Psych Ch. 1 and 2

Alternate explanations E.g. "76% of people who volunteer feel younger than their age"

-what if people dont volunteer feel younger too -what if you volunteer and dont feel younger -important to have a comparison group

What were Harlows potential outcomes?

1. comfort-clinging to the cloth mother 2. cupboard-time clinging to the wire mother 3. neither-divided equally between the two mothers

What are the rejection rates for top tiered journals like, Journal of Personality and social psychology?

90% rejected

How is a review article different from an empirical study?

An empirical study reports methods and findings of an original research study conducted by the authors of the article. A review article discusses past research studies on a given topic.

Your friend Gaby loves reading articles about psychology studies in her monthly women's magazine. Which of the following would you tell her?

Be careful about reading those articles because they may not present accurate findings.

What three things do experimental researchers try to incorporate in their work?

Comparison groups, control for confound, evaluate information without bias

Asking questions to get the answers we want is known as:

Confirmatory hypothesis testing

How does the research by Dr. Rush on bloodletting and Dr. Bushman on catharsis help illustrate the limitations of personal experience and the strength of experimental designs (e.g., comparison groups)?

Dr. Rush (bloodletting) did not have comparison groups Dr. Bushman (cartharsis) had 3 comparison groups and it is better to sit quietly in a room

What was the IV (what were the three experimental conditions)? Bushman

Group 1 was instructed to sit quietly. Group 2 was instructed to punch a punching bag Group 3 was instructed to punch a punching bag, imagining Steve's face on it.

How is Intuition influenced by faulty thinking? good story (bushman)

Group 3 should have calmed down the most, and as a result, this group should not have blasted Steve with very much noise. This group, however, gave Steve the loudest noise blasts of all

Elliott is double majoring in English and psychology. He plans on being a high school English teacher and is only majoring in psychology because he finds the classes interesting. All of the following are important reasons for him to be a good consumer of research EXCEPT:

He will likely need to be a producer of researcher as well

How is research better than your own personal experience?

If we go based on our personal experience, we don't have a comparison group

How does the reasoning behind the catharsis model of violence reduction illustrate the fault in relying on intuition to predict human behavior?

If we rely on our intuition we are more angry

Both James and Thomas have theories that explain why listening to classical music while reading is associated with increased recall of the material. James' theory is much simpler than Thomas'. Thomas created his theory a few months before James did. Which of the following is true?

James' theory would be considered better because it is more parsimonious.

How did the rationalization theory v. rational gain-loss theory also illustrate the Theory-Data cycle?

Rationalization theory-people are motivated to rationalize cheating to themselves: They try to balance the gains of cheating against their own self-respect. (their theory also states what is NOT happening: People are not driven to cheat simply because they compute the gains and losses of cheating: they don't rationally think about how much money they will gain and how likely it is they will be caught.) Gain loss: it depends on what the gains and losses are of the situation if they cheat. the more money, the more they will bc that means a lot of gain. less money is not worth it.

Which of the following is true of the distinction between scientific journals and popular magazines?

Scientific journal articles are peer-reviewed; popular magazine articles are not.

What did Bushman find?

Students that sat quietly did not give steve loud noise, people that imagined his face gave him the loudest noise like revenge

Translational research is best thought of as ________ basic research and applied research.

a bridge between

What are the components of an empirical journal article?

abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, references

What are these research examples, if a school district's new method of teaching language arts is working better than the former one. It might test the efficacy of a treatment for depression in a sample of trauma survivors.

applied

What is research whose goal is to find a solution to a particular real-world problem?

applied

things that pop up easily in our mind tend to guide our thinking?

available heuristic

What are other sources of "acceptable knowledge" for you to say, this is what I know?

based on authority, based on scientific research

What is an research example on the biochemistry of cell membranes might be translated into a new drug for schizophrenia.

basic

What type of research is to enhance the general body of knowledge rather than to address a specific, practical problem?

basic

Research whose goal is to enhance the general body of knowledge, without regard for direct application to practical problems

basic research

When reading an empirical journal article "with purpose," why should you read the abstract first?

because it provides an overview of the article

Why might people come to believe that swimming in the ocean is dangerous?

because they are told over and over again about sharks even though they can die over other smaller things ex: coconuts

After reading the chapter, Cyril says to himself, "I am sure other people might engage in faulty thinking but I never would." What is Cyril experiencing?

bias blind spot

Belief that we are unlikely to fall prey to the other biases previously described

bias blind spot

Although the review journal article is one giant literature review, where else can you find reviews of the literature on a specific topic in psychology?

chapters in edited books, full-length books

Sasha believes that she is a nice person. To confirm this, she asks all her friends whether she is a nice person; they all agree that she is. Sasha concludes that she is a nice person and says she has evidence of it. However, she does not ask any of her enemies whether they think she is a nice person. This is an example of which of the following?

cherry picking of evidence

What was DeLoaches conclusion?

children learn from their parents

What two theories did Harlow test?

comfort and cupboard

What research question did Bushman have about catharsis (i.e., venting)?

compared the responses of angry people who were allowed to vent their anger with the responses of those who did not vent their anger

An actor playing a specific role for the experimenter?

confederate

"cherry pick" the information we take in

confirmation bias

A general term for a potential alternative explanation for a research finding; a threat to internal validity

confound...confused

What are some of the concerns when basing your beliefs on Authority?

could be authorities research, personal experience, intuition

A set of observations representing the values of some variable, collected from one or more research studies ?

data

Lana is writing her first empirical journal article. Although she thinks she knows why she found the results she did, she also wants to mention some alternative explanations for her findings. In which section will she mention these alternative explanations?

discussion

Of the options listed below, which of the following is the last section of an empirical journal article?

discussion

Creation and sharing of information known to be false

disinformation

The magnitude or strength of a relationship between two or more variables

effect size

What research, involves using evidence from the senses (sight, hearing, touch) or from instruments that assist the senses (such as thermometers, timers, photographs, weight scales, and questionnaires) as the basis for conclusions?

empirical

A scholarly article that reports for the first time the results of a research study

empirical journal articles

Using evidence from the senses (sight, hearing, touch) or from instruments that assist the senses (such as thermometers, timers, photographs, weight scales, and questionnaires) as the basis for conclusions

empiricism

What is the role of the reviewers?

ensure that the articles published in scientific journals contain important, well-done studies

A psychotherapy technique whose effectiveness has been supported by empirical research?

evidence-based research

A feature of a scientific theory, in which it is possible to collect data that will indicate that the theory is wrong?

falsifiable

Did Harlow's finding lead us to throw away a theory in favor of another or to appreciate the contributions of both theories?

harlow used the two theories

How does Harlow's research on monkeys illustrate part of the theory data cycle?

he made a theory, hypothesis that more time with cloth monkey, collected data

A statement of the specific result the researcher expects to observe from a particular study, if the theory is accurate (prediction)?

hypothesis

How is Intuition influenced by faulty thinking? what comes to mind easily (available heuristic)

is in the present/present bias because it stands out end up overestimating

What is the peer review process?

is intended to be rigorous and are kept anonymous, comment on how important the work is, how it fits with the existing body of knowledge, how competently the research was done, and how convincing the results are

What are some of the concerns when basing your beliefs on solely on Journalistic/Non-Scientific literature?

it is not peer reviewed, not as accurate, not trustworthy

A monthly/quarterly periodical containing peer-reviewed articles on a specific academic discipline or subdiscipline

journal

News and commentary published or broadcast in the popular media and produced for a general audience

journalism

Combines the results of many studies and gives a number that summarizes the magnitude

meta analysis

What did Harlow find?

monkeys were by cloth monkey, went to eat for a little, and back to cloth monkey

If you only had the experience of feeling better after punching a pillow or punching after someone angered you, would you believe that catharsis is effective in venting your anger?

not effective

What do we mean be empirical research?

observed knowledge from actual experience

In the ariely's experiment, scientists dug deeper by ?

offering more money to see if cheating continued, told them to shred the paper

What were DeLoache's results?

parent teaching was most effective. running around and watching the ABC video was the same

A term referring to a study in which, before collecting any data, the researchers has stated publicly what the study's outcome is expected to be?

preregistered

Reflects our failure to consider appropriate comparison groups

present/ present bias

It's findings do not explain all cases all of the time?

probabilistic

What does it mean to have a producer and consumer role in psychological science?

producer-research,conducting experiments,write up lab, they are also psych majors consumer-is someone that uses research and tries to apply it to their lifes,profession,hobby

Conducting a study again to test whether the result is consitent?

replication

Theory leads to research question, which lead to ?

research design

How is research better than intuition?

research helps prevent these intuition biases from affecting our decisions

Why do we want to base our knowledge on Research?

research is done by scientific sources ; journal articles, chapters in books, full-length books

Article summarizing all the studies that have been published in one research area

review journal articles

Which of the following sources is most likely to contain only information that has been rigorously peer-reviewed?

review journal articles

How do empirical journal articles differ from review journal articles?

review journal articles discusses past research studies on a given topic

What does Revise and Resubmit mean?

revise their theories based on the resulting data resubmit their results to journals for review

Non-supporting data leads to revised theories or improved research design

revision

What is the theory data cycle?

scientists collect data to test, change, or update their theories

A process in which scientists make their research available for peer review, replication, and critique, with the goal of identifying and correcting errors in the research?

self-correcting

What is the role of journal editiors?

sends the paper to three or four experts on the subject. The experts tell the editor about the work's virtues and flaws and the editor, considering these reviews, decides whether the paper deserves to be published in the journal.

According to the catharsis model, people will be less aggressive when they are given an opportunity to _______?

sit quietly

What was the DV ?Bushman

students could blast Steve's ears with a loud noise

Supporting data can strengthen the theory?

support

What did DeLoache study?

the benefits of ABC video on children watching, parent teaching and running around children

Benjamin is a social psychologist who studies marriage. He believes that marital satisfaction has two components: the ability to trust one's partner and a belief that one can be a good spouse. He conducts a study to test his ideas. Assuming that his data match his theory, which of the following statements should he make?

the data provide support for my theory

A statement or set of statements that describes general principles about how variables relate to one another?

theory

Benjamin is a social psychologist who studies marriage. He believes that marital satisfaction has two components: the ability to trust one's partner and a belief that one can be a good spouse. This is known as:

theory

Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated.

theory

What is the order of the theory data cycle?

theory, research questions, research design, hypothesis, data, then it can be supported or revised

Research studies are superior to personal experience because:

they include at least one comparison group

How is Intuition influenced by faulty thinking? Failing to think about what we cannot see

thinking intuitively, we tend to focus only on experiences that fall in the present/present bias: the instances in which catharsis seemed to work.

What is a research design?

to test a specific hypothesis

What type of research uses knowledge derived from basic research to develop and test solutions to real-world problems

translational

A conclusion done from reviewing scientific literature and considering the proportion of studies that is consistent with a theory?

weight of the evidence

How did Harlow test it?

wired monkey with milk, warm soft monkey no food