PSYCH CH.9

What has research shown about the role of genes in explaining sexual orientation?

Heritability for sexual orientation appears to be modest.

_______ is the body's tendency to maintain a balanced state.

Homeostasis

Motivation for sexual behavior is centered in the _________ in the brain.

Hypothalamus

How has Maslow's hierarchy of needs been criticized?

In real life, people often forgo lower-level needs in order to meet higher-level ones. Maslow underestimated the human capacity for actualization even in difficult circumstances.

The excitement stage of the human sexual response is characterized by _____.

Increased blood flow to the genitals Lubrication of the vagina in females Engorgement of blood vessels

Which of the following stimulate hunger?

Increased levels of insulin Low blood glucose levels

What is the term for inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned?

Instincts

What happens to the sensation of hunger as blood glucose levels rise?

It declines.

Which of the following are true of the orgasm phase of the human sexual response cycle?

It involves intensely pleasant feelings. It includes an explosive discharge of neuromuscular tension.

Research has called into question many of the established differences between males and females, primarily due to what reason?

Study design

Which of these are characteristic of the plateau phase of the human response cycle?

a.Lubrication of the vaginab. Complete erections of the penis

The ____________-only approach to sex education emphasizes that sexual behavior should be reserved for marriage.

abstinence

In self-determination theory, the need of _____ involves self-efficacy and mastery.

competence

The three basic needs in self-determination theory are ______ , ____________ , and ______________

competence autonomy relatedness

Sexual beliefs and behaviors vary from place to place, suggesting that _____ factors play a role in sexual motivation.

cultural

The predominate class of sex hormones in females, produced mainly by the ovaries, is _________ , and the predominate class of sex hormone in males, such as testosterone, is ____________ .

estrogens androgens

The _____ approach to motivation emphasizes ways in which our behavior is shaped by our species' shared history.

evolutionary

The ___________ approach to motivation emphasizes the role of species-specific instincts in directing behavior.

evolutionary

Although they play a role in sexual orientation, _____ are not as strong an influence as they are for other characteristics, such as intelligence.

genes

Most gay individuals have _____ parents.

heterosexual

Bodies that maintain a certain range of temperature, blood sugar, and oxygenation have achieved _________

homeostasis

The body's tendency to maintain a constant temperature, blood sugar level, and oxygenation is called _____.

homeostasis

Stomach contractions play an important role in the biology of _____.

hunger

Researchers have shown the importance of the _____ in sexual activity by electrically stimulating or surgically removing it.

hypothalamus

Several brain structures play a role in sexual behavior, but the _____ in the brain is the center for sexual motivation.

hypothalamus

The lateral ________ is the part of brain that is significantly involved in regulating hunger.

hypothalamus

Many of the the things we do, such as taking a challenging course at school or raising a family, involve _____ drives.

increasing

A(n) _________ is an innate or inborn biological pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species.

instinct

When somebody says, "All people have aggressive tendencies. It's necessary for survival," they are endorsing the _____ approach to motivation.

instinct

When an infant begins sucking when something is placed in their mouth, this is an example of a(n) ____________

instinct or reflex

_________ is the term psychologists use to describe the force that moves people to behave in particular ways.

motivation

In drive reduction theory, a _____ is a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce that deprivation.

need

Jeannie loves to sew and used to spend many hours sewing for pleasure. Now that her friends pay her to make and mend clothes for them, Jeannie finds sewing to be a chore. According to research on motivation, Jeannie's loss of intrinsic motivation may be due to the fact that she _____.

now perceives the money as her sole motivation to sew

Research on the role of genetics in obesity has found that _____.

obesity has a significant genetic component

Which of the following are true of Kinsey and his interview techniques?

1. Kinsey was a pioneer in sexual research. 2. Kinsey used an interview technique where he talked to whoever volunteered.

Put the four phases of the human sexual response pattern in order from first to last.

1.Excitment 2.plateau 3.Orgasim 4.Resoultion

Place Maslow's stages in order, starting with the bottom of the pyramid.

1.Physiological 2. Safety needs 3. Love and belongingness needs 4. Esteem 5. Self-actualization

Around _____ percent of American children are overweight or obese. 11

16

Researchers today think of sexual orientation as on a continuum. What does this mean?

A person's erotic interests may range from exclusive male-female relations to exclusive same-sex relations.

__________ are the class of sex hormones, such as testosterone, that are predominant in males

Androgens

Which of the following is true of the resolution phase?

Blood vessels return to their normal state. It occurs after orgasm.

Which hormone helps start the digestion of food, travels to the brain through the bloodstream, and signals us to stop eating?

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

The three basic needs of self-determination theory are which of the following?

Competence, autonomy, and relatedness

What is term for the motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior to fulfill a need?

Drive

Which of the following has been shown to predict people's sexual orientations?

Neither their parents' sexual orientation nor their parents' parenting style

Which of the following are examples of a need, according to drive reduction theory?

Oxygen Food

The deep feeling of relaxation that follows orgasm is linked with which hormone?

Oxytocin

Why doesn't drive reduction theory comprehensively explain human behavior?

People frequently behave in ways that increase drives.

Which of these are results of research on eating behavior?

People frequently ignore stomach cues when deciding how much to eat. Larger portion sizes are associated with increased food intake.

Men typically first achieve complete erections during the ___________ phase of the human sexual response cycle.

Plateau

Which of the following physiological changes are associated with activation of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Promotion of healing Decreased blood pressure An increase in the digestion of food

People are most likely to accomplish their goals if they do which of the following?

Set concrete goals Evaluate their progress periodically

Which of the following fundamental needs operate via homeostasis?

Sleep Body temperature

Which of the following play an important role in the biology of hunger?

Stomach contractions Blood chemistry The hypothalamus

The decision about whether to have sex with a person is often based on our perception of the individual with whom we are having sex, his or her perception of us, and the meaning and consequences of the sexual activity. What is this is an example of?

The cognitive aspect of sexual behavior

Which statement about sexual orientation is most accurate?

There is no credible research showing sexual orientation to be something that can be voluntarily changed.

Which of the following trends are shown in recent research on Americans' sexual behavior?

Unmarried individuals reported having sex more often than their married peers. Married individuals report that sexual satisfaction matters to relationship satisfaction.

Which of the following have been shown by research to be effective at reducing mindless eating?

Using smaller dishes Providing visual cues regarding how much has been eaten

The _____ states that performance is best under moderate levels of arousal.

Yerkes-Dodson law

The direction of someone's erotic interests is called their _____.

sexual orientation

The sympathetic nervous system is involved in the body's _____.

arousal

According to self-determination theory, _____ refers to the need to feel in control of one's own life.

autonomy

The ordering of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is _____.

debatable

Which neurotransmitter is involved with orgasm?

dopamine

A __________ is the motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior to fulfill a need.

drive

Damage to the hypothalamus may produce dramatic changes in _____.

eating

One difference between the male and female sexual response is that during the resolution phase, males _____.

enter a refractory phase in which they are unable to have another orgasm

The main class of female sex hormones, produced principally by the ovaries. is known as _____.

estrogens

are the main class of female sex hormones, produced principally by the ovaries.

estrogens

The type of motivation that is based on internal factors is _____ motivation, and the type of motivation that is based on external factors is _____ motivation.

intrinsic; extrinsic

Research shows that people typically are more enthusiastic about an activity and show improved performance when they are _____ motivated.

intrinsically

The _________ hypothalamus stimulates eating, whereas the _________ hypothalamus reduces eating behavior.

lateral ventromedial

Michael always craves cake at birthday parties, even though he rarely thinks about cake otherwise. This is an example of a(n) _____.

learned association

A gene that controls the production of _____ appears to be implicated in human obesity.

leptin

Scientists believe that disorders in the production and uptake of _____ may explain human obesity.

leptin

In general, _____ are more aroused by visual stimuli, whereas _____ are more aroused by touch.

men; women

The Yerkes-Dodson law states that performance is best under conditions of _____ arousal.

moderate

The force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do is known to psychologists as _____.

motivation

The _____ nervous system calms the body.

parasympathetic

The basic premise of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is that _____.

people must satisfy lower-level needs before they can focus on higher-level needs

According to Maslow, the most basic need is _____.

physiological

Research results show that men _____.

rate the strength of their sex drive higher than women do have more permissive attitudes about casual sex than women do masturbate more frequently more than women do

The process by which an individual pursues important objectives by setting goals and monitoring progress is called self-_____.

regulation

In self-determination theory, the need of _____ is reflected in our desire for nurturing and intimate interactions with others.

relatedness

The two lowest-level needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs are __________ needs and __________ needs.

safety Physiological

Some sexual __________ involve a double standard, such as judging that it is OK for male but not female adolescents to have sex.

scripts

Stereotyped patterns of expectations for how people should behave sexually are called sexual ____________

scripts

Michael wants to go to medical school because he sincerely wants to help others. To achieve his goal, he studies hard to keep up his grades, stays active in his community, and asks his school adviser for feedback about his academic progress. Michael's behavior is consistent with the process of _____.

self-regulation

When setting goals, people can maximize their odds of success if they form goals that are _____.

specific and moderately challenging

Increasing _____ in women increases sex drive and the frequency of satisfying sexual experiences, thought it may amplify the risk for breast cancer.

testosterone

True or false: Obesity is strongly affected by genetics.

true

Donald Marshall found that Mangaian boys in the South Pacific _____.

undergo a ritual that includes having intercourse with an experienced woman are encouraged to masturbate as often as they would like to are taught about masturbation