nutrient intake amount sufficient to meet the needs of 97% to 98% of the individuals in a specific life stage.

What are micronutrients

Nutrients that are consumed in minute quantities (vitamin and minerals)

Which of the following elements of a food label are required by law

Nutritional facts Amount of product Name of place

my plate protein food groups include

Nuts Navy beans Fish Eggs

What is most important health concern that informed development of dietary guidelines for Americans

Obesity

Which are grains according to my plate

Pasta Oat bran cereal Bread

What components are optional on nutrient facts label

Polyunsaturated fat Monounsaturated fat Magnesium

How has portion change affected the status quo of obesity in the US

Portion sizes have drastically increased over time

Over-nutrition may mean

Prolonged consumption of more nutrients than the body needs

If you choose mostly nutrient dense food instead of empty calories you are practicing dietary

Proportionality

Dietary component of comprehensive nutritional assessment may involve

Recalling food intake from previous day

Which are dietary reference intakes DRI

Recommended dietary allowance RDA Estimated energy requirements EER Tolerable upper intake levels UL Adequate intakes AI

Dietary Guidelines recommend that Americans should reduce intakes of

Saturated fats Sodium Trans fats

Healthful diet plan consists of

Selecting foods from each group Consuming a variety of food Balancing calorie intake with calorie use throughout the day Consuming foods in moderation

The absence of what from my plate draws criticism from some nutritionalists

Serving size Energy requirements

subclinical

Stage of a disease or disorder not severe enough to produce symptoms that can be detected or diagnosed.

I examples of short term effects of over nutrition

Stomach distress due to excess iron intake

What is a food that would meet FDA criteria for low calorie nutrient clams

Sugar free candy

What is a limitation of using nutritional assessment to identify a physical problem

Symptoms of nutrient deficiency can be vague and non specific A person may have symptoms and not have their stores depleted

clinical assessment

Systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in a person presenting with a possible psychological disorder.

What is done during clinical assessment

Take blood pressure Examine mouth and tongue Examine the skin

What is true of RDAs

The RDA surveys as a standard to evaluate intake of specific nutrients A significant deviation about 70% below the required RDA for an extended period of time Indicates risk of deficiency

Biochemical assessment of nutritional status involves measurement of

The activity of specific blood enzymes Nutrient by products in the blood urine feces

Nutritional state

The nutritional health of a person as determined by anthropometric measurements (height, weight, circumferences, and so on), biochemical measurements of nutrients or their by-products in blood and urine, a clinical (physical) examination, a dietary analysis, and economic evaluation; also called nutritional status.

nutrient density

The ratio derived by dividing a foods nutrient content by its calorie content. When the food contribution to our nutrient need for that nutrient exceeds the contribution to our calorie need the food is considered to have a favorable nutrient density

How can dietary reference intakes be used to access patients health

They can be used to gauge average requirements with recommended allowance adequate intake and tolerable upper level - they can also be used to establish nutrient standards

What is true about nuts

They have many calories compared to the weight They have high energy density

What is purpose of recommended dietary allowance

To evaluate a person's current dietary intake of nutrients

What is maximum chronic daily intake level of a nutrient that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects in most all people

Tolerable upper intake level

Undernutrition

Too little food energy or too few nutrients to prevent disease or to promote growth; a form of malnutrition

Overnutrition

Too much food energy or excess nutrients to the degree of causing disease or increasing risk of disease; a form of malnutrition

Serious diseases linked to obesity

Type 2 diabetes Some forms of cancer Cardiovascular disease Hypertension

Match following nutrient standards to their descriptions

UL - highest amount of daily nutrient intakes unlikely to cause adverse health effects EER- estimation of calorie needs based on gender, age, height, and physical activity level AL- nutrient intake recommendation set when research is not sufficient to determine RDA RDA - nutrient intake recommendation set to meet the needs of nearly all individuals of a given age or gender

A desirable nutritional state occurs when body tissues have enough essential nutrients from a

Variety of foods to support metabolic functions

Which food group covers half the plate providing dense sources of nutrients and photochemical

Vegetables and fruit

In addition to nutrients found in animal sources of protein plant sources of protein also provide

Vitamin E Fiber Magnesium

A daily serving of ready to eat breakfast cereal is typically fortified with

Vitamins and minerals

Eating a diet low in energy can aid in

Weight loss Weight management

Energy dense food is determined by comparing the

Weight with the calorie of food

Define energy density

a measure of the energy (calories) a food provides relative to the amount of food; should eat more low energy-dense foods than high

Define nutrient density

a measure of the nutrients a food provides relative to the energy it provides. The more nutrients and the fewer kcalories, the higher the nutrient density.

Adequate Intake (AI)

a recommended average daily nutrient intake level based on observed or experimentally determined estimates of nutrient intake by a group of healthy people

malnutrition

a state of poor nutrition

energy density

energy value of a food in relation to the food's weight

What are empty calorie foods?

foods that provide calories or energy (usually in the form of sugar) but few or no other nutrients.

What is leading diet related cause of death in North America

heart disease

How much fat should be saturated fat

less than 10%

Example of nutrient dense food

low-fat yogurt Fat free milk

anthropometric assessment

measurement of body weight and the lengths, circumferences, and thicknesses of parts of the body

Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)

the average dietary energy intake that maintains energy balance and good health in a person of a given age, gender, weight, height, and level of physical activity

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

the highest average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in a particular life stage and gender group