Psych 3 Chapter 6
T/F: Adaptation occurs quickly to pheromones
False
T/F: Conductive deafness if primarily a problem with the auditory nerve
False
What process is predicted by the gate theory of pain?
Non-pain information can inhibit pain information
What occurs to a tone as the frequency increases?
Pitch gets higher
Which statements are TRUE of various types of somatosensation?
They are at least partly distinct all the way from the receptors to the cerebral cortex?
Three small bones connect the tympanic membrane to the oval window. What is the function of these bones?
They convert airwaves into waves of greater pleasure
T/F: According to the place theory, the basilar membrane resembles the strings of a piano in that each area along the membrane is tuned to a specific frequency
True
T/F: Amusia refers to impaired detection of frequency changes
True
T/F: Phase differences are useful for detecting localization of low frequency sounds
True
T/F: Surrounding the primary auditory cortex are additional auditory areas, in which cells respond more to changes in sounds than to any prolonged sound
True
T/F: Taste receptors are continually being replaced
True
T/F: The amplitude of a sound wave is its intensity.
True
A tonotopic map refers to a(n) ____
auditory cortex map of sounds
The eighth cranial nerve contains both a(n) ____ component and a ____ component
auditory; vestibular
According to the frequency theory, the ___
basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, producing action potentials at the same frequency
Damage to V1 produces ___ and damage to A1 produces ___
blindess; deafness to complex sounds
Each spinal nerve has ___
both a sensory and a motor component
Large-diameter pain axons ___
carry sharp pain information
Most theorists believe that the first sensory system was ___
chemical
The scala media makes up part of the ___
cochlea
The scala vestibuli makes up part of the ___
cochlea
In adult humans, the taste buds are ___
concentrated along the outside edge of the tongue
Reduced response to one taste after exposure to another is referred to as ___
cross-adaptation
Along each strip of somatosensory cortex, different sub-areas respond to ___
different areas of the body
Damage to the primary auditory cortex results in ___
difficulty in responding to sequences of sounds
Tinnitus may be ___
due to a phenomenon like the phantom limb
Ruffini's endings are ____
elabarote neuron endings for touch
Meissner's corpuscles are ____
elaborate neuron endings for touch
Studies with placebos and studies using hypnotism suggest that much of the reduction in pain is the result of decreased activation in the ___
emotion areas of the brain sing
Taste and smell axons converge onto many of the same cells in the area called the ___
endopiriform cortex
Pitch is a perception related to which aspect of sound?
frequency
The ____ of a sound is the number of compressions per second
frequency
Conductive deafness is also known as ___
middle ear deafness
The brain chemicals known as endorphins produce effects similar to which substance?
opiates
Morphine is effective in relieving ____
slow, dull pain
When mechanical pressure bends the membrane of a Pacinian corpuscle, ____
the membrane's resistance to the flow of sodium ions decreases
The eardrum vibrates at ____
the same frequency as the sound waves that hit it
A distinctive feature of itch is that it relies on ___
unusually slow axons
The ___ nucleus of the thalamus is associated with pain perception of the body
ventral posterior
Which ability would be most impaired with damage to the vestibular senses?
visually tracking an object while dancing
The current view of how we perceive high frequencies is based on ____
where along the basilar membrane neurons fire most rapidly
T/F: Following exposure to painful stimuli, brain activation is limited to the somatosensory cortex
False
T/F: Itching appears to be a type of pain message
False
How do sound waves ultimately result in the production of receptor potentials?
Hair cells in the cochlea vibrate, causin ion channels to open in their membrane
Which of the following is true for nerve deafness?
It can result from damage to the cochlea
T/F: The Pacinian corpuscle detects sudden displacements or high-frequency vibrations on the skin
True
T/F: The pinna helps us identify the location of a sound
True
T/F: The structures within the ear amplify the sound waves coming into the ear
True
T/F: The vestibular organ consists of the saccule, utricle, and three semicircular canals
True
T/F: There are hundreds of different types of olfactory receptors
True
Visual imager is to ___ as auditory imagery is to ___
V1; A1
An individual with damage to the primary somatosensory cortex would most likely have problem with ___
ability to locate where they are being touched
The ability to hear a note and identify it perfectly is called ___
absolute pitch
Each receptor responds to a wide range of stimuli and contributes to the perception of each of them. This type of coding is referred to as ___
across-fiber
What is the intensity of a sound wave called?
amplitude
Loudness is to ___ as pitch is to ___
amplitude; frequency
What is a dermatome?
an area of the skin innervated by a given spinal nerve
Areas bordering the primary auditory cortex are important for ___
analyzing the meaning of sounds
The fact that the refractory period limits the firing rate of a neuron is problematic for which of the following?
frequency theory only
Perception of a low tone is to ___ as perception of a high tone is to ____
frequency theory; place theory
A mild pain stimulus is associated with a release of ___
glutamate
A mild degree of pain releases the neurotransmitter ___. A more intense pain also releases ____.
glutamate; substance P
Vibrations in the fluid of the cochlea causes ___
hair cells to displace
Itching is primarily the result of ___
histamine release
A sound shadow refers to ___
how much louder a high-frequency sounds is for the ear closest to the sound
What is the major problem for the frequency theory of sound perception?
it requires that neurons respond as quickly than they are able to do
Each receptor responds to a limited range of stimuli and sends a direct line to the brain. This type of coding is referred to as ___
labeled-line
One difference between labeled-line coding and across-fiber pattern coding is that labeled-line coding is ___
less versatile
What is the perception of the intensity of a sound wave called?
loudness
What sound characteristics can be compared between the two ears to locate the source of the sound?
loudness and timing
in the auditory system, hair cells are specialized receptors that respond to ___
mechanical displacement
Morphine and other opiate drugs decrease sensitivity to pain by ___
mimicking the effects of endorphins at the synapses
The receptors for taste are ___
modified skin cells
Why is it important for sound vibrations to be amplified as they pass through the ear?
more force is needed to create waves in fluid
Patients with damage in area MT have problems with perception of ____
movement of objects and sounds
What does the vestibular system detect?
movement of the head
What kind of deafness is the result of damage to the cochlea or the hair cells?
nerve
Where are the auditory receptor cells located?
on the basilar membrane
The tympanic membrane connects to three tiny bones that transmit the vibration to the ____
oval window
Somatosensory information travels from the thalamus to which area of the cortex?
parietal lobe
Humans localize low frequencies by ___ differences and high frequencies by ____ differences
phase; loudness
In terms of sound localization, low frequencies are to ___ differences, as high frequencies are to ____ differences
phase; loudness
The structure that we commonly refer to as the ear (on the outside of the head) is formally known as the ____
pinna
The fact that the various parts of the basilar membrane are tightly bound together is problematic for which of the following?
place theory only
In the otolith organs, the otoliths are calcium carbonate particles that ___
push against hair cells when moved
Pacinian corpuscles respond best to ___
rapid mechanical pressure
Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen, relieve pain by ____
reducing the release of chemicals from damaged tissues
Which two structures provide information about vestibular sensation?
semicircular canals and otolith organs
Pain receptors of the skin are ____
simple, bare neuron endings
Stimulation of a touch receptor opens ____ channels in the axon
sodium
What kind of receptors detect pain, warmth, and cold?
somatosensory
The sensory aspect of pain activates the ___ cortex, whereas the emotional aspect activates the ___ cortex.
somatosensory; cingulate
What neurotransmitter is released by axons that carry pain information to the brain?
substance P
Timing differences can be used most accurately for localizing ___
sudden-onset sounds
To what lobe of the cerebral cortex is auditory information sent?
temporal
The somatosensory system involves sensation of ____
the body and its movements
Most auditory information is sent to which hemisphere of the brain?
the contralateral side
The current view of how we perceive sounds less than 100Hz is based on ____
the frequency of action potentials
An acceleration of the head at any angle causes ___
the jelly-like substance in one of the semicircular canals to push against hair cells
The eardrum is also known as the ____
tympanic membrane
