Psych Chapter 9
Priming
A change in a response to a stimulus as a result of exposure to a previous stimulus
Spreading activation model
A connection theory proposing that people organize general knowledge based on their individual experiences
Explicit memory
A conscious memory; also known as declarative memory
Information processing
A continuum including attention, sensation, perception, learning, memory, and cognition
Forgetting
A decrease in the ability to remember a previously formed memory
Semantic memory
A general knowledge memory
Episodic memory
A memory for personal experience
Cue
A stimulus that aids retrieval
Flashbulb memory
An especially vivid and detailed memory of an emotional event
Working memory
An extension of the concept of short-term memory that includes the active manipulation of multiple types of information simultaneously
Procedural memory
An implicit memory for how to carry out skilled movement
Implicit memory
An unconscious memory; also known as nondeclaritive memory
Interference
Competition between newer and older information in the memory
Declarative memory
Consciously retrieved memories that are easy to verbalize, which include semantic, episodic, and autobiographical information; also known as explicit memories
Motivated forgetting
Failure to retrieve negative memories
Encoding specificity
Memories incorporate unique combinations of information when encoded
Mnemonics
Memory aids that link new information to well-known information
Decay
Reduction in ability to retrieve rarely used information over time
Autobiographical memory
Semantic or episodic memories that reference the self
Schema
Set of expectations about objects and situations
Memory
The ability to retain knowledge
Levels of processing
The depth (shallow or deep) of processing applied to information that predicts its ease of retrieval
Long-term potententiation (LTP)
The enhancement of communication between two neurons resulting from their synchronous activation
Long term memory (LTM)
The final stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model that is the location of permanent memories
Sensory memory
The first stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model that holds large amounts of incoming data for very brief amounts of time
Chunking
The process of grouping similar or meaningful information together
Reconstruction
The rebuilding of a memory out of stored elements
Retrieval
The recovery of stored information
Rehersal
The repetition of information
Storage
The retention of information
Short term memory (STM)
The second stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model that holds a small amount of information for a limited time. Lasts 30 seconds at most
Encoding
The transformation fo information from one form to another
Nondeclaritive memory
Unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved memories that are difficult to verbalize, including memories for classical conditioning, procedural learning, and priming; also known as implicit memory
