Psych Chapter 7 - Thinking and Intelligence
intelligence quota (IQ)
measure of intelligence originally computed by dividing a person's mental age by his or her chronological age and multiplying by 100, it is not derived from norms provided for standardized intelligence tests
concept
mental category that groups objects, activities, abstraction, or qualities having common properties, simplify and summarize information to be manageable and make quick decisions
non conscious processes
mental processes occurring outside of and not available to conscious awareness
subconscious process
mental processes occurring outside of conscience when necessary (handle more info and perform more complex tasks)
mental images
mental representation that mirrors or resembles the things it represents, mental images occur in many and perhaps all sensory modalities
informal reasoning
no clear correct solution, what is most reasonable
algorithm
problem solving strategy guaranteed to provide a solution even if user doesn't know how it works
dialectical reasoning
process of comparing and evaluating opposing points of view to resolve differences (juries)
"fast" thinking
rapid, intuitive, emotional, almost automatic decisions
multitasking
rarely works well, distracted driving, task switching (alternate attention, not divide)
quasi reflective thinkers
recognize some things can't be known with absolute certainty and judgements should be supported with reason
"slow" thinking
requires intellectual effort
heuristic
rule of thumb that suggests a course of action or guides problem solving but doesn't guarantee the optimal solution, clue in problem activate memories or knowledge, pattern or structure develops
tacit knowledge
strategies for success that are not explicitly taught but that instead must be inferred
theory of mind
system of beliefs about how the minds of others work, and of how individuals are affected by their beliefs
framing effect
tendency for people's choices to be affected by how a choice is presented, or framed, such as whether it is worded in terms of potential losses or gains
affect heuristic
tendency to consult one's emotions instead of estimating probabilities objectively
anthropomorphism
tendency to falsely attribute human qualities to nonhuman beings without considering simpler explanations
availability heuristic
tendency to judge the probability of a type of event by how easy it is to think of examples or instances
confirmation bias
tendency to pay attention to only information that confirms ones own beliefs and ignore trivialize or forget info that disconfirms that belief
mental set
tendency to solve problems using procedures that worked before in similar problems
anthropodenial
tendency to think, mistakenly, that human beings have nothing in common with other animals (stop from recognizing other animals cognitive abilities)
cognitive ethology
the study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals, careful because complex behavior might be genetically prewired and automatic
creative intelligence
transferring skills to new situations
hindsight bias
"knew it all along," tendency to overestimate one's ability to have predicted an event after the outcome is known
stereotype threat
a burden of doubt a person feels about his or her performance, due to negative stereotypes about his or her groups disabilities
implicit learning
learning that occurs when you acquire knowledge without being aware of how you did so and without being able to state exactly what you have learned
mental age (MA)
measure of development expressed in terms of average mental ability of a given age
triarchic theory of intelligence
a theory of intelligence that emphasizes analytic, creative and practical abilities
proposition
a unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea, express knowledge of belief
self discipline
ability to delay gratification (greater predictor of final grade than IQ)
emotional intelligence
ability to identify emotions accurately, express you emotions clearly, and regulate emotions in yourself and others
"bias blind spot"
acknowledge other people have biases but think that are bias free
prototype
an especially representative example of a concept, grammar and vocab effect perception
intelligence
an inferred characteristics, usually defined as the ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully or adapt to changes in the environment
practical intelligence
application of intelligence, depend on context
prereflective thinking
assume correct answer always exists and can be obtained through senses or authorities
fluid intelligence
capacity for deductive reasoning and the ability to use new information to solve problems, it is relatively independent of education and tends to decline in old age
crystalized intelligence
cognitive skills and specific knowledge of information acquired over a life time, it is heavily dependent on education and tends to remain stable over the lifetime
language
combinations of sounds, gestures or symbols that are meaningful not random
displacement
communication about non present objects
working memory
complex capacity, enables to manipulate info retrieved from long term memory
reflective judgement
critical thinking, some things can't be known with certainty, some judgements are more valid than others because of available evidence
reasoning
drawing conclusions or inferences from observations, facts or assumptions
multiple intelligence theory
emphasizes many different ways of processing info (musical, interpersonal)
fairness bias
fair play sometimes outweighs economic gain desire (people would rather get nothing than not get their equal share)
weschler intelligence scale for adults (WAIS)
general IQ score, score verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, processing speed, and working memory, test sampled intelligence
g factor
general intellectual ability assumed by many theorists to underlie specific mental abilities and talents
stanford-binet intelligence test
general knowledge, spacial awareness, similar concepts, verbal comprehension and fluency, reasoning
common bias
inclination to exaggerate the probability of rare events
formal reasoning
info for reaching solution is clearly specified
analytic intelligence
info processing strategies when solving problem
cognitive schema
integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular aspect of the world (gender, culture, occupation, events, locations)
metacognition
knowledge or awareness of one's own cognitive processes and the ability to monitor and control them