PSYCH 376 - Exam 1

Which of the following statements about neural control of movements is TRUE? Motor neurons in the spinal cord control planning and tactics of movements. Motor neurons in higher brain centers directly synapse onto skeletal muscles. Motor neurons in the spinal cord control execution of movements. All of the above are true.

Motor neurons in the spinal cord control execution of movements.

These two neuropeptides in the arcuate nucleus are orexigenic (meaning they promote hunger/eating).

NPY and AgRP

Dopamine is produced by these parts of the brain.

Substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area

Norepinephrine is produced by this part of the brain.

Locus coeruleus

Lower motor neurons innervating the calf muscles are found in the __________ spinal cord.

Lumbar

These two neuropeptides in the lateral hypothalamus are orexigenic (meaning they promote hunger/eating).

MCH and Orexin

The striatum is made up of the caudate nucleus and putamen globus pallidus internal and external segments thalamus and motor cortex substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus

caudate nucleus and putamen

The basal ganglia receive input from the ______________________ and send output to the ________________________. spinal cord; cerebral cortex spinal cord; cerebellum cerebral cortex; spinal cord cerebral cortex; thalamus

cerebral cortex; thalamus

Which of the following correctly depicts the indirect loop of the basal ganglia circuitry? dorsal striatum --> GPi --> subthalamic nucleus --> GPe --> VLo thalamic nucleus --> motor cortex dorsal striatum --> GPe --> subthalamic nucleus --> GPi --> VLothalamic nucleus --> motor cortex dorsal striatum --> GPe --> VLo thalamic nucleus --> motor cortex dorsal striatum --> GPi --> VLo thalamic nucleus --> motor cortex

dorsal striatum --> GPe --> subthalamic nucleus --> GPi --> VLothalamic nucleus --> motor cortex

Which of the following correctly depicts the direct loop of the basal ganglia circuitry? dorsal striatum --> GPi --> subthalamic nucleus --> GPe --> VLo thalamic nucleus --> motor cortex dorsal striatum --> GPe --> subthalamic nucleus --> GPi --> VLothalamic nucleus --> motor cortex dorsal striatum --> GPe --> VLo thalamic nucleus --> motor cortex dorsal striatum --> GPi --> VLo thalamic nucleus --> motor cortex

dorsal striatum --> GPi --> VLo thalamic nucleus --> motor cortex

An important 1980 study used PET scanning to investigate the role of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in movement. Each participant was tested in 3 trials. In Trial 1 they performed a simple finger movement (touch thumb to forefinger). In Trial 2 they performed sequential finger movements (touch thumb to all other fingers, in a specific sequence). In Trial 3 they imagined performing the sequential finger movements. The researchers found that the SMA was active during Trial 1 only. during Trials 1 and 3 only. during Trials 2 and 3 only. during Trials 1, 2, and 3.

during Trials 2 and 3 only.

The feeling of fullness we get after eating a large meal is a result of sensory inputs being carried by the vagus nerve from the stomach to the _________________________, which sends projections to the hypothalamus to coordinate responses that ultimately inhibit feeding behavior. nucleus of the solitary tract thalamus somatosensory cortex prefrontal cortex

nucleus of the solitary tract

Geneticists have a identified a family whose female members all have a rare mutation in the oxytocin receptor gene that renders the receptors nonfunctional. Which of the following behaviors/processes is NOT likely to be disrupted in these individuals? ovulation lactation childbirth social bonding

ovulation

The ____________________ nervous system is involved in "rest and digest" functions, while the ____________________ nervous system is involved in "fight or flight" functions. parasympathetic; sympathetic sympathetic; parasympathetic autonomic; somatic somatic; autonomic

parasympathetic; sympathetic

For the sympathetic nervous system, the postganglionic cell bodies are close to the _________________ ______________.

spinal cord

Where are lower motor neuron cel bodies located?

spinal cord

Studies have shown that this brain area is important for planning sequences of movements. premotor cortex posterior parietal cortex supplementary motor area prefrontal cortex

supplementary motor area

In the parasympathetic nervous system, the autonomic ganglia are located close to the _______________ ________________.

target organs

You are doing a weightlifting workout. When you go from lifting a 3 lb dumbbell 10 times to lifting a 30 lb dumbbell 10 times, the firing rates of the participating motor units will decrease. the firing rates of the participating motor units will increase. there will be a transition from using FR + S motor units to only S units. All of the above

the firing rates of the participating motor units will increase.

Which of the following occurs in the indirect loop? the substantia nigra inhibits the striatum the subthalamic nucleus excites the GPi the GPi excites the VLo he striatum excites the GPe

the subthalamic nucleus excites the GPi

Which of these hormones is released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland? vasopressin thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) growth hormone all of the above

vasopressin

Serotonin is produced by this part of the brain.

Raphe nuclei

Parabiosis experiments with ob-/ob- and "normal" mice revealed that information about the body's level of fat reserves is sent by nerves projecting from the brain to the stomach. information about the body's level of fat reserves is sent by a hormonal signal from the adipose tissue to the brain. information about the body's level of fat reserves is sent by nerves that project from the adipose tissue to the stomach. information about the body's level of fat reserves is sent by a hormonal signal from the stomach to the adipose tissue.

information about the body's level of fat reserves is sent by a hormonal signal from the adipose tissue to the brain.

A drug that is a psychostimulant would have this effect on synapses. it would stimulate 5HT2C serotonin receptors it would block D2 dopamine receptors it would block dopamine reuptake it would stimulate norepinephrine reuptake

it would block dopamine reuptake

Neurons in this part of the hypothalamus adjust their firing rate according to body temperature changes. suprachiasmatic nucleus medial preoptic area arcuate nucleus paraventricular nucleus

medial preoptic area

The corticospinal tract originates in the medial vestibular nucleus. motor cortex. superior colliculus. reticular formation.

motor cortex

Lower motor neurons directly innervate _______ muscles.

skeletal

Name the diffuse modulatory neurotransmitters.

Acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine

Parkinson's disease results from degeneration of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter ______________ within the __________________.

Dopamine; substantia nigra

These two neuropeptides in the arcuate nucleus are anorectic (meaning it inhibits hunger/eating).

Alpha MSH and CART

The arcuate nucleus releases these 4 types of neuropeptides.

Alpha MSH, CART, NPY, and AgRP

Name symptoms of LMN damage

Arreflexia, muscle twitches, flaccid paralysis, and muscle wasting/atrophy

Acetylcholine is produced by these parts of the brain.

Basal forebrain and brainstem

Which of these is considered a short-term satiety signal? orexin ghrelin CCK glucagon

CCK

T/F: In the direct loop, the globus pallidus internal segment inhibits the VLo nucleus of the thalamus.

False

T/F: Muscle contractions are triggered by glutamate release at neuromuscular junctions.

False

T/F: Serotonin antagonists are effective at reducing appetite

False

T/F: Studies have shown increased blood plasma levels of oxytocin in people with autism.

False

T/F: Vasopressin antagonists promote pair bonding in male montane voles.

False

T/F: When leptin levels are high, orexin neurons are activated in the lateral hypothalamus.

False

T/F: When the nerve fibers connecting the spinal cord to the brain have been severed, walking is no longer possible.

False

Name the hormones released by the anterior pituitary

Follicle stimulating (FSH), Lutenizing hormone, Thyroid Stimulating (TSH), Growth hormone, Prolactin

Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) are a type of proprioceptor found at the junction between tendons and muscles. Information about muscle tension is carried from the GTOs to the spinal cord via group 1b sensory axons, which in turn synapse onto __________________________ to protect muscles from overload. alpha motor neurons muscle spindles Ia sensory axons Ib inhibitory interneurons

Ib inhibitory interneurons

Which of the following correctly describes how Botox works? It blocks glutamate receptors on muscle fibers. It prevents the release of acetylcholine from motor neurons. It activates inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord. It stimulates glycine receptors on sensory neurons.

It prevents the release of acetylcholine from motor neurons.

Which of the following is TRUE about the enteric nervous system? It has more neurons than the entire central nervous system. It uses more than 30 neurotransmitters. It is located in the kidneys. All of the above

It uses more than 30 neurotransmitters.

Which of the following happens during the Golgi tendon organ reflex? The alpha motor neuron innervating an overloaded muscle is inhibited by a Ib interneuron. The alpha motor neuron innervating a stretched muscle is activated by a Ia afferent axon. The alpha motor neuron innervating a tired muscle is inhibited by Golgi tendon organs. The alpha motor neuron innervating a stretched muscle is activated by gamma motor neurons.

The alpha motor neuron innervating an overloaded muscle is inhibited by a Ib interneuron.

Which of the following most accurately describes the function of alpha motor neurons in the somatic motor system? They generate the force required for muscle contractions. They help maintain muscle tone as a muscle is contracting. They prevent muscles from contracting during the stretch reflex. All of the above are true.

They generate the force required for muscle contractions.

This statement most accurately describes the function of gamma motor neurons in the somatic motor system. They generate the force required for muscle contractions. They help maintain muscle tone as a muscle is contracting. They prevent muscles from contracting during the stretch reflex. All of the above are true.

They help maintain muscle tone as a muscle is contracting.

LMNs innervating the ab muscles are found in the __________ segment of the spinal cord.

Thoracic

T/F: The muscles of the shoulders are proximal muscles.

True

T/F: The ventromedial descending spinal tracts target axial and proximal muscles.

True

You are walking to the bus stop and are about 20 feet away. When you notice the bus approaching the stop, you break into a sprint to catch it. Which of these correctly describes how your alpha motor units would be activated in this situation? You are using S motor units when walking, and S and FR when sprinting. You are using S motor units when walking, and S and FF when sprinting. You are using S and FF when walking, and S, FR and FF when sprinting. You are using S and FR when walking, and S, FR and FF when sprinting.

You are using S and FR when walking, and S, FR and FF when sprinting.

Your niece joined the Girl Scouts this past year and you went a little overboard buying cookies from her. Though you normally avoid junk food, you have spent the past month eating excessive amounts of Samoas, Thin Mints, and Tagalongs. You are now are quite sick of cookies and find yourself not wanting to eat much after all the overindulgence. What happened to your leptin levels over the past month? (i.e., did they increase or decrease)? [a] From where was the leptin signal released? (Name the specific location) [b] Name one type of peptide neuron that has likely been activated in your arcuate nucleus as a result of all the candy eating. [c] What type of effect (excitatory or inhibitory) would the peptide neuron above have on neurons in your lateral hypothalamus? [d]

a. increase b. adipose tissue c. CART or Alpha MSH d. inhibitory

Which of the following neurotransmitter effects would be consistent with a sympathomimetic drug? activation of norepinephrine inhibition of norepinephrine activation of acetylcholine all of the above

activation of norepinephrine

The hormone leptin is released from the lateral hypothalamus adipose tissue arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus liver

adipose tissue

Norepinephrine is known to be important for attention mood learning all of the above

all of the above

Which of these is a symptom of Parkinson's disease? bradykinesia shuffling gait resting tremors all of the above

all of the above

Which of these is true about the primary motor cortex (M1)? It is in the frontal lobe it has a somatotopic map stimulating it causes movements on the contralateral side of the body all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following happens during the stretch reflex? alpha motor neurons activate the quadriceps Ia afferent axons activate the quadriceps Ia afferent axons activate the hamstring alpha motor neurons activate the hamstring

alpha motor neurons activate the quadriceps

Which of these is NOT a symptom of Parkinson's disease? bradykinesia choreiform movements rigidity shuffling gait

choreiform movements

The areas of the cerebral cortex that make up the motor cortex are found in the __________________ and _________________ lobes. frontal ; temporal frontal ; parietal temporal ; occipital parietal ; occipital

frontal ; parietal

This type of neuron helps maintain tension in the muscle spindles. Ib inhibitory interneuron alpha motor neuron gamma motor neuron Ia excitatory interneuron

gamma motor neuron

The drug Riluzole is used to treat ALS symptoms by targeting the neurotransmitter dopamine acetylcholine glycine glutamate

glutamate

In the stretch reflex circuit, these carry information about stretch from the muscle spindles. group Ib inhibitory interneurons Golgi tendon organs group Ia afferent axons gamma motor neurons

group Ia afferent axons

Upper motor neuron cell bodies are found in the brainstem and spinal cord cerebellum and basal ganglia. motor cortex and brainstem. spinal cord and muscles.

motor cortex and brainstem

The cell bodies of the neurosecretory cells that direct hormone release from the pituitary gland are found within the _________________ zone of the hypothalamus. medial lateral ventromedial periventricular

periventricular

"Mixing up" actions (e.g. showering after getting dressed) is a known consequence of damage to the prefrontal cortex. inferior parietal cortex. primary somatosensory cortex. primary motor cortex.

prefrontal cortex

A 1982 study in monkeys found that neurons in this brain area were more active when a "get ready to move" signal was presented and less active during actual movements. posterior parietal cortex prefrontal cortex supplementary motor area premotor area

premotor area

Drug chemists have created a compound that has a neural mechanism of action that is very similar to LSD. This compound is most likely to directly affect signaling at ___________________ receptors in the brain. acetylcholine dopamine serotonin all of the above

serotonin