psych chapter 6

Using the partial report technique, George Sperling estimated that sensory memory stored _____ of the letters in a briefly flashed array.

the majority

When doctors look at the fMRI of subjects with stage 3 chronic traumatic encephalopathy, they will confirm the diagnosis by ensuring that there is no damage to:

the medial temporal lobe, hypothalamus, and thalamus.

Historians have applauded the Oscar-winning film Dunkirk for its historical accuracy. However, many people who watch the movie may confuse the names of fictional movie characters for historical individuals due to:

the misinformation effect

Jillian was just picked up by the police for an assault she did not commit. The detectives are convinced that she is guilty. What should she be aware of while she is being interrogated?

It is possible to be pushed into giving a false confession, so she needs to be aware that interrogation techniques can push her to create a false memory.

In a memory experiment, Dr. Aziz gives one group of participants a recognition test of a list of words they had seen earlier, and another group is asked to recall the words. What would be a reasonable prediction regarding the relative performance of the two groups on the memory test?

The recognition group should outperform the recall group.

Barah was telling her friend about how her dog had gotten run over by a garbage truck when she was a child. Her brother added to the story by reminding Barah that she was the one who had seen the accident and found their dog after it had been hit. For the next week, Barah started filling in the details of what had happened but then a week later, her mother told her that her brother had been wrong and that she never saw their dog during or after the accident. Barah's filling in of the details is an example of:

a rich false memory

Edith has Alzheimer's disease and thus if doctors were to examine her brain they would find _____ within her neurons and _____ between her neurons.

amyloid plaques; neurofibrillary tangles

After a severe bout of encephalitis, Clive Wearing could no longer develop new memories. Clive suffered from _____ amnesia.

anterograde

The misinformation effect highlights the:

changeability of memory

What is a progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by a single or repeated blow to the head?

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Juan is trying to remember a 10-digit phone number that was just given to him. He will likely be more successful with this if he breaks the number up into manageable pieces, putting the first three numbers together, the second three numbers together, and then the last four together. This is called:

chunking

_____ is Miller's name for grouping pieces of information together into meaningful subsets to expand the capacity of short-term memory.

chunking

Agnes is majoring in psychology but is currently studying for her French midterm. She has 3 days that she can use to study for this test. Since Agnes is majoring in psychology, she understands that, to do her best, she needs to:

engage in distributed practice because it improves encoding

Aplysia is a sea slug used in memory research because they:

have so few neurons that they are easy to study.

When he underwent an MRI of the brain, Clive Wearing, who was suffering from amnesia, was found to have extensive damage to his:

hippocampus

Psychologists use the term _____ memory to refer to photographic visual impressions that last less than a second.

iconic

Classical conditioning often occurs outside one's awareness as a type of _____ memory.

implicit

Knowing how to ride a bicycle is an example of a(n) _____ memory.

implicit

A research participant is required to report as much of a poem as he can remember immediately after having read the poem once. The greatest number of recall errors should occur for lines _____ of the poem.

in the middle

Nadia needs to study for her economics final exam. She could pull an all-nighter and sleep after the final exam or she could study as much as she can before she goes to sleep, and then sleep for a few hours, and then study some more right before her test. Since Nadia just took a psychology class on memory, she knows that sleeping:

increases the potential for retaining the information that she has just learned.

In the information-processing model of memory, _____ memory can be described as "high capacity, long duration."

long-term

Neurons that fire together wire together references the idea of:

long-term potentiation.

_____ gives the sea slug the ability to retract its gills in anticipation of being squirted with water.

long-term potention

Jaskaran watched Game of Thrones at her friend's apartment. Her friend had a bowl of microwave popcorn to share. When Jaskaran microwaved popcorn at home a few weeks later:

memories of Game of Thrones came flooding back due to the encoding specificity principle.

Kevin took statistics in high school. When he had to retake the class again in college, he found that he learned the material much more quickly the second time around. This effect is called the _____ effect.

relearning

When disturbing memories are unconsciously prevented from entering awareness, it is said that the memories have been:

repressed

When answering questions such as "Who was your date to the junior prom?" or "What costume did you wear last Halloween?" a person is relying on the memory process of:

retrieval

Gina's psychology professor has asked students to respond using an online discussion forum and explain how human memory is different from the memory in her phone. Gina writes:

"The brain's neurons communicate in a more complex way than what occurs within my phone."

Dr. Alvarez is working on a presentation he is going to give on working memory. What would be a good way to represent the components of working memory on a slide?

"The four components of working memory: visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, phonological loop, central executive."

Isaiah has been asked to give a presentation about why the term "engram" is generally discouraged by psychologists studying memory. How might he explain this in his presentation?

"There is probably no single site or process in the brain corresponding to a particular memory."

Kinta, a psychology major, has been asked by her study group to summarize the levels of processing framework to improve their method of studying for the next exam. She explains that:

"Thinking about material leads to better memory than simply repeating the material."

Trinity has been asked to write a paper in her psychology class about the repressed memory debate. In it she must describe the statement made by the American Psychological Association that addressed the controversy. She summarizes a part of this statement by writing that:

"people sometimes do create false memories

Jaclyn just came to see Dr. Evans, a clinical psychologist, because she has anorexia. Dr. Evans believes that this eating disorder has its roots in childhood trauma and probably repressed sexual abuse. As a result, Dr. Evans uses dream analysis to try to uncover what she believes are Jaclyn's repressed memories. Jaclyn feel uncomfortable with this approach because she does not remember any abuse. What ethical issue is occurring in this scenario?

It is quite rare for childhood trauma to be completely repressed, so Dr. Evans may be unintentionally creating false memories that could seriously damage Jaclyn.

Dr. Diaz is a social psychologist and she is running a study on rich false memories. How might she encourage the development of these memories?

She could show photoshopped pictures of events that never happened to the participants.

_____ memory is a type of sensory memory that stores sounds and lasts for about 1 to 10 seconds.

echoic

Priti is using the method of loci to learn a list of compliance techniques in her social psychology textbook. What is Priti using?

elaborative rehearsal

Natalia woke up and saw a red cardinal on her window ledge. Even though she passed that same window four times throughout the day, she did not remember the bird again until the next morning when she was once again half-awake and groggy. This is an example of:

state dependent memory

Maintenance rehearsal is a technique used for stretching short-term memory by repeating what you want to remember over and over in your mind. When Peterson and Peterson (1959) prevented subjects from engaging in maintenance rehearsal, they reported that subjects:

were unable to recall a letter combination beyond 18 seconds

The central executive is a component of _____ memory.

working