PSYCH CH12

The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the:

"teachers" were deceived and were frequently subjected to stress.

Marci suggests that the aggressiveness of her sister's new friend is the result of the friend's abuse during childhood. Marci's inference about the cause of the girl's behavior is an example of:

An attribution

The Plattsville blood bank is desperately in need of blood donors. Which of the following students would most likely contribute to the blood bank if asked?

Ardyce, who has just fallen head-over-heels in love

DJ does not recycle glass, metal, or plastic garbage because he thinks it is inconvenient and has minimal impact on the city's already overflowing landfills. His reaction best illustrates the dynamics of:

a social trap

Verbal behavior intended to hurt another person is an example of:

aggression

Kelly is a Republican, and Carlos is a Democrat. Both believe that the members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of any other party. This belief BEST illustrates:

an ingroup bias

As Carolyn walks through a shopping mall, she happens to pass an older woman sitting on a bench clutching her arm and moaning in pain. The presence of many other shoppers in the mall will most likely increase the probability that Carolyn will:

be less likely to help

The adage that "familiarity breeds contempt" is _____ by research on the _____ effect.

contradicted; mere exposure

People with whom a common identity is shared is a(n):

ingroup

Which factor is a social-cultural influence on the expression of aggressive behavior?

minimal father involvement in the lives of children

People tend to prefer a(n) ________ image of themselves.

mirror

Ben's sister-in-law always has a smile on her face and a joke to tell. The moment she walks into the house he starts smiling, even before she says something funny. This is caused by:

mood contagion

_____________ result(s) from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

normative social influence

Attitude is to action as _____ is to _____.

prejudice; discrimination

After the Greenway family accepted their neighbor's invitation to Thanksgiving dinner, Mrs. Greenway felt obligated to invite the neighbors to Christmas dinner. Sense of obligation BEST reflects the

reciprocity norm

Dr. Scholz is reading an article describing research in which investigators examined how the presence of other people influenced participants' performance on a variety of tasks. Dr. Scholz is MOST likely reading the Journal of Research in _____ Psychology.

social

Arturo believes that most young women from California are extremely good looking and that extremely good-looking women are usually selfish and egotistical. His beliefs are examples of:

stereotypes

The bystander effect is MOST often explained by invoking:

the diffusion of responsibility

Aggression-replacement programs teach parents to:

use positive reinforcement, rather than punishment, to obtain desirable behavior in children.

An explanation of aggression in terms of instinct would have the most difficulty accounting for:

wide cultural variations in aggressiveness.

The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group is known as:

deindividualization

Refusing to hire qualified job applicants because of the color of their skin is to engage in:

discrimination

Claire is well liked by her friends. When you watch her, you can see that she mimics her friends' gestures and seems to match their moods. Researcher Tanya Chartrand might suggest that this automatic mimicry enables:

empathy

Although Regina receives slightly greater rewards from her marriage than her husband, both are satisfied with the relationship because they each benefit in proportion to what they put into it. This BEST illustrates the significance of:

equity

Solomon Asch reported that individuals who participated in a study of what they believed was visual perception conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines:

even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect.

Initially prejudiced heterosexuals are likely to develop more accepting attitudes toward nonheterosexuals following the experience of:

face-to-face contact

A telemarketer calls one night and asks for a one-dollar donation to a local charity for children. Scott happily agrees. A week later the same telemarketer calls asking for a twenty-dollar donation to the same charity and Scott agrees. This is known as:

foot-in-the-door phenonmenon

Studies have revealed diminished activity in the _____ in the brains of violent criminals.

frontal lobes

You're driving to campus one day when another car cuts you off and speeds ahead. Immediately you yell out, "Crazy driver!" Later you learn that the person was rushing to get to the hospital. Your judgment best illustrates:

fundamental attribution error

Jesiah changes his internet name so that he will feel more comfortable posting comments on what he really thinks. How does this help him feel more comfortable?

he now feels anonymous

Which of the following is NOT a psychological influence for aggression?

high self control

People may unconsciously harbor negative racial associations. This best illustrates the subtle nature of:

implicit prejudice

The tendency to believe that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called the _____ phenomenon.

just-world

Chuck has just moved into a new neighborhood. This new neighborhood is full of people addicted to drugs who live in rundown houses in horrible condition. He often sees them on the street struggling to find food and shivering through the cold winter. When his friend asks him if he feels bad seeing these people suffer he replies, "Good people don't end up that way, so I don't feel bad for them." Chuck's attitude BEST illustrates:

just-world phenomenon

While visiting the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian is said to have remarked, "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." This reaction is BEST explained in terms of:

just-world phenomenon

_____ love is an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.

passionate

Martina knows little about politics and is not especially interested in the outcome of political races. Martina would MOST likely be persuaded by a campaign message relying on the _____ route to persuasion.

peripheral

_____ route persuasion uses unimportant cues to trigger speedy, emotion-based judgments.

peripheral

In determining the causes of others' behavior, people overemphasize _____ factors; this is the _____.

personality; fundamental attribution error

The correlation between temperature and the likelihood that Major League Baseball batters will be hit by pitched balls is:

positive

____________ is an unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members.

prejudice

Who is MOST likely to have high levels of testosterone?

Daniel, who is 20 years old and has a wide face

In 1963, President John F. Kennedy announced that the United States would discontinue all atmospheric nuclear tests. The positive response to this conciliatory gesture illustrated the potential value of:

GRIT

An advertising agency is developing advertisements to promote a political candidate. One ad is a radio spot airing during drive time, when listeners are stressed, distracted, and impatient. Another advertisement is a print ad to appear in national newspapers and business magazines. With respect to persuasion, how do these different types of ads relate to the central and peripheral routes?

The radio spot will rely on the peripheral route, while the print ad will rely on the central route.

_________________ psychologists explore how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

social

An individual working in a group puts forth less effort when he or she is not personally accountable. This is known as _____.

social loafing

The _____ norm refers to the expectation that people should help those who need help.

social-responsibility

Melissa regularly donates blood to an international blood bank simply because she believes she ought to help anyone with a medical need for a blood transfusion. Melissa's altruism BEST illustrates the impact of the:

social-responsibility norm

An ad agency creates two ads for a particular car. One stresses the car's safety and gas mileage; the other simply shows how fun it is to drive. The first ad relies on _____ route persuasion; the second, on _____ route persuasion.

central; peripheral

Kaden, age 19, is a Black, female university sophomore. Research on how we categorize social information suggests that Kaden is most likely to perceive most:

chinese people look pretty much alike

Marsha and Luke have been married for over 50 years and have 4 children and 8 grandchildren. They are currently MOST likely to be experiencing:

companionate love

Tom is attending college in a city far away from home where he does not know anybody. According to the principle of proximity, Tom will be MOST likely to make friends with:

Bill, his roommate

Sarah and Marge have been assigned to the same dorm room for the academic year. What is MOST likely to happen by the end of the year?

Sarah and Marge will become close friends

During the Korean War, many U.S. prisoners of war were held in war camps run by Chinese communists. Without using brutality, the captors secured the prisoners' collaboration in various activities. Some did simple tasks to gain privileges while others completed radio appeals and false confessions or divulged military information. When the war ended, 21 prisoners chose to stay with the communists. More returned home convinced that communism was a good thing for Asia. The Chinese captors were able to accomplish this by using:

foot-in-the-door phenonmenon

Discrimination is a negative _____, whereas prejudice is a negative _____.

behavior; attitude

In 1964, Kitty Genovese was brutally stabbed to death in front of her apartment building. It took the assailant approximately 30 minutes to kill Genovese. Police reports showed that, although 38 neighbors witnessed the event, no one helped or called the police. This incident can be BEST explained by:

bystander effect

Our attitudes are more likely to guide our actions when we:

can easily recall our attitudes.

What is the phenomenon in which the repeated contact with novel stimuli increases the liking of them?

the mere exposure effect