Psych 304 final

Which of these could be Pearson's r for the correlation between preschool ability to delay gratification on the marshmallow test and SAT score?

.3

Match each item-type to the corresponding item:

1. On average, how many cigarettes do you smoke per day (circle one)?" 0 1-5 6-10 >10 a. closed 2. "On average, how many cigarettes do you smoke per day?" ______________ b. open-ended 3. I can quit smoking whenever I want" Strongly Disagree Disagree Agree Strongly Agree c. likert

Dr. No studies flirting by observing teenagers at the mall. She concludes that flirting happens with strangers more often than it happens with friends. Dr. Yes evaluates these findings by observing the same set of behaviors with an adult sample at a local bar. Which of the following best describes Dr. Yes' research?

A conceptual replication of an earlier study.

Which of these is a primary source?

A graduate student's dissertation on canine cognition

Which of the following is a peer-reviewed source of evidence?

A research article in the American Journal of Psychology.

Evidence-based practice in a drug rehabilitation clinic would involve

All of the above Clinic staff reading the latest primary-source literature on treatment for addiction and using whatever treatment based on whichever treatment has the strongest scientific evidence that it works Therapists regularly attending scientific conferences and taking continuing-education classes in their field Patient records include objective measures of treatment efficacy

According to the APA Code, which of the following conditions must be met for researchers to be exempt from obtaining informed consent or debriefing participants?

All of these Answers: Confidentiality is maintained Anonymity is maintained Researchers do not interfere with the participants directly The environment is public

Which of the following should be avoided when writing survey questions?

All of these. Answers: Double negatives. Complex wording. Leading questions.

In general, pseudoscientific theories

Avoid disproof by describing their studies in vague terms

Dr. Morabian is conducting research that was inspired by studies published 10 years before he got his doctorate. He reads those studies, thinks about how they can be improved, and designs research that will extend their findings. Dr. Morabian's work demonstrates that science is:

Cumulative

Which of the following is an example of an empirical question that could be tested using systematic observation?

Do native English-speaking Canadians take longer to learn Chinese or to learn Spanish?

Which is most likely to be a correlational study rather than an experiment?

Do people who drink more water sleep better than people who drink less water?

The following is an example of a _____ question: "Are you interested in getting your degree in psychology and getting a job in the field?"

Double-Barreled question.

______ methods in psychological research are approaches to data-gathering that are tied to actual measurement and observation.

Empirical

Questions that can be answered through systematic observation and data collection are called

Empirical Questions

Which of the following counts as scientific misconduct?

Excluding data that doesn't fit your expected results.

Sanctions can be imposed on psychologists who do not follow the APA's General Principles?

False

Leonard convinces his wealthy clients that they can move objects with their minds. He tells them that if they truly believe, the objects will move. If the objects do not move, it is because they do not truly believe. Leonard's argument fails which important criteria of science?

Falsifiability

A statement that can be shown to be false is __________.

Falsifiable

Which of the following is an example of naturalistic observation?

Ginsburg and Miller (1982) recorded the number of boys and girls engaging in these "risky" behaviors and found that boys engaged in risk-taking behaviors more frequently than girls.

Which of the following questions may be susceptible to social-desirability bias?

Have you ever used illicit drugs?

Which is an example of an open-ended survey item?

How is a closed question different from an open question?

IResearchers have measured the contents of people's trash and the bumper stickers that people put on their cars. These are two examples of

Indirect measures

A bee stings Stephen. He notices that the sting is not very painful and concludes that stings from wasps, bees, and other insects do not hurt. This is an example of:

Inductive Reasoning

When researchers take special care to include and control for every possible variable, the study is likely to have high ___________, even though the results may not generalize to a more realistic situation.

Internal validity

What does it mean for a theory to be fruitful?

It opens the way for other useful research.

The most recent APA code (2002) includes 5 general principles and 89 standards. One of the general principles obligates researchers to distribute the burdens and benefits of their research evenly throughout society. Which general principle is this?

Justice

Correlational and experimental research differ in that

Manipulated independent variables only occur in experimental research

A Los Angeles Times article entitled "Green coffee beans show potential for losing weight" is most likely to be a

Non peer-reviewed secondary source

Why is it beneficial for scientists to use systematic observation in order to acquire knowledge?

Observations provide the basic data that allow scientists to track, tally, or otherwise organize information about the natural world.

Why is it important to use random assignment when determining which research participants will comprise the different treatment groups in the study?

Random assignment balances out the differences that might naturally exist between participants.

The idea of falsifiability involves ______.

Ruling out bad explanations

The unicycling clown study used which of the following observational designs?

Structured

Which of the following is NOT an essential feature of science?

Subjective

Sometimes considered the core of science, ______ refers to the careful monitoring (or watching) of the natural world with the aim of better understanding it.

Systematic observation

Part of the problem with horoscopes, scientifically speaking, is that ______.

The potential sample of observations is too small

Why are we unable to determine whether less impulsive people are better at quitting smoking, or quitting smoking makes people less impulsive, based on the study by Bickel, Madden & Odum mentioned in this module?

The problem of directionality

While a _______ is a group of closely related phenomena or observations, _______ is a logical idea that can be tested

Theory;hypothesis

Scientific thinking by psychologists is characterized by all of the following except

They are most interested in finding answers to universal truths.

Which of the following is a method for reducing observer bias?

Training observers on operational definitions

Which of the following is NOT always a credible source:

Websites ending in .org

Imagine you study childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI). Which of the following research questions should be classified as description, rather than prediction, explanation, or application.

What is the lifetime prevalence of TBI? In other words, how many people (what percent of the U.S. population) experience a TBI at some point in their lives?

Falsifying data is considered to be ethically unacceptable within the field of psychology. Why?

When psychological researchers falsify data, they intentionally misinform the public and damage the reputation of the field of psychology.

Which of the following is a reason that indirect measures of behavior can be risky?

You must make some assumptions regarding behaviors and effects

Research participants can expect to find several pieces of information in an informed consent form. Which of the following is not likely to be found?

a statement of the study's true purpose and hypothesis

When scientific theories are revised with new data, these revisions hope to increase the theory's ______ to real-world observations.

accuracy

Learning about research methodology and critical thinking is important for:

all are correct

"Ergonomic" psychologists develop airplane dials that are fool proof. That is, pilots cannot inadvertently turn them the wrong way. This demonstrates which goal of psychological research?

application

If participants find themselves performing tasks like those encountered in ordinary daily living, then they are considered to be

at minimal risk

The most recent APA code (2002) includes 5 general principles and 89 standards. One of the general principles obligates researchers to continually weight the profit and the cost of the research they complete. Which general principle is this?

beneficence and non-maleficence

Select the experimental design for this experiment: In a study of whether romantic music puts people in the mood for love, participants were told to sit and wait while the experimenter "set up the experiment." While waiting, half of participants heard a song with romantic lyrics, the other half heard a song with neutral lyrics. After "waiting," participants answered a questionnaire that assessed how romantic they felt on a scale of 1-10.

between-groups

The problem of directionality in correlational research

both: is when it's not possible to determine whether A caused B or B caused A occurs because there are no manipulated independent variables

How much information is in a coefficient of correlation?

both: the strength of a relationship the direction of a relationship

Unobtrusive measures

can be recorded without participants knowing that their behavior has been observed.

Jeremy reads that every astronaut who has ever stepped foot on the moon has been a vegetarian. He looks at his wife and says, "I wonder why being a vegetarian increases one's likelihood of going to the moon!" Jeremy has arrived at an (incorrect) __________ conclusion.

cause-and-effect

On how many days in the last month did you have a headache?" is an example survey of a(n)

closed item

To study math achievement in West Virginia's third graders, a researcher randomly selects 5% of the state's school districts and gives all the students in each district a math test. What sampling procedure is being used here?

cluster

Which of the following is NOT considered human-subjects research?

comparing prion levels in lung tissue obtained from cadavers of smokers and non-smokers

The most recent APA code (2002) includes 5 general principles and 89 standards. The general principles are 'aspirational goals.' Which of the following is an example of an aspirational goal?

concern for the rights and dignity of others

Survey items that can be answered with a double negative response are problematic because they

confuse participants

When formulating the original APA code of ethics, the Hobbs committee used an empirical procedure called the __________ method.

critical incidents

Open discussions of psychological and scientific research represent which of the following essential elements of science?

democratic discussion

DSM-IV is a system for classifying mental disorders. As such, it most clearly illustrates which of psychology's goals?

description

If there is a strong relationship between variable A and variable B, it could be that A is causing B to occur, but it could also be that B is causing A to occur. This is known as the

directionality problem

What is the correct term for a pattern of variation that is noted in a given data set?

distribution

The Institutional Review Board is a university or college committee that

evaluates the ethical soundness of research proposals

Operational definitions

force researchers to be clear about defining the terms of their studies

According to the APA ethics code,

informed consent is not needed for unobtrusive observations in public environments

Which of the following is true about an IRB?

its membership includes nonscientists

Select the ratio-scale measure.

lamb consumed in the last year, in pounds

Convenience sampling

none of the above apply to convenience sampling... -can only be used in internet surveys -is the best way to ensure that your sample is representative of the population -requires prior knowledge of every individual member of the population

Which of the following is not part of the APA's ethics code for humans?

people may or may not decide to participate, but once they start a study, they are obliged to finish it

Which of these is NOT one of psychology's goals?

persuasion

Which group is considered a 'special population' by the Code of Federal Regulations governing research with human subjects?

pregnant women

The basic definition of ____________ is that all members of the population have exactly the same chance of being selected as participants.

probability sampling

Interobserver reliability is calculated for the purpose of

quantifying observer bias

which of the following procedures in research is the most important in allowing for cause-and-effect conclusions to be drawn?

random assignment

Select the best operational definition for the construct memory.

recall

Good survey items should be _______ and _________.

reliable and valid

When survey items are all worded favorably , the result can be a response bias called

response acquiescence

Identify the dependent variable in this experiment:In a study of whether romantic music puts people in the mood for love, participants were told to sit and wait while the experimenter "set up the experiment." While waiting, half of participants heard a song with romantic lyrics, the other half heard a song with neutral lyrics. After "waiting," participants answered a questionnaire that assessed how romantic they felt on a scale of 1-10.

romance questionnaire score

Which of these is not an empirical research question?

should tests of inattentional blindness be part of driver licensing?

A researcher who selects a probability sample by drawing up a list of names from the phone book using a list of random numbers is most likely to be using __________ sampling.

simple random

On surveys, subjects can try to present a positive image of themselves, a problem referred to as

social desirability bias

Imagine that researchers were interested in learning about public support for gay marriage. If the researchers analyzed Facebook posts regarding the acceptance or rejection of homosexuality (via opinions in status updates, article posts, or groups they officially like), they would be:

studying online behavior

Which of the following is true about participant observation?

the participant observers can influence the behavior of the group

In the scientific peer-review process, a reviewer should comment on all of the following EXCEPT

the quality of the university where the authors conducted the study

Which of the following would be most likely to produce a negative correlation?

the relationship between college grades and total TV watching time

In order for a Pearson's r to reflect a meaningful relationship, which of the following must be true?

the relationship must be linear

"If a theory is true, then event X should occur." Suppose event X does not occur. What would the typical scientist conclude?

the study failed to support the theory -- let's replicate

All of the following are true of theories except

they are temporary; if they are proven true they become facts

Which of these is an advantage of using operational definitions?

they facilitate replication

Suppose there is a high positive correlation between reading speed and reading comprehension. You suspect that IQ increases both reading speed and reading comprehension. IQ is a potential ____________________.

third variable

In research with school children, what is meant by the principle of assent?

this is when the children agree to participate

Survey questions should be stated using the simple wording

true

When a researcher does not find a relationship between two variables in their data but there is actually a relationship between these variables, the researcher has made a/an _________.

type II error

Participant reactivity can be reduced by

using unobtrusive measures

Identify the independent variable in this experiment: In a study of whether romantic music puts people in the mood for love, participants were told to sit and wait while the experimenter "set up the experiment." While waiting, half of participants heard a song with romantic lyrics, the other half heard a song with neutral lyrics. After "waiting," participants answered a questionnaire that assessed how romantic they felt on a scale of 1-10.

whether lyrics were romantic