Psych 3 Chapter 6

T/F: Adaptation occurs quickly to pheromones

False

T/F: Conductive deafness if primarily a problem with the auditory nerve

False

What process is predicted by the gate theory of pain?

Non-pain information can inhibit pain information

What occurs to a tone as the frequency increases?

Pitch gets higher

Which statements are TRUE of various types of somatosensation?

They are at least partly distinct all the way from the receptors to the cerebral cortex?

Three small bones connect the tympanic membrane to the oval window. What is the function of these bones?

They convert airwaves into waves of greater pleasure

T/F: According to the place theory, the basilar membrane resembles the strings of a piano in that each area along the membrane is tuned to a specific frequency

True

T/F: Amusia refers to impaired detection of frequency changes

True

T/F: Phase differences are useful for detecting localization of low frequency sounds

True

T/F: Surrounding the primary auditory cortex are additional auditory areas, in which cells respond more to changes in sounds than to any prolonged sound

True

T/F: Taste receptors are continually being replaced

True

T/F: The amplitude of a sound wave is its intensity.

True

A tonotopic map refers to a(n) ____

auditory cortex map of sounds

The eighth cranial nerve contains both a(n) ____ component and a ____ component

auditory; vestibular

According to the frequency theory, the ___

basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, producing action potentials at the same frequency

Damage to V1 produces ___ and damage to A1 produces ___

blindess; deafness to complex sounds

Each spinal nerve has ___

both a sensory and a motor component

Large-diameter pain axons ___

carry sharp pain information

Most theorists believe that the first sensory system was ___

chemical

The scala media makes up part of the ___

cochlea

The scala vestibuli makes up part of the ___

cochlea

In adult humans, the taste buds are ___

concentrated along the outside edge of the tongue

Reduced response to one taste after exposure to another is referred to as ___

cross-adaptation

Along each strip of somatosensory cortex, different sub-areas respond to ___

different areas of the body

Damage to the primary auditory cortex results in ___

difficulty in responding to sequences of sounds

Tinnitus may be ___

due to a phenomenon like the phantom limb

Ruffini's endings are ____

elabarote neuron endings for touch

Meissner's corpuscles are ____

elaborate neuron endings for touch

Studies with placebos and studies using hypnotism suggest that much of the reduction in pain is the result of decreased activation in the ___

emotion areas of the brain sing

Taste and smell axons converge onto many of the same cells in the area called the ___

endopiriform cortex

Pitch is a perception related to which aspect of sound?

frequency

The ____ of a sound is the number of compressions per second

frequency

Conductive deafness is also known as ___

middle ear deafness

The brain chemicals known as endorphins produce effects similar to which substance?

opiates

Morphine is effective in relieving ____

slow, dull pain

When mechanical pressure bends the membrane of a Pacinian corpuscle, ____

the membrane's resistance to the flow of sodium ions decreases

The eardrum vibrates at ____

the same frequency as the sound waves that hit it

A distinctive feature of itch is that it relies on ___

unusually slow axons

The ___ nucleus of the thalamus is associated with pain perception of the body

ventral posterior

Which ability would be most impaired with damage to the vestibular senses?

visually tracking an object while dancing

The current view of how we perceive high frequencies is based on ____

where along the basilar membrane neurons fire most rapidly

T/F: Following exposure to painful stimuli, brain activation is limited to the somatosensory cortex

False

T/F: Itching appears to be a type of pain message

False

How do sound waves ultimately result in the production of receptor potentials?

Hair cells in the cochlea vibrate, causin ion channels to open in their membrane

Which of the following is true for nerve deafness?

It can result from damage to the cochlea

T/F: The Pacinian corpuscle detects sudden displacements or high-frequency vibrations on the skin

True

T/F: The pinna helps us identify the location of a sound

True

T/F: The structures within the ear amplify the sound waves coming into the ear

True

T/F: The vestibular organ consists of the saccule, utricle, and three semicircular canals

True

T/F: There are hundreds of different types of olfactory receptors

True

Visual imager is to ___ as auditory imagery is to ___

V1; A1

An individual with damage to the primary somatosensory cortex would most likely have problem with ___

ability to locate where they are being touched

The ability to hear a note and identify it perfectly is called ___

absolute pitch

Each receptor responds to a wide range of stimuli and contributes to the perception of each of them. This type of coding is referred to as ___

across-fiber

What is the intensity of a sound wave called?

amplitude

Loudness is to ___ as pitch is to ___

amplitude; frequency

What is a dermatome?

an area of the skin innervated by a given spinal nerve

Areas bordering the primary auditory cortex are important for ___

analyzing the meaning of sounds

The fact that the refractory period limits the firing rate of a neuron is problematic for which of the following?

frequency theory only

Perception of a low tone is to ___ as perception of a high tone is to ____

frequency theory; place theory

A mild pain stimulus is associated with a release of ___

glutamate

A mild degree of pain releases the neurotransmitter ___. A more intense pain also releases ____.

glutamate; substance P

Vibrations in the fluid of the cochlea causes ___

hair cells to displace

Itching is primarily the result of ___

histamine release

A sound shadow refers to ___

how much louder a high-frequency sounds is for the ear closest to the sound

What is the major problem for the frequency theory of sound perception?

it requires that neurons respond as quickly than they are able to do

Each receptor responds to a limited range of stimuli and sends a direct line to the brain. This type of coding is referred to as ___

labeled-line

One difference between labeled-line coding and across-fiber pattern coding is that labeled-line coding is ___

less versatile

What is the perception of the intensity of a sound wave called?

loudness

What sound characteristics can be compared between the two ears to locate the source of the sound?

loudness and timing

in the auditory system, hair cells are specialized receptors that respond to ___

mechanical displacement

Morphine and other opiate drugs decrease sensitivity to pain by ___

mimicking the effects of endorphins at the synapses

The receptors for taste are ___

modified skin cells

Why is it important for sound vibrations to be amplified as they pass through the ear?

more force is needed to create waves in fluid

Patients with damage in area MT have problems with perception of ____

movement of objects and sounds

What does the vestibular system detect?

movement of the head

What kind of deafness is the result of damage to the cochlea or the hair cells?

nerve

Where are the auditory receptor cells located?

on the basilar membrane

The tympanic membrane connects to three tiny bones that transmit the vibration to the ____

oval window

Somatosensory information travels from the thalamus to which area of the cortex?

parietal lobe

Humans localize low frequencies by ___ differences and high frequencies by ____ differences

phase; loudness

In terms of sound localization, low frequencies are to ___ differences, as high frequencies are to ____ differences

phase; loudness

The structure that we commonly refer to as the ear (on the outside of the head) is formally known as the ____

pinna

The fact that the various parts of the basilar membrane are tightly bound together is problematic for which of the following?

place theory only

In the otolith organs, the otoliths are calcium carbonate particles that ___

push against hair cells when moved

Pacinian corpuscles respond best to ___

rapid mechanical pressure

Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen, relieve pain by ____

reducing the release of chemicals from damaged tissues

Which two structures provide information about vestibular sensation?

semicircular canals and otolith organs

Pain receptors of the skin are ____

simple, bare neuron endings

Stimulation of a touch receptor opens ____ channels in the axon

sodium

What kind of receptors detect pain, warmth, and cold?

somatosensory

The sensory aspect of pain activates the ___ cortex, whereas the emotional aspect activates the ___ cortex.

somatosensory; cingulate

What neurotransmitter is released by axons that carry pain information to the brain?

substance P

Timing differences can be used most accurately for localizing ___

sudden-onset sounds

To what lobe of the cerebral cortex is auditory information sent?

temporal

The somatosensory system involves sensation of ____

the body and its movements

Most auditory information is sent to which hemisphere of the brain?

the contralateral side

The current view of how we perceive sounds less than 100Hz is based on ____

the frequency of action potentials

An acceleration of the head at any angle causes ___

the jelly-like substance in one of the semicircular canals to push against hair cells

The eardrum is also known as the ____

tympanic membrane