Psych Chapter 5

recognition

A researcher is testing memory for pictures. The researcher shows 300 different pictures to the participants in the study, and then later shows them 600 pictures, some of which they saw previously and some of which are new. For each of the 600 pictures, participants are required to say whether they saw the picture as part of the original 300 pictures. The researcher's measure is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

free recall task

A researcher presents participants with a list of names one at a time, and then asks the participants to recall as many names as they can in any order. The researcher is using _____ to test memory. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

recognition

A researcher presents participants with a list of words and instructs them to try to remember the words for a later test. In the test, participants are shown the words one at a time. For each word, the participants are required to indicate whether the word was on the presentation list. The researcher's measure is:

state-dependent memory

A researcher tested memory by asking participants to memorize a list of words. For the memory test, 30 minutes prior to the presentation of the list, half of the participants received caffeine and half did not receive caffeine. The participants who received the caffeine displayed better memory than the participants who did not receive caffeine. The researcher's results are BEST explained by:

Participants reconstructed their memory based on a schema.

A researcher tested participants' memories for a filmed scene of a mock robbery. In the filmed scene, nothing is actually stolen, even though that is not consistent with most robberies. When questioned about the event, many participants incorrectly remembered that something was stolen. Which BEST explains the participants' incorrect memory?

semantic

Dr. Kolko has people try to remember a set of words. For each word that he shows the participants, he asks them if the word fits in the sentence, "The woman sat in the _____," in which the blank is filled in with presented word. Based on the levels-of-processing theory, the participants are attending to the _____ level. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

moving information from sensory memory to short-term memory.

Encoding refers to the process of:

method of loci

For her upcoming anatomy test, Bianca needs to memorize a list of muscles and the nerves that make them work. She remembers learning about _____, a system that lets her imagine walking around a very familiar place and identifying each of the muscles and nerves in a distinct location within that place.

storage decay theory

Forgetting is due to the decay of the biological representation of the information in long-term memory

Encoding failure theory

Forgetting is due to the failure to encode the information into long-term memory

interference theory

Forgetting is due to the interference of other information in long-term memory, making the forgotten information inaccessible

cue-dependent theory

Forgetting is due to the unavailability of the retrieval cues necessary to locate the information in long-term memory

10;9

If Ebbinghaus calculated a savings score of 10%, then he took _____ trial(s) to initially learn a list of nonsense syllables and _____ trial(s) to relearn the list.

the words the detective uses may subtly influence the memory of the witness.

If a detective questions a witness to a crime, Loftus and Palmer's (1974) experiment on the misinformation effect suggests that:

subsequent recall is likely to be better if one is, again, mildly under the influence of alcohol.

If one is mildly under the influence of alcohol when encoding new information, the state-dependent memory phenomenon suggests that:

partial

In Sperling's _____ procedure, a tone was used to cue retrieval of the letters.

free recall

In a _____ task, participants are asked to try to remember a previously presented list of words in any order they can.

college learning is likely to have taken place in a variety of different environments.

In contrast to the encoding specificity effects shown in Godden and Baddeley's experiment (1975), studying in the classroom before one takes an exam does not have much effect on classroom exam performance. This is probably because:

retrieval that requires the identification of information in the presence of retrieval cues.

In measuring memory retrieval, recognition involves:

failed storage; failed retrieval

In terms of forgetting, encoding failure theory reflects _____, whereas storage decay theory reflects _____.

the misinformation question

In the Loftus and Palmer experiment, participants were shown a film of a traffic accident and then later tested for their memory of it. The finding that memory differed based upon the specific words used in the tests questions illustrates

presentation is longer than one second

In the temporal integration procedure, a meaningful pattern will NOT be seen if:

STM

In the three-stage model of memory, sensory memory feeds directly into:

encoding;retrieval

The three fundamental processes of memory are _____, storage, and _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

sensory,STM,LTM

The three stages of memory in the three-stage model are:

sensory

The three-stage model of memory involves _____ memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

cue-dependent

The tip-of-the tongue phenomenon is MOST consistent with _____ theory.

self-reference effect

To remember the information she is learning in her geography class, Heather relates all the information about places she has never visited to places she has visited. Relating this information to her own travels helped Heather remember the information. Heather's encoding method is BEST described as:

Sperling's partial-report procedure

____ is a procedure in which a matrix of consonants is presented briefly and then the participant has to recall only the row that is indicated by an auditory cue. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

relearning

____ is evident when material learned previously is acquired more quickly in subsequent exposures. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

retrieval

____ is the process of bringing information from long-term memory into short-term memory.

Mood-congruent effect

____ refers to the tendency to recall experiences that are congruent with one's current mood. In other words, if one is in a bad mood, one will be more likely to have negative associations.

encoding failure

_____ causes one to forget something because the data never enter long-term memory.

Sperling's full-report procedure

_____ is a procedure in which a matrix of consonants is presented briefly and the participant has to recall all the consonants in the matrix.

encoding

_____ is the process of moving information from one memory stage to the next.

chunk

meaningful unit of memory

mood-dependent memory

occurs when long-term memory retrieval is enhanced when a person's mood state at the time of encoding and retrieval of the information is the same.

spacing (distributed study) effect

superior LTM for spaced study versus massed studdy (cramming)

anterograde amnesia

the inability to form new explicit LTM fro events following surgery or traumas to the brain

middle

the primacy and recency effects in free recall demonstrate that we have the greatest difficulty the words in the _____ of a list

encoding specificity principle

the principal that states that the cues (both internal and external) present at the time information that is encoded into LTM serve as the best retrieval cues for information

Encoding

the process of getting information into memory storage, for example by extracting meaning

sensory memory

which of the following memory types has the shortest duration

storage decay theory

which of the following theories of forgetting argues that the forgotten info in the LTM is no longer avaliable

sensory memory

which of the following types of memory holds sensory input until we can attend to and recognize it

vision

which sense modality is associated with iconic memory?

temporary;permanent

Short-term memory is to _____ as long-term memory is to _____

most information is lost fairly soon after it is learned.

The Ebbinghaus forgetting curve showed that:

ionic memory

The disruptive effect of new learning on the retrieval of old information

the greatest amount of forgetting occurs rather quickly then it levels off

The forgetting curve for LTM in Ebbinghaus relearning studies with nonsense syllables indicates that ________.

encoding

The process of getting information into our memory system is referred to as:

encoding specificity

The results for an experiment in which the words listed were studied either on land or underwater and then recalled either on land or underwater provides evidence for __________.

storage

The retention of encoded information over time is called:

one's superior long-term memory for information related to oneself at time of encoding.

The self-reference effect refers to:

long-term memory to short-term memory.

Retrieval is the process of moving information from:

7+2 chunks

STM capacity

Earlier exposure makes relearning easier as measured by what Ebbinghaus called "savings score."

According to Ebbinghaus, what is the benefit of earlier exposure to information one is trying to relearn?

Maitnence rehearsal

According to the text, which is the LEAST effective way to improve memory?

elaborate rehearsal

According to the text, which produces the BEST retrieval cues for recalling information? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

forgotten

According to the three-stage model of memory, sensory information that enters sensory memory but is not attended to and recognized is:

Retroactive;retroactive

After learning the phone # for five star pizza Bob cannot remember.....

maintenance; elaborative

Ashleigh is studying for her psychology exam and is trying to encode information into long-term memory by repeating definitions of the concepts to herself. She is using _____ rehearsal and is less likely to be successful than someone who uses _____ rehearsal.

information is available but the cues for retrieval of that information are not present.

Cue-dependent theory suggests that some forgetting occurs because:

the visuospatial sketchpad

Debbie is getting coffee when a friend asks her for directions to the nearest grocery store. What aspect of working memory will allow Debbie to develop directions that she can then describe to her friend?

sensory memory

Information that entered a memory store but was forgotten within a fraction of a second MOST likely was in:

explicit (declarative) memory

LTM for factual knowledge and personal experiences that requires a conscious effort to remember that entails making declarations about the information being remembered

schemas

Mental frameworks to help us organize information about people, events, objects, and actions are called:

Perception

New memories are formed from:

temporal integration procedure

Not a mnemonic aid

source misattribution

One night, Sandra has a dream that her former college roommate got married. She runs into her in a coffee shop about a year later and ask her how the wedding was. This form of memory distortion is also known as:

source misattribution

One risk of taking insufficient notes when preparing a research paper is that, later, one may unintentionally include another's ideas as one's own. This BEST exemplifies:

infantile/child amnesia

Our inability as adults to remember events that occurred in out lives before about 3 years of age

partial report method

Participants in Sperling's research doubled their performance using _____, suggesting that more can be seen than is remembered. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

How well does the word describe you?

Per the levels of the processing theory, which of the following questions about the word depressed would best prepare you to correctly remember tomorrow would be............

source misattribution

Piagets false memory of a kidnapping attempt when he was a child is a result of ___.

implicit; cerebellum

Procedural memories are ______ memories and thus probably processed in the ________.

observation; mirror neuron system

Remembering that one has personally performed an action that in reality one has only observed others doing is the product of _____ inflation and may involve _____.

three-stage model of memory

What is the most influential model of our memory system?

they can contain both episodic and semantic details of one's personal history.

What is true of autobiographical memories?

effortful;automatic

When one first learns to drive an automobile, it is likely that many of the tasks (e.g., braking, checking mirrors, shifting gears) require _____ processing. But, after much practice, these tasks become more _____.

serving as a temporary holding place for information before a person becomes consciously aware of it

Which BEST describes the purpose of sensory memory?

self-reference effect

Which BEST represents an encoding process?

storage

Which is NOT a measure of retrieval?

moving information from long-term memory to short-term memory

Which is NOT an aspect of the encoding process?

retrieval

Which is NOT an encoding process?

learning to cook

Which is NOT an example of an automatic process?

Memories lost due to infantile/child amnesia can be recovered when the child's hippocampus is fully developed.

Which of the following is NOT accurate about infantile/child amnesia?

decay

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main processes related to memory?

elaborative memory

Which of the following leads to the best LTM

recall

Which retrieval measure BEST describes a memory span task?

episodic buffer

Your friend is describing someone from a class you take together, but she can't remember the person's name. What processor will help you match her description to faces in the class and the names of the students you know?

recall

a measure of LTM that requires the reproduction of the information with essential no retrieval cues.

memory span task

a memory task in which the participant is given a series of items one at a time and then has to recall the items in the order in which they are presented

Cue-Dependent theory

a theory of forgetting that proposes that forgetting is due to the unavailability of the retrieval cues necessary to locate the information in LTM

elaborative rehearsal

a type of rehearsal in STM in which incoming information is related to information from LTM to encode it into LTM

recall;recognition

an essay test measures ______; and a multiple choice covers ________

Sperling's partial-report procedure

an experimental procedure in which, following the brief presentation of of a matrix of unrelated consonants, the participant is given an auditory cue about which row of the matrix to recall

tip of the tongue phenomenon

example of retrieval failure

episodic memory

explicit memories for personal experiences

Schemas

frameworks of knowledge about people, objects, events and actions that allows us to organize and interpret info about our world.