Psych Chapter 7 - Thinking and Intelligence

intelligence quota (IQ)

measure of intelligence originally computed by dividing a person's mental age by his or her chronological age and multiplying by 100, it is not derived from norms provided for standardized intelligence tests

concept

mental category that groups objects, activities, abstraction, or qualities having common properties, simplify and summarize information to be manageable and make quick decisions

non conscious processes

mental processes occurring outside of and not available to conscious awareness

subconscious process

mental processes occurring outside of conscience when necessary (handle more info and perform more complex tasks)

mental images

mental representation that mirrors or resembles the things it represents, mental images occur in many and perhaps all sensory modalities

informal reasoning

no clear correct solution, what is most reasonable

algorithm

problem solving strategy guaranteed to provide a solution even if user doesn't know how it works

dialectical reasoning

process of comparing and evaluating opposing points of view to resolve differences (juries)

"fast" thinking

rapid, intuitive, emotional, almost automatic decisions

multitasking

rarely works well, distracted driving, task switching (alternate attention, not divide)

quasi reflective thinkers

recognize some things can't be known with absolute certainty and judgements should be supported with reason

"slow" thinking

requires intellectual effort

heuristic

rule of thumb that suggests a course of action or guides problem solving but doesn't guarantee the optimal solution, clue in problem activate memories or knowledge, pattern or structure develops

tacit knowledge

strategies for success that are not explicitly taught but that instead must be inferred

theory of mind

system of beliefs about how the minds of others work, and of how individuals are affected by their beliefs

framing effect

tendency for people's choices to be affected by how a choice is presented, or framed, such as whether it is worded in terms of potential losses or gains

affect heuristic

tendency to consult one's emotions instead of estimating probabilities objectively

anthropomorphism

tendency to falsely attribute human qualities to nonhuman beings without considering simpler explanations

availability heuristic

tendency to judge the probability of a type of event by how easy it is to think of examples or instances

confirmation bias

tendency to pay attention to only information that confirms ones own beliefs and ignore trivialize or forget info that disconfirms that belief

mental set

tendency to solve problems using procedures that worked before in similar problems

anthropodenial

tendency to think, mistakenly, that human beings have nothing in common with other animals (stop from recognizing other animals cognitive abilities)

cognitive ethology

the study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals, careful because complex behavior might be genetically prewired and automatic

creative intelligence

transferring skills to new situations

hindsight bias

"knew it all along," tendency to overestimate one's ability to have predicted an event after the outcome is known

stereotype threat

a burden of doubt a person feels about his or her performance, due to negative stereotypes about his or her groups disabilities

implicit learning

learning that occurs when you acquire knowledge without being aware of how you did so and without being able to state exactly what you have learned

mental age (MA)

measure of development expressed in terms of average mental ability of a given age

triarchic theory of intelligence

a theory of intelligence that emphasizes analytic, creative and practical abilities

proposition

a unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea, express knowledge of belief

self discipline

ability to delay gratification (greater predictor of final grade than IQ)

emotional intelligence

ability to identify emotions accurately, express you emotions clearly, and regulate emotions in yourself and others

"bias blind spot"

acknowledge other people have biases but think that are bias free

prototype

an especially representative example of a concept, grammar and vocab effect perception

intelligence

an inferred characteristics, usually defined as the ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully or adapt to changes in the environment

practical intelligence

application of intelligence, depend on context

prereflective thinking

assume correct answer always exists and can be obtained through senses or authorities

fluid intelligence

capacity for deductive reasoning and the ability to use new information to solve problems, it is relatively independent of education and tends to decline in old age

crystalized intelligence

cognitive skills and specific knowledge of information acquired over a life time, it is heavily dependent on education and tends to remain stable over the lifetime

language

combinations of sounds, gestures or symbols that are meaningful not random

displacement

communication about non present objects

working memory

complex capacity, enables to manipulate info retrieved from long term memory

reflective judgement

critical thinking, some things can't be known with certainty, some judgements are more valid than others because of available evidence

reasoning

drawing conclusions or inferences from observations, facts or assumptions

multiple intelligence theory

emphasizes many different ways of processing info (musical, interpersonal)

fairness bias

fair play sometimes outweighs economic gain desire (people would rather get nothing than not get their equal share)

weschler intelligence scale for adults (WAIS)

general IQ score, score verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, processing speed, and working memory, test sampled intelligence

g factor

general intellectual ability assumed by many theorists to underlie specific mental abilities and talents

stanford-binet intelligence test

general knowledge, spacial awareness, similar concepts, verbal comprehension and fluency, reasoning

common bias

inclination to exaggerate the probability of rare events

formal reasoning

info for reaching solution is clearly specified

analytic intelligence

info processing strategies when solving problem

cognitive schema

integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular aspect of the world (gender, culture, occupation, events, locations)

metacognition

knowledge or awareness of one's own cognitive processes and the ability to monitor and control them