Psych Ch 16 (Personality Disorders)
B
52. If you wanted to write a book about a fictional character who is a "typical" example of antisocial personality disorder, you might have the character exhibit all of the following EXCEPT: A) incessant lying. B) periods of very high anxiety. C) persistent violation of others' rights. D) lack of conscience after committing crimes.
A
13. If you believe that personality disorders are BEST understood as a matter of degree in difference from typical personality rather than as a specific diagnosis, you agree with: A) the dimensional approach. B) the categorical approach. C) the symptomatic approach. D) the cluster approach.
D
130. "Let's try to figure out where clients fall on several key personality traits, rather than using a dichotomous classification system." Someone saying this would MOST likely favor which approach to classifying personality disorders? A) the traditional DSM-5 approach B) a psychodynamic approach C) a cognitive-behavioral approach D) a dimensional approach
B
89. "You had one eye in the mirror as you watched yourself/You're so vain, you probably think this song is about you/You're so vain" sang Carly Simon in the 1973 #1 hit, "You're So Vain." If the subject of the song were diagnosed with a personality disorder, which of the following would be the MOST likely diagnosis? A) antisocial B) histrionic C) schizoid D) schizotypal
D
9. Personality disorders are categorized into three main clusters that include all of the following EXCEPT: A) odd. B) dramatic. C) anxious. D) schizophrenic.
C
90. When the seat belt light in DiDi's car stays on for a few extra seconds, she bursts into tears. She always craves attention and reacts to even the smallest event with an elaborate show of emotion. She probably could receive a diagnosis of: A) obsessive personality disorder. B) antisocial personality disorder. C) histrionic personality disorder. D) narcissistic personality disorder.
A
91. A person constantly strives to be the center of attention, yet the ideas the person so eloquently expresses are usually shallow and changeable. If this person were diagnosed with a personality disorder, it MOST likely would be: A) histrionic. B) borderline. C) antisocial. D) obsessive-compulsive.
C
92. "The problem is that they assume they can't take care of themselves, so they think others have to meet their needs. This pattern of thinking is not very helpful in trying to deal with histrionic personality disorder." A psychologist from which of the following perspectives would agree MOST strongly with this quote? A) biological B) sociocultural C) cognitive D) behavioral
B
93. The type of therapist MOST likely to try to help people diagnosed with histrionic personality disorder to believe they are not helpless, and to teach them better thinking skills, is a ______ therapist: A) psychodynamic B) cognitive C) sociocultural D) behavioral
B
94. "I am the greatest!" a famous boxer declared loudly and often. Had he in fact acted throughout his adult life as though he were the greatest, the most appropriate diagnosis would be: A) histrionic personality disorder. B) narcissistic personality disorder. C) antisocial personality disorder. D) impulse-control personality disorder.
C
95. The personality disorder that is characterized by the need for undying love and admiration is: A) borderline. B) histrionic. C) narcissistic. D) schizotypal.
B
96. Ty is fairly handsome, but not as handsome as he thinks he is. He doesn't care about anyone but himself and is sure that everyone around him feels the same way. He is MOST likely experiencing: A) schizoid personality disorder. B) narcissistic personality disorder. C) schizotypal personality disorder. D) obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.
A
97. The "flower children" of the 1960s and 1970s have sometimes been called the "me" generation, reflecting the supposed self-centered individualism of the time. If this is true, a sociocultural theorist would predict a larger than usual percentage of which kind of personality disorder among the aging "me" generation? A) narcissistic B) antisocial C) obsessive-compulsive D) dependent
A
98. Behavioral and cognitive theorists propose that people who develop narcissistic personality disorder may have been treated: A) too positively in early life. B) too negatively in early life. C) either too positively or too negatively in early life. D) ambiguously and neglectfully in early life.
A
99. You might suspect an "era of narcissism" is approaching for a country when: A) there is increasing emphasis on self-expression and competitiveness. B) preferences in women's and men's clothing undergo substantial shifts. C) there is a decline in materialism and individualism. D) the sale of "inspirational" DVDs, books, and tapes suddenly increases.
C
129. Of the following statements, which one most accurately reflects up-to-date research on DSM- 5 categories of personality disorder? A) Diagnostic criteria for personality disorders have remained very consistent for many years. B) Passive-aggressive personality disorder remains the personality disorder easiest to diagnose and treat. C) Individuals do not necessarily have to have very similar personalities to receive the same diagnosis. D) Personality disorder "clusters" are quite distinct from one another.
C
1. The enduring pattern of inner thoughts and emotions along with outward behavior that is unique to each individual is termed: A) a trait. B) character. C) personality. D) individuality.
A
10. Which of the following would a phrenologist MOST likely have done? A) assessed personality by feeling for bumps and indentations on the head B) argued that personality disorders should not be categorized according to symptoms C) treated personality disorders using didactic behavioral therapy D) criticized the validity and reliability of personality disorders in DSM
D
100. Assume you have to give an in-class presentation about narcissistic personality disorder. What is the MOST accurate thing you can say about treatment for this disorder? A) "Cognitive therapy works best." B) "Behavioral therapy works best." C) "Psychodynamic therapy works best." D) "No form of therapy is clearly better than the others."
C
101. A client is initially very resistant to therapy, cannot acknowledge weaknesses, and ignores feedback. MOST likely, the client is experiencing: A) schizoid personality disorder, and will not make much progress in therapy. B) schizoid personality disorder, and will make a great deal of progress in therapy. C) narcissistic personality disorder, and will not make much progress in therapy. D) narcissistic personality disorder, and will make a great deal of progress in therapy.
A
11. The categorical approach to personality disorders assumes that: A) problematic personality traits are either present or absent. B) personality disorders are best understood on a continuum based on severity of symptoms. C) individuals can turn their symptoms off and on like a light switch. D) children as well as adults should be diagnosed with personality disorders.
D
118. In the United States, most teenagers have cell phones and text. Which of the following MOST accurately describes adult cell phone usage? A) Most do not have cell phones, so most do not text. B) About half have cell phones, but most of them do not text. C) Most have cell phones, but most of them do not text. D) Most have cell phones, and most of them text.
D
12. Based on a structured interview, Diagnostician A classifies an individual's personality disorder in the "odd" cluster. Based on another structured interview of the same type, Diagnostician B classifies an individual's personality disorder in the "dramatic" cluster. If what is described here is typical of what happens when that variety of structured interview is used, one would say the structured interview has: A) high reliability and high validity. B) high reliability and low validity. C) low reliability and high validity. D) low reliability and low validity
B
127. A group of diagnostic clinicians can't agree with each other on appropriate personality disorder diagnoses for several clients. In fact, it is obvious that, in many cases, they have inaccurately made their diagnoses. Assuming they are competent clinicians, this situation would indicate the DSM-5 categories for personality disorder are: A) both reliable and valid. B) neither reliable nor valid. C) reliable, but not valid. D) not reliable, but valid.
A
128. All of the following are problems in the use of the DSM-5 to diagnose personality disorders EXCEPT: A) the criteria are so restrictive that several categories rarely, if ever, are used. B) people who act very differently may require the same diagnosis. C) there is considerable overlap of symptoms across many categories. D) sometimes the diagnostician must try to figure out why a person does something.
B
131. DSM-5 has been described as functioning like a light switch, which can be "on" or "off." In other words, one either does or does not qualify for a personality disorder diagnosis. Some theorists suggest that degree of symptoms, not symptom absence or presence, is more important and similar to a: A) flashlight, running on batteries. B) dimmer switch, with the light adjustable from all the way off to all the way on. C) candle, which may be blown out at any time. D) capacitor, which builds up a charge slowly then discharges it all at once.
A
132. "The client scores low on extroversion and agreeableness, but high on neuroticism. Looks like schizoid personality disorder to me." The therapist being quoted is using what instrument to make the diagnosis? A) the "Big Five" personality test B) "supertrait" theory C) a 200-statement test, with each statement rated on a 1-to-7 scale D) a "dichotomizing" test
C
133. If instruments such as the "Big Five" are used to describe personality, rather than relying on DSM-5, then diagnoses of psychological disorder would become: A) more categorical as well as more a matter of degree. B) more categorical and less a matter of degree. C) less categorical and more a matter of degree. D) less categorical as well as less a matter of degree.
C
134. Although lying, even compulsive lying, is not considered a psychological disorder, it is sometimes characteristic of people with: A) paranoid personality disorder. B) depressive disorder. C) narcissistic personality disorder. D) anxiety disorder.
A
135. Currently, the "Big-Five" approach to personality disorders is: A) the recipient of recognition, with a great amount of research being done on it. B) the focus of no research at all. C) the focus of a great amount of research, but there are no important results. D) the focus of a small amount of research, but there are no important results.
B
136. The authors of DSM-5 have designed their own dimensional approach in diagnosing personality disorders for possible inclusion in future revisions of the DSM. The idea is that individuals whose traits significantly impair their functioning should receive a diagnosis of: A) psychoticism disorder. B) personality disorder trait specified. C) negative affectivity disorder. D) detachment disorder.
C
137. The five traits to be included in future revisions of the DSM-5 that utilize a dimensional approach in diagnosing personality disorders are: A) conscientiousness, negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition. B) disinhibition, psychoticism, antagonism, agreeableness, extroversion. C) negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, psychoticism. D) detachment, extroversion, neuroticism, antagonism, conscientiousness.
C
138. If future editions of the DSM change to a dimensional approach in the diagnosis of personality disorders, clinicians will have to: A) not do anything differently then they are doing now in diagnosing personality disorders. B) utilize a GAF scale in diagnosing personality disorders. C) rate the degree of dysfunctioning caused by each person's traits in diagnosing personality disorders. D) utilize categories versus a dimensional approach in diagnosing personality disorders.
D
139. Only 23 percent of adults report openly expressing their anger. Should they? A) Yes. Venting is a healthy way to express anger. B) Yes. Otherwise, they will develop a personality disorder. C) Yes. Venting is better than walking away from an anger-producing situation. D) No. Ironically, venting appears to make people angrier.
A
14. How do personality disorders differ from the personality characteristics of typical people? A) They lead to more maladaptive, distressful, and inflexible behaviors. B) They include personality traits not experienced by typical people. C) They are generally treated successfully with antipsychotic medication. D) They are caused by epigenetic processes.
C
2. The consistencies of one's characteristics are called: A) inherited characteristics. B) learned responses. C) personality traits. D) personality typologies.
C
49. Which of the following statements is NOT generally true of those with antisocial personality disorder? A) They lie very frequently. B) They are careless with money, and often do not pay their debts. C) They care for no one's safety, except theirs and their children's. D) They have little regard for their own safety or the safety of others.
B
5. DSM-5, like its predecessor, DSM-IV-TR, identifies 10 personality disorders utilizing a: A) systematical approach. B) categorical approach. C) dimensional approach. D) phrenological approach.
D
3. What differentiates normal personality characteristics from personality disorders? A) the specific characteristics B) the degree of inflexibility and maladaptiveness C) the length of time one possesses the characteristics D) All the answers are correct.
B
35. A belief that the news anchor on CNN is giving one important messages about one's behavior reflects: A) bodily illusions. B) ideas of reference. C) passive-aggressive disorder. D) backward masking.
B
50. Sarah respects none of society's boundaries and is insensitive to other people, frequently violating their rights. She does not consider the consequences of her actions. She MOST probably experiences: A) schizoid personality disorder. B) antisocial personality disorder. C) histrionic personality disorder. D) schizotypal personality disorder.
C
51. A friend says to you, "He must have antisocial personality disorder; look how careful he is about his own well-being, but how careless he is about others' safety." Your MOST accurate reply would be: A) "You're right; those are classic characteristics of antisocial personality disorder." B) "You're partly right; most people with antisocial personality disorder are careful about the safety of family members." C) "You're partly right; most people with antisocial personality disorder are careless about their own safety, as well as the safety of others." D) "You've got it backwards; most people with antisocial personality disorder are careless of their own safety, but show at least some concern for others' safety."
C
4. The MOST important similarity among the personality disorders listed in the text is that: A) disorders of thought, perception, and attention are present. B) the personality traits are limited to discrete periods of illness. C) they are inflexible, maladaptive, and related to impaired functioning or distress. D) they are social in that they involve an inability to form lasting relationships with other people.
B
40. Characteristics of the Virginia Tech shooter reveal that he: A) fit the diagnostic category of histrionic personality disorder. B) displayed a combination of features from many personality disorders. C) did not fit any of the personality disorders. D) did not appear to have a mental disorder.
B
43. Which category of personality disorder contains the disorders MOST commonly diagnosed? A) "odd" B) "dramatic" C) "anxious" D) There are no clear differences among the categories in terms of frequency of diagnosis.
D
44. An adult has been jailed for the third time for fraud; each time it has been for persuading investors to put money into a phony silver mine. If the adult has received a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis, it is MOST likely either: A) schizotypal personality disorder or a stress disorder. B) schizotypal personality disorder or a substance-related disorder. C) antisocial personality disorder or a stress disorder. D) antisocial personality disorder or a substance-related disorder.
D
45. A friend of yours says, "A 15-year-old high schooler accused of shooting several classmates received a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder." Your MOST accurate reply would be: A) "Yes, that kind of behavior often is associated with that diagnosis." B) "I don't think so; those with that diagnosis seldom engage in criminal activity." C) "Yes, and I'll bet that wasn't the only diagnosis, either." D) "No; the kid is too young for that diagnosis."
B
46. Cruelty to animals and people, destruction of property, and truancy before the age of 15: A) may be best diagnosed as antisocial personality disorder. B) are characteristic of those later diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. C) predict later antisocial disorder with virtual certainty. D) seem unrelated to antisocial personality disorder.
B
47. Which of these well-known people appears to have displayed symptoms of antisocial personality disorder? A) Mitt Romney B) Bernie Madoff C) Bill Clinton D) Martha Stewart
B
48. Ben set up an elaborate scheme to mine gold in the Rockies. He had a large town meeting and made a presentation of his stock. The shares were only $5 each, and everyone could afford them. He showed pictures of the mine and explained how the company expected to gross $100 million each month. As it turns out, he was a terrific con artist who had made several "successful" proposals such as this in towns across America in the last couple of years. He is MOST likely suffering from: A) paranoid personality disorder. B) antisocial personality disorder. C) narcissistic personality disorder. D) obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.
C
56. The strong relationship between antisocial personality disorder and substance abuse means that: A) substance abuse causes individuals to develop antisocial personality disorder. B) antisocial personality disorder causes individuals to abuse substances. C) there are high rates of substance abuse among those with antisocial personality disorder. D) if individuals stop abusing substances, their antisocial personality disorder will be cured.
D
57. The two childhood disorders that have been related to later antisocial personality disorder are: A) depression and withdrawal. B) schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. C) mental retardation. D) conduct disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
D
58. The absence of parental love results in emotional detachment and the use of power to form relationships. This is most likely a _____ personality disorder. A) cognitive B) biological C) behavioral D) psychodynamic
B
59. The fact that children may learn antisocial behavior by modeling parental conflict and aggressiveness provides support for: A) psychodynamic theory. B) behavioral theory. C) both psychodynamic and behavioral theories. D) neither psychodynamic nor behavioral theories.
D
6. All of the following are criticisms of DSM-5 diagnoses of personality disorders EXCEPT: A) the reliability of the diagnosis. B) the validity of the diagnosis. C) distinguishing one personality disorder from another personality disorder. D) incorporating new research into the new edition.
A
60. A young boy is constantly told by his parents to "Be a man!" whenever he is in conflict with friends. In turn, his parents themselves often act aggressively toward each other, and toward him. The theorist who would be BEST able to explain an adult diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder for this boy would be a ______ theorist. A) behavioral B) cognitive C) biological D) psychodynamic
C
61. Giving in to a child's refusal to comply with a parental request may inadvertently reinforce stubborn and defiant behavior, setting the scene for the development of antisocial personality disorder. This is most like a ______ disorder. A) cognitive B) biological C) behavioral D) psychodynamic
C
62. Biologically speaking, if one wanted to treat antisocial personality disorder, one would want to ______ the individual with the disorder. A) reduce the degree of interpersonal sensitivity in B) identify those who are modeling antisocial personality disorder for C) increase the anxiety level of D) decrease the rewards available for the antisocial behavior in
D
63. Assume a study of prison inmates diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder shows that they generally experience less anxiety than other people when they lie or "con" others. This outcome would most strongly support which theoretical position? A) behavioral B) psychodynamic C) cognitive D) biological
A
64. Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding antisocial personality disorder? A) Most who have it are not treated, and most who are treated are not helped much. B) Most who have it are not treated, but most who are treated are helped substantially. C) Most who have it are treated, but most who are treated are not helped much. D) Most who have it are treated, and most who are treated are helped substantially.
A
65. An individual with a diagnosed personality disorder is emotionally unstable, impulsive, and reckless. This person's diagnosis is likely to be which of the following personality disorders? A) borderline B) schizotypal C) obsessive-compulsive D) avoidant
A
66. "There's nothing out there for me. I can't stand other people, and I can't stand myself, either. I'm just really mad right now." Such a statement would most likely be made by someone with which personality disorder? A) borderline B) antisocial C) narcissistic D) paranoid
A
67. "That personality disorder has become so common, I encounter it almost every day in the emergency room." MOST likely, this doctor is talking about which personality disorder? A) borderline B) antisocial C) schizoid D) avoidant
C
68. Lisa felt like she was on an emotional roller coaster. She felt angry and empty. Lisa's feelings are MOST similar to those of someone with: A) obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. B) narcissistic personality disorder. C) borderline personality disorder. D) antisocial personality disorder.
A
69. What is a common reason for the hospitalization of people with borderline personality disorder? A) They may attempt suicide or otherwise hurt themselves. B) They finally cannot care for themselves. C) They voluntarily ask for hospitalization, out of desperation. D) They are so afraid of leaving their homes that they suffer social paralysis.
B
7. One reason that the personality disorders are difficult to treat is that the afflicted individuals: A) enjoy their symptoms and do not seek change. B) are frequently unaware that they have a problem. C) experience no distress and do not want treatment. D) have accompanying mood disorders that must be treated first.
D
70. Transported to the hospital after a suicide attempt, a man is later admitted to the hospital's psychiatric wing. His history showed other self-destructive behaviors and recklessness. MOST likely, if the man is diagnosed with a personality disorder, it will be: A) paranoid. B) avoidant. C) narcissistic. D) borderline.
D
71. Studies of those diagnosed with borderline personality disorder show that: A) less than half attempt suicide at least once in their lives, and almost none succeed. B) less than half attempt suicide at least once in their lives, and over 5 percent succeed. C) over half attempt suicide at least once in their lives, and almost none succeed. D) over half attempt suicide at least once in their lives, and about 10 percent succeed.
C
72. A therapist treating a client diagnosed with borderline personality disorder came up with the following analysis: the parents probably did not want children in the first place; the child just was not accepted; the child developed low self-esteem, dependency, and an inability to cope with separation. The therapist's theoretical orientation is probably: A) behavioral. B) biological. C) object relations theory. D) cognitive-behavioral theory.
D
73. Gort's parents never quite liked him, probably did not want children in the first place. He just was not accepted. It was clear early in school that Gort had a low opinion of himself and did not know how to interact with the other children. Now he cuts himself and has been to the ER several times. This is a description of the possible development of: A) histrionic personality disorder. B) avoidant personality disorder. C) schizoid personality disorder. D) borderline personality disorder.
C
74. Which of the following has experienced "triggering"? A) an individual who posts YouTube videos of himself biting and cutting himself B) an individual who commits suicide by shooting himself while someone else films it C) an individual who is prompted to injure himself intentionally after watching someone else do it D) an individual who engages in intentional self-injury but encourages others not to do so
D
75. If an individual has damage to the prefrontal cortex, which of the following symptoms would MOST likely be observed? A) fear and other negative emotions B) a thought disorder C) odd but imaginative language D) deficits in planning, self-control, and decision making
A
76. Which of the following have sociocultural theorists suggested as a cause for the emergence of borderline personality disorder? A) rapid social change B) traditional family structures C) clinging and dependent parents D) nontraditional family structures
D
77. Which of the following would MOST clearly fit into the biosocial theory of the development of borderline personality disorder? A) an individual who has deficits in the functioning of both the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex B) an individual who has family members who display many of the symptoms of borderline personality disorder C) an individual who engages in self-injurious behavior while under the influence of illegal substances D) an individual who has difficulty controlling internal emotions and parents who mislabel those emotions
D
78. The inability to accurately interpret one's internal biological emotional or physiological states is characteristic of both: A) schizophrenia and schizoid personality disorder. B) a mass murderer and self-injurious behavior. C) odd and dramatic personality disorders. D) borderline personality disorder and eating disorders.
A
79. "That's it!" says your friend, the psychotherapist. "I can't work with that client. As soon as I show any empathy at all, it becomes almost impossible to challenge the client, and the client keeps calling me at all hours of the day." MOST likely, this is a client with: A) borderline personality disorder. B) antisocial personality disorder. C) obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. D) schizotypal personality disorder.
C
8. Comorbidity means that: A) one disorder may develop into another. B) one disorder automatically implies the other. C) two disorders may occur together in an individual. D) the appearance of one disorder implies the disappearance of the one that preceded it.
D
80. What aspect of dialectical behavior therapy relates to psychodynamic theory? A) the emphasis on anal retention B) the emphasis on social skills training C) the emphasis on multicultural influences on behavior D) the emphasis on the patient/therapist relationship.
D
81. A friend asks your advice about the MOST effective therapy to use for treating borderline personality disorder. Your BEST answer is: A) "There is no effective therapy for borderline personality disorder. B) "If you're going to use a psychodynamic approach, avoid relational therapy. C) "Using drugs is a safe, effective way to treat the disorder." D) "Research suggests that dialectical behavior therapy is the most effective."
A
82. When dialectical behavior therapy is used with patients with borderline personality disorder, those patients, compared to patients receiving other forms of therapy, make: A) far fewer suicide attempts, and are hospitalized less often. B) far fewer suicide attempts, but are hospitalized about as often. C) about the same number of suicide attempts, but are hospitalized less often. D) about the same number of suicide attempts, and are hospitalized about as often.
B
83. Dr. Marsha Linehan, the developer of dialectical behavior therapy, would have diagnosed her young adult self with: A) antisocial personality disorder. B) borderline personality disorder. C) narcissistic personality disorder. D) dependent personality disorder.
C
84. A patient receiving dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) for borderline personality disorder experiences an emotion that he or she realizes is inappropriate. Immediately after, the patient acts in a very different, appropriate, way. This DBT procedure is called: A) reactive correction. B) counterbalancing. C) opposite action. D) "fine tuning."
D
85. Dialectical behavior therapy emphasizes all of the following EXCEPT: A) social skills training. B) mindfulness meditation (a Zen technique involving observing one's emotions). C) the client-therapist relationship. D) the use of antipsychotic medications in an outpatient setting.
A
86. A therapist states, "I seldom use drugs when I treat clients with borderline personality disorder." The therapist MOST likely says this because: A) the risk of suicide increases because using drugs may lead to overdose. B) in most cases, drugs seem to make aggressiveness even worse. C) in most cases, drugs seem to make emotional outbursts even more extreme. D) the therapist is unaware that drugs are always used in combination with dialectical behavior therapy, the most effective therapy for those with borderline personality disorder.
D
87. A client is searching for the BEST treatment for borderline personality disorder. Will drug treatment be effective if it is the only intervention the client receives? A) Yes; drugs alone work at least as well as drugs plus psychotherapy, and are less expensive. B) Yes; drugs alone work at least as well as drugs plus psychotherapy, but are expensive. C) Maybe; but only if the client is nonsuicidal. D) No; they should be used along with psychotherapy, if used at all.
A
88. "Beatlemania" gripped the United States in the 1960s when the British rock group The Beatles performed; adoring fans screamed, sometimes fainted, and shouted exaggerated, emotional praise at the group. These behaviors MOST closely resemble the characteristics of: A) histrionic personality disorder. B) antisocial personality disorder. C) schizoid personality disorder. D) narcissistic personality disorder.