Psych Chapter 6

_____ is the feeling of being upset at having caused harm or at having violated one's personal standards for behavior.

Guilt

_____ refers to the capacity to examine one's own actions and abilities from an outside frame of reference and to reflect on one's inner state.

Self-awareness

Which statement about friends is false? A. They rarely disagree or fight, especially in Western cultures. B. They help insulate children from being bullied. C. They protect children as they venture into the world. D. They teach children how to relate to others.

A. They rarely disagree or fight, especially in Western cultures.

When asked to explain why Josie is her best friend, Samantha answers, "Because she makes me laugh and is nice to me." These girls are MOST likely _____ children because they describe their friendship in terms of _____. A. elementary school-age; internal qualities B. preschool; internal qualities C. preschool; external qualities D. elementary school-age; external qualities

A. elementary school-age; internal qualities

"Imagine how hurt you would feel if your friend treated you that way." This type of child-rearing intervention is called _____. A. altruistic B. induction C. shame inducing D. power assertion

B. induction

Bryce is celebrating his ninth birthday. Bryce is in the _____ stage of life. A. early childhood B. middle childhood C. late childhood D. tweenhood

B. middle childhood

Silvio is 11. His body mass index is at the 96th percentile. Silvio would be considered _____. A. overweight B. morbidly obese C. obese D. normal weight

C. obese

In mathematics education, the abstract concept of the variable, usually represented as "x" or "y," is often introduced when children are about 12 years old, marking the transition from the _____ stage to the _____ stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development. A. formal operations; postoperations B. sensorimotor; preoperations C. preoperations; concrete operations D. concrete operations; formal operations

D. concrete operations; formal operations

Which of these is likely a risk factor for ADHD? A. punitive parenting B. poverty C. obesity D. environmental toxins

D. environmental toxins

Working memory _____ during the preschool and early elementary school years. A. decreases dramatically B. stays the same C. expands slightly D. expands dramatically

D. expands dramatically

______ develops when people feel unable to affect the outcome of events, and so give up without trying.

Learned helplessness

_____ is a learning strategy in which information is repeated so that it may be retained in memory.

Rehearsal

Which girl is the MOST likely to frequently engage in physically aggressive behavior? A. Rachel, who is 2½ years old B. Beth, who is 4 years old C. Shequeena, who is 5½ years old D. Laura, who is 7 years old

A. Rachel, who is 2½ years old

Which approach to treating ADHD may stimulate neurogenesis? A. exercise B. dietary changes C. noisy classrooms D. psycho-stimulant medication

A. exercise

According to Erikson, preschoolers face the challenge of: A. initiative versus guilt. B. trust versus mistrust. C. autonomy versus shame and doubt. D. industry versus inferiority.

A. initiative versus guilt.

The ingredients of a problematically aggressive child do NOT include ______. A. moral disengagement B. peer rejection C. temperamental exuberance D. power assertive parenting.

A. moral disengagement

Joshua ignores the advertisements on a website so that he can focus on information the site provides. In this example, Joshua is demonstrating _____. A. selective attention B. elaboration C. rehearsal D. retrieval

A. selective attention

_____ children are frequently named in the most-liked category and never appear in the disliked group. They also stand out as being really liked by everyone. A. Average B. Popular C. Anxious D. Mild

B. Popular

Researchers have found that if shy 5-year-old children ______, they become less socially anxious over time. A. develop friends in fourth grade B. develop friends in kindergarten or first grade C. take anti-anxiety medications D. keep to themselves

B. develop friends in kindergarten or first grade

Academic success in elementary school is positively associated with proficiency in _____ motor skills. A.both fine and gross B. fine, but not gross C. gross, but not fine D. neither fine nor gross

B. fine, but not gross

The typical, classic victim of a bully is a(n) _____ child. A. popular B. socially anxious C. gifted D. aggressive

B. socially anxious

Western legal systems that suggest that children who are 7 or 8 years old have attained the ability to reason are consistent with Piaget's theory because basic reasoning skills appear during the _____ period. A. preoperations B. sensorimotor C. concrete operations D. formal operations

C. concrete operations

Cindy is in fourth grade. Being ______ is probably NOT a key element of her self-esteem A. smart B. pretty C. creative D. popular

C. creative

Characterized by excessive restlessness and distractibility, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is MOST commonly diagnosed among _____ with _____ being affected MOST often. A. elementary schoolers; girls B. preschoolers ; boys C. elementary schoolers; boys D. preschoolers; girls

C. elementary schoolers; boys

Jaden, a 9-year-old child, is extremely fearful of high places, thinking that he may fall at any moment. He also sees himself as a failure at everything he does, even when his performance is reasonably good. Jaden has _____. A. externalizing tendencies B. too much self-awareness C. internalizing tendencies D. inappropriate self-awareness

C. internalizing tendencies

When asked to explain why Josie is her best friend, Shareese answers, "Because she makes me laugh and is nice to me." These girls are MOST likely _____ children, because they describe their friendship in terms of _____qualities. A. older; external B. younger; internal C. older; internal D. younger; external

C. older; internal

Which statement BEST expresses historical trends in childhood obesity rates in the United States? A. Childhood obesity rates have remained unchanged since the 1980s. B. Childhood obesity rates began increasing in the 1980s, and continue to increase. C. Childhood obesity rates declined in the 1980s and 1990s, but have increased since 2000. D. Childhood obesity rates began increasing in the 1980s, but have recently leveled off or even declined.

D. Childhood obesity rates began increasing in the 1980s, but have recently leveled off or even declined.

Personality theorist Harry Stack Sullivan believed that children's friendships fulfill the developmental needs of self-validation and intimacy. Which child is Sullivan MOST likely describing? A. Candy, age 4 B. Kevin, age 6 C. Carl, age 7 D. Reece, age 10

D. Reece, age 10

Rhashan, a 3-year-old, is continually testing his abilities in the wider world. Josh, a second grader, is learning that he has to work for what he wants. Pick Erikson's psychosocial stages for each boy. A. Rhashan = self-awareness; Josh = self-efficacy B. Rhashan = industry; Josh = initiative C. Rhashan = self-efficacy; Josh = self-confidence D. Rhashan = initiative; Josh = industry

D. Rhashan = initiative; Josh = industry

Childhood obesity is defined as having: A. a BMI at or above the 50th percentile. B. a BMI at or above the 70th percentile. C. a BMI at or above the 80th percentile. D. a BMI at or above the 95th percentile.

D. a BMI at or above the 95th percentile.

If Yvette is an exuberant, fearless 1-year-old, she may become _____. A. a shy adult B. a depressed adult C. an intensely anxious adult D. a prosocial, competent adult

D. a prosocial, competent adult

Eight-year-old Ahmed doesn't care about sports at all and reports that he is not a very good athlete. The fact that he is not a good athlete will _____ his self-esteem. A. increase B. drastically change C. decrease D. have little impact on

D. have little impact on

Nine-year-old Warren is in middle childhood and faces the psychosocial task that Erikson called _____. A. autonomy versus shame and doubt B. trust versus distrust C. integrity versus despair D. industry versus inferiority

D. industry versus inferiority

Chinyelu is 9 years old. He is extremely athletic and can run and jump almost as well as his older siblings. However, he has great difficulty in controlling his impulses. This is because _____ has just begun in the frontal lobes, unlike the visual and motor cortices in which the process began much earlier. A. evolution B. neurogenesis C. synaptogenesis D. pruning

D. pruning

Mr. and Mrs. Franklin are taking their son to see a psychiatrist who helps children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The psychiatrist might consider all of the following interventions EXCEPT: A. encouraging physical exercise. B. using psycho-stimulant medications. C. recommending the child be exposed to white noise while studying. D. recommending the child be exposed to demanding timed tasks.

D. recommending the child be exposed to demanding timed tasks.

Lee is 10 years old. According to Piaget, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Lee's cognition? A. He has a realistic understanding of the world. B. He can think abstractly in a scientific way. C. He can reason conceptually about concrete objects. D. His thinking is similar to adults.

B. He can think abstractly in a scientific way.

Kalista is a highly aggressive 6-year-old. The BEST thing for her teacher to do to reduce the likelihood of Kalista's being rejected by her peers is to _____. A. punish Kalista for her inappropriate behavior in front of her classmates B. help her develop emotion regulation skills and encourage prosocial behavior C. force other kids to invite her into their play groups D. set up a space in the classroom for Kalista to work on projects by herself

B. help her develop emotion regulation skills and encourage prosocial behavior

A mugger forces a pedestrian into the entryway of a closed business. The mugger slams the pedestrian against a wall and demands money. The mugger's actions reflect _____ aggression. A. reactive B. proactive C. relational D. bullying

B. proactive

Emma is talking to her mom on the phone. Emma's mom lists some items she'd like Emma to pick up at the grocery store. Emma tries repeating the items to herself, but forgets a few of them as she listens to a story her mom starts telling about the neighbor's children. Emma's strategy of _____ failed because the capacity of her _____ memory was insufficient for both the grocery items and her mom's story. A. retrieval; sensory B. rehearsal; working C. rehearsal; sensory D. retrieval; working

B. rehearsal; working

Thomas tends to discount his academic failures and blame others for his problems. Thomas's teachers should _____. A. tell him he is a terrific kid B. reinforce his successes and gently provide accurate feedback about his failures C. point out his failures D. focus just on reinforcing him for what he does well

B. reinforce his successes and gently provide accurate feedback about his failures

Six-year-old Gemma spreads rumors about Ava, and tells her that she is not going to be invited to anyone's birthday parties anymore. Gemma's behavior is called _____ aggression. A. proactive B. relational C. bullying D. reactive

B. relational

The frontal lobes develop: A. quickly; they let people respond emotionally. B. slowly; they let people consider options and inhibit immediate responses. C. slowly; they let people respond emotionally. D. quickly; they let people consider options and inhibit immediate responses.

B. slowly; they let people consider options and inhibit immediate responses.

Because of the developing cerebral cortex and frontal lobe, humans are NOT cognitively adults until their: A. thirties. B. twenties. C. forties. D. teens.

B. twenties.

Ten-year-old Bella has a best friend named Sophia. Which would be Bella's MOST likely description of why Sophia is her best friend? A. "We have fun playing together." B. "We like to do stuff together, like go shopping." C. "I can tell her anything, and I know she will stand up for me." D. "We like to dress the same."

C. "I can tell her anything, and I know she will stand up for me."

Armando is in middle childhood. That means he is between the ages of _____. A. 2 and 4 B. 4 and 7 C. 7 and 12 D. 12 to 15

C. 7 and 12

_____ is the broad label referring to actions designed to cause harm. A. Fear B. Socialization C. Aggression D. Frustration

C. Aggression

Which psychological scientist is LEAST likely to be a participant in a symposium on executive function? A. Dr. Petersen, who studies the inhibition of impulses B. Dr. Oh, who studies rehearsal strategies C. Dr. Li, who studies memory span D. Dr. Martinez, who studies selective attention

C. Dr. Li, who studies memory span

Which fourth-grader is the LEAST apt to be the victim of bullying? A. Carlos, who is not very popular and avoids conflict at all costs B. Andy, who is highly aggressive C. Luis, who is friendly and confident D. Scott, who is shy and socially awkward

C. Luis, who is friendly and confident

Following a stroke, Violet has difficulty ordering problem-solving steps in a logical sequence. Additionally, she is much more impulsive than she had been before the stroke. Violet's _____ appear(s) impaired. A. working memory B. selective attention C. executive functions D. externalizing tendencies

C. executive functions

Mr. and Mrs. Franklin are taking their son to see a psychiatrist who helps children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Which intervention will the psychiatrist NOT suggest? A. exposing the child to white noise while studying B. modifying the child's environment C. exposing the child to difficult processing tasks D. using psycho-stimulant medications

C. exposing the child to difficult processing tasks

Wendell is a shy first grader. The BEST thing for his teacher to do in order to reduce the likelihood of Wendell's being rejected by his peers is to _____. A. force other kids to invite him into their groups B. set up a space in the classroom for him to work on projects by himself C. help him develop social skills and get him connected with a friend D. allow him to spend recess in the library reading alone

C. help him develop social skills and get him connected with a friend

Nine-year-old Nancy believes she is no scholar, but she is a star athlete, the life domain she really cares about. Nancy MOST likely has _____. A. low self-esteem B. underdeveloped self-esteem C. high self-esteem D. self-esteem that constantly fluctuates

C. high self-esteem

A cognitive developmentalist asserts that thinking is best thought of as a set of skills that may be divided into components. The developmentalist appears to endorse a(n) ______ approach to thinking. A. Vygotskyan B. Piagetian C. information processing D. behaviorist

C. information processing

After a visiting-team hockey player slams a home-team player into the boards lining the rink, the home-team player shoves the visiting player. This home-team player's action illustrates _____ aggression. A. bullying B. proactive C. reactive D. relational

C. reactive

Which environmental intervention is helpful in relieving attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms? A. providing a totally noise-free environment B. strict rules C. regular recess breaks D. power assertion discipline

C. regular recess breaks

Beverly is a school psychologist studying social interactions in the later elementary school years in the United States. In her field work, she notices that some types of children seem to be unpopular and rejected more often. Which group is apt to be rarely rejected? A. immigrant children in ethnically homogenous societies B. low-income children in middle-class schools in the suburbs C. relationally aggressive children who vigorously compete for status and then reach out to enlist the group in a caring way D. boys and girls who do not fit mainstream gender stereotypes

C. relationally aggressive children who vigorously compete for status and then reach out to enlist the group in a caring way

Internalizing tendencies are to externalizing tendencies as ______ are to ______. A. anxiety and depression; timidity B. impulsivity and aggression; timidity C. timidity and anxiety; impulsivity D. aggression and disruptiveness; impulsivity

C. timidity and anxiety; impulsivity

Which boy is the LEAST likely to engage in frequent physically aggressive behavior? A. Dinesh, who is 2 years and 9 months old B. Alex, who is 3 years old and 11 months C. Salim, who is 5 years old D. Marco, who is 7½ years old

D. Marco, who is 7½ years old

According to _____, we think logically for the first time during _____. A. Erikson; adolescence and emerging adulthood B. Erikson; early childhood C. Piaget; formal operations D. Piaget; concrete operations

D. Piaget; concrete operations

Harry has externalizing problems and often interrupts other children when they are playing. According to the text, the BEST approach for correcting Harry's behavior is to _____. A. tell him that the other students think he is such a good player that they are intimidated when he tries to play the game B. use corporal punishment C. give him a "time out" D. gently explain to him that other kids don't like it when he barges in on their games

D. gently explain to him that other kids don't like it when he barges in on their games

John is 7 years old and does NOT like new social situations. Every time he and his mother are in a new situation he stays next to his mother and has even hidden behind her. He is demonstrating _____ tendencies. A. externalizing B. self-awareness C. extroverted D. internalizing

D. internalizing

This is a state that develops when a person feels incapable of affecting the outcome of events and gives up without trying. A. self-awareness B. inferiority C. industry D. learned helplessness

D. learned helplessness

Teresa was humiliated when her teacher yelled at her in front of the class. Jason felt terrible about insulting his younger brother and apologized. Teresa experienced _____, while Jason felt _____. A. induction; shame B. guilt; shame C. shame; induction D. shame; guilt

D. shame; guilt

Eight-year-old Jewel will _____ if she successfully resolves the Eriksonian psychosocial task of middle childhood. A. form a romantic relationship B. know who she is C. trust people D. work for what she wants

D. work for what she wants