Psych Chap. 1

Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association?

Mary Whiton Calkins

Dr. Mills conducts research on why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others. Which specialty area does his research best represent?

Social psychology

The case study is a research method in which

a single individual or group is studied in depth

Dr. Santaniello conducts research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) ________ psychologist.

developmental

Potential research participants are told enough about an upcoming study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate. This illustrates the practice of seeking

informed consent

Early psychologists such as Wilhelm Wundt and William James focused on the study of

mental processes

Our tendency to believe we know more than we do best illustrates

overconfidence

The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how

people encode, process, store, and retrieve information.

For no apparent reason, Adam has recently begun to feel so tense and anxious that he frequently stays home from work. It would be best for Adam to contact a ________ psychologist.

personality

Dr. Roberts studies how best to assess individual differences in traits such as impulsiveness and sociability. Which specialty area does her research best represent?

personality psychology

An inert substance that may be administered instead of a drug to see if it produces any of the same effects as the drug is called a

placebo

Clinical psychologists specialize in

providing therapy to troubled people

When every individual in a large population has a small but equal chance of being included in a survey, researchers are using a procedure known as

random sampling

Which perspective in psychology is most likely to focus on how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures?

social- cultural

The early school of thought that used introspection to reveal the mind's makeup was called

structuralism

A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a representative sample of a population is known as

survey

Which of the following methods is most helpful for clarifying cause-effect relationships?

the experiment

Using scientific procedures to test whether watching violent movies increases the frequency of emotionally upsetting dreams best illustrates

an empirical approach

A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment is called a

confounding variable

Questioning whether conclusions are warranted by the existing evidence best illustrates

critical thinking

The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to

exaggerate their ability to have foreseen an outcome

In which type of research would an investigator manipulate at least one factor and observe its effect on some behavior or mental process?

experimentation

The risk of being color deficient is greater for men than for women. This best illustrates an important

gender difference

Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their biology or their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding

nature and nurture

Lissette wonders whether personality differences between her friends who recently moved from Nigeria and those who moved from Thailand result primarily from biological influences or from cultural influences. In this instance, Lissette is primarily concerned with the relative contributions of

nature and nurture

Repeating the essence of a previous research study to verify whether its findings extend to a new group of research participants and to different circumstances is called

replication

Cognitive neuroscience studies relationships between

thought processes and brain functions

The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on

unconscious conflicts

Correlation is a measure of the extent to which two factors

vary together

Participants in an experiment are said to be blind if they are uninformed about

which experimental treatment, if they are even receiving any