Psych 273 Exam 3
People diagnosed with sleep apnea show all of the following symptoms except
An abundance of REM sleep
Lesioning the central nucleus of the amygdala in a rat results in
An increase in freezing behavior in response to a conditioned fear stimulus.
Which of the following hormones causes blood vessels to constrict?
Angiotensin II
According to Charles Darwin, facial expressions
Are used as first means of communication.
The polygraph does not detect lies, it detects
Arousal
The pattern of sleep in elderly people is characterized by increases in
Awakenings
A drop in extracellular volume is detected by specialized
Baroreceptors
In fear conditioning, the lateral nucleus of the amygdala transmits information through the _______ to evoke hormonal responses.
Central nucleus of the amygdala
According to some researchers, the universal properties of facial expressions may be masked by
Cultural conditioning
The traditional understanding of steroid hormones is that they exert their effects by
Entering cells and altering gene expression
Given the hypertonic solution of the sea, marine mammals are able to survive in seawater by
Excreting excess salt via salt glands
Glands that secrete their products outside the body are referred to as _______ glands.
Exocrine
Paul Ekman and colleagues have proposed the existence of facial expressions for eight emotions that are recognized across all societies. Which of the following is not one of them?
Expectation
Which of the following pairs of hormones have opposing effects on NPY neurons?
Ghrelin and PYY3-36
The modern field of stress research was launched by
Hans Selye
One of the selective advantages of endothermy appears to be
Increased capacity to sustain a high level of muscular activity
Under conditions of prolonged food deprivation, fat can be converted into glucose and a secondary form of fuel, called
Ketones
In the testes, the _______ cells produce testosterone under the influence of _______.
Leydig; LH
A hormone that is normally found only in males is
None of the above
Studies involving transections at different levels of an animal's nervous system have suggested that REM sleep
Occurs in whichever part of the transected brain contains the
The response to a decrease of cellular water content is called _______ thirst.
Osmotic
Male mice with knockouts of the _______ gene display "social amnesia," failing to recognize previously encountered females.
Oxytocin
The hormone ________ controls the milk letdown reflex and plays a role in formation of social bonds.
Oxytocin
Lesions to which of the following brain regions would impair physiological temperature regulation in endotherms?
Preoptic area
Thermoregulation is considered a negative feedback system because
Restoring the desired temperature turns off the response
Which of the following are the organs derived from the wolffian duct system?
Seminal vesicles, vas deferens, epididymis
Which of the following represents the correct order of the stages of reproductive behavior?
Sexual attraction, proceptive behavior, copulation, postcopulatory behavior
Which of the following behaviors would not be expected in a patient with bilateral damage to the amygdala?
Showing a startle response to a sudden loud noise
Neuronal and hormonal communication both involve
Specialised receptor molecules
A child wakes suddenly after sleeping for a couple of hours, is terrified and shows significant autonomic activity, such as a racing heart rate and dilated pupils. When questioned, the child cannot remember what frightened her. It is likely the child has just woken from _______ sleep.
Stage 3
In humans, somnambulism usually occurs during _______ sleep.
Stage 3
Sleep enuresis is associated with _______ sleep.
Stage 3
Decorticate rage refers to
Sudden, intense, poorly directed rage that lacks a clear direction
The complete androgen insensitivity phenotype in an XY adult would include which of the following?
Testes, labia, clitoris
Men rooting for a sports team will produce more _______ if their team wins.
Testosterone
The evidence that testosterone affects aggressive behavior in humans is inconsistent. This inconsistency may be attributable to the fact that
Testosterone appears to have less of an effect on human aggression than it does on aggression in other species.
Experimental evidence suggests that the biological role of REM sleep may be related to
The consolidation of perceptual learning
"Fake it until you make it" is most consistent with
The facial-feedback hypothesis
The sudden attacks of sleep that occur in narcolepsy are characterized by
The immediate onset of REM
The type of diabetes called _______ is characterized by a cessation of insulin production early in life.
Type 1 diabetes
The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior every six hours is called a(n) _______ rhythm.
Ultridian
The sleep of dolphins and some birds is similar in that both display
Unilateral sleep
One of the reasons we know that glucose cannot be the only cue for satiety is that
Untreated diabetics are hungry
Dreams experienced during REM sleep are characterized by
Vague visual imagery
The receptors that detect drops in extracellular volume are located in the
Vascular system
One of the primary causes of eating disorders is believed to be
A cultural that emphasizes thinness as being attractive.
Which of the following conditions causes a genetic female to develop an anatomical appearance resembling a male?
A high level of androgen during fetal development
Which of the following would be considered the "low road" response to a bear appearing at your picnic?
A huge surge of adrenaline
When deprived of time cues, people tend to show activity cycles that are
A little more than 24 hours long
Who is most likely to develop a cold when exposed to a virus?
A student staying up late to cram for an exam
Which of the following demonstrates ectothermic behavior?
A turtle basking on a sunny log
Destruction of the SCN _______ circadian rhythms of hormone secretion.
Abolishes
The essential feature of tropic hormones is that they
Affect the secretion of other endocrine glands
Diminished cerebrospinal concentrations of serotonin metabolites are correlated with
Aggression and violence
Some flowers attract bees by releasing _______ into the air.
Allomones
Which of the following regions is highlighted by Klüver-Bucy syndrome?
Amygdala
According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions, emotional experience and autonomic response
Are simultaneously triggered by emotional stimuli.
In order to condition a rat to associate a particular tone in context A with a shock, one would play a tone
At the same time as administering a shock in context A
Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation leads to immediate
Awakening
In the absence of Sry protein, the indifferent gonad
Becomes an ovary
Peptide hormones typically affect cellular processes by
Binding to membrane-bound receptors on the cell surface.
Which of the following is incorrectly paired?
Bulimia nervosa; malnutrition
Epigenetic regulation involves
Changes in gene expression rather than a change in the encoding region in a gene
The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior once a day is called a(n) _______ rhythm.
Circadian
Which statement is about the molecular clock is false?
Clock and Cycle proteins eventually break down and the 24 hour cycle begins again
A diurnal animal will likely feed during the
Daytime
Papez's circuit provides a model of the relationships of different regions in the limbic system involved in
Emotional expression
Animals whose body temperature is regulated mainly by internal bodily processes are called
Endotherms
The process by which an animal slowly shifts its circadian rhythm to synchronize with the time of sunrise each day is called
Entrainment
Amino acids that are not manufactured by our bodies are classified as
Essential
In the body's synthesis of steroids, _______ is (are) synthesized from _______.
Estrogens; androgens
Feelings of disgust at the sight of body fluids may have evolved to help humans avoid
Exposure to germs
Patients with damage to the amygdala do poorly at interpreting facial expressions as indicators of
Fear
The hypothalamic-pituitary portal system is essential for the production of
Follicle-stimulating hormone
When a hamster or a person continues to display an activity cycle without any external cues about the time of day, the cycle is said to be
Free-running
Sperm and ova are known as _______, and when they fuse they form a(n) _______.
Gametes; zygote
Which pancreatic hormone promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose?
Glucagon
Which of the following would be considered the "high road" response to a bear appearing at your picnic?
Grabbing pots and pans to make lots of noise
Cells located in the _______ synthesize oxytocin and vasopressin and transport these hormones to the _______.
Hypothalamus; posterior pituitary
The theory of stress _______ holds that early, mild stressful experiences early in life may reduce susceptibility to stress in adulthood
Immunisation
Sleep that immediately follows a period of learning has the apparent effect of
Improving long-term retention
Stressful exam periods produce a(n)
Increase in norepinephrine secretion
Sry protein is produced in the
Indifferent gonads
The ovarian (menstrual) cycle is a(n) ________ rhythm.
Infradian
What is the effect of injecting of anandamide into the hypothalamus?
It stimulates eating
Behavioral regulation of body temperature, like moving closer to the fire, is especially affected by lesions of the
Lateral hypothalamus
Which of the following hormones monitors the body's longer-term energy reserves in the form of fat?
Leptin
If the SCN is transplanted from animal A to animal B, animal B's rhythmicity will
Match the donor's rhythm
The stress immunization seen in rat pups appears to be attributable to
Maternal comfort after stress
In the brain of the male rat, the region especially important for reproductive behavior is the
Medial preoptic area
Which hormone has been especially implicated in informing the brain about daylight?
Melatonin
Compared to neurotransmitters, hormone effects are generally
More widespread in the body
Leptin inhibits the secretion of _______ neurons, which work(s) in opposition to POMC neurons.
NPY
Which of the following circumventricular organs contains osmosensory neurons?
Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)
People with a BMI of 25-30 are in the body weight category of
Overweight
Which of the following about anorexia nervosa is true?
People with anorexia think about food a great deal
Which of the following are two of the three major classes of hormones?
Peptide and steroid
The James-Lange theory of emotions argued that emotions are the
Perception of bodily changes provoked by particular stimuli
In an experiment with hamsters, if a light with a timer is adjusted so that the light switches on and then off 6 hours earlier than they did originally, the animals will show
Phase shift
The _______ system is responsible for promoting REM sleep
Pontine
Flaccidity in the large muscles of the body is associated most commonly with _______ sleep.
REM
Nightmares are associated with ______ sleep
REM
REM behavior disorder (RBD) may be reduced by drugs that
Reduce anxiety
The Coolidge effect is the
Resumption of sexual activity by a male animal when exposed to a novel female
Slow, large-amplitude waves are seen in the EEG records of people who are in _______ sleep.
Stage 3
Which of the following is consistent with the fraternal birth order effect?
The more older biological brothers a boy has, the more likely he is to develop a homosexual orientation.
Which of the following correctly describes osmotic pressure?
The tendency of a solvent to move across a membrane in order to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane
When an animal loses a lot of blood, there is a tendency of baroreceptors to signal
Thirst
Research has shown that in the forebrain system, SWS is promoted through the actions of GABA on the _______, while in the brainstem system, the _______ projects axons to the brain, promoting wakefulness.
Tuberomammillary nucleus; reticular formation
Which of the following is known as antidiuretic hormone?
Vasopressin
The external cue that animals use to discern the time of day is called a
Zeitgeber
The stimulus (usually the light-dark cycle) that entrains circadian rhythms is called a(n)
Zeitgeber