Psych Exam 3

The "law of effect" states: Behaviors that lead to positive states will not occur in an artificial cage environment. Any behavior that leads to a positive state is likely to be repeated. Any behavior that leads to a negative state is likely to be repeated. The effect of a behavior has little or no relationship to the behavior itself.

Any behavior that leads to a positive state is likely to be repeated.

Which of the following best explains the concept of "levels of awareness"? Awareness is a continuum that includes both high and low awareness. Animals have low awareness and humans have high awareness. Children have low awareness and adults have high awareness. With proper mind training, people can be made aware of all things.

Awareness is a continuum that includes both high and low awareness.

The researchers most closely associated with operant conditioning are: Ivan Pavlov and John Watson David Premack and Albert Bandura B.F. Skinner and Edward Thorndike Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung

B.F. Skinner and Edward Thorndike

Which psychologist conducts research on the mindset of children looking at differences in high and low achievers with similar IQ scores? Carol Dweck Lewis Terman Howard Gardner John Carroll

Carol Dweck

Which of the following is an important difference between classical and operant conditioning? In classical conditioning, the behavior is involuntary, whereas in operant conditioning it is voluntary. In classical conditioning, the behavior it voluntary, whereas in operant conditioning it is involuntary. In classical conditioning, the behavior is an indicator of learning, whereas in operant conditioning the behavior is not an indicator of learning. In classical conditioning, the behavior is not an indicator of learning, whereas in operant conditioning, it is an indicator of learning.

In classical conditioning, the behavior is involuntary, whereas in operant conditioning it is voluntary.

In what way are classical and operant conditioning distinct? In operant conditioning, the strength of learning is usually measured by emitted responses, whereas in classical conditioning it is usually measured by elicited responses. In operant conditioning, the outcome does not depend on the organism's response, whereas in classical conditioning, whether the US is present does depend on the organism's response. In operant conditioning, the likelihood of the response leading to the outcome is certain, whereas in classical conditioning, the likelihood of the US eliciting the UR is uncertain. In operant conditioning, the behaviors are elicited by the stimulus, whereas in classical conditioning, the behaviors are emitted by the organism.

In operant conditioning, the strength of learning is usually measured by emitted responses, whereas in classical conditioning it is usually measured by elicited responses.

Howard Gardner proposed that: Intelligence tests measure one overarching ability. Intelligence is comprised of multiple intelligences - a model that claims there are eight different types of intelligence that are independent of each other. Analytical, Practical and Creative intelligences are related to each other. Intelligence is inherited.

Intelligence is comprised of multiple intelligences - a model that claims there are eight different types of intelligence that are independent of each other.

We should really call classical conditioning "twitmeyerian conditioning" because It was discovered by Edwin B. Twitmeyer, not Pavlov It is similar to tweeting. Pavlov would have wanted it that way This isn't a real answer, it's a rick roll. I'm never going to give you up.

It was discovered by Edwin B. Twitmeyer, not Pavlov

I always put my seatbelt on before turning on my car. That way I avoid the loud alarm that would remind me to do so. This increase in behavior (buckling up) is an example of what kind of learning? Negative reinforcement Positive reinforcement Negative punishment Positive punishment

Negative reinforcement

Spearman viewed G as the general factor of intelligence. From his perspective: People generally show differences in their abilities in sub-areas of the intelligence test such as math scores and verbal score. Different sub tests in intelligence tests show no correlation. People who score high in one sub-area, such as math, tend also to score high on other sub-areas such as verbal scores. Traditional intelligence tests fail to tap true ability.

People who score high in one sub-area, such as math, tend also to score high on other sub-areas such as verbal scores.

What are characteristics of the dimension added by the HEXACO model to the Five-Factor Model? The honesty-humility dimension was added to describe people who are sincere, fair, and modest, not manipulative, narcissistic, or self-centered. The honesty-humility dimension was added to describe people who are ambitious, independent, and optimistic, not pessimistic, interdependent, or lazy. The honesty-trustworthy dimension was added to describe people are truthful, empathetic, and noncompetitive, not liars, callousness, or apathy. The honesty-trustworthy dimension was added to describe people are defensive, manipulative, and gregarious, not shy, agreeable, or authentic

The honesty-humility dimension was added to describe people who are sincere, fair, and modest, not manipulative, narcissistic, or self-centered.

The observation that Chimpanzees are able to use deceptive tactics when competing for food indicates: Their survival instincts are powerful. They have emotional intelligence. They have a theory of mind. They are more intelligent than gorillas.

They have a theory of mind.

If you and a friend had a chat next to an advertisement for a restaurant and then felt hungry and wanted to go to that restaurant, which of the following best explains this phenomenon? This would only be possible if the friends noticed the advertisement and spoke about it. This is an example of high awareness, because a low influence raises up into actual decision making and behavior. This would only be possible if you were hungry already. This is an example of low awareness because it does not use effortful conscious processing.

This is an example of low awareness because it does not use effortful conscious processing.

Walter Mischel was an important figure in the "person-situation debate" amongst psychologists. What was Mischel's side of the argument? People may have context-free traits. Thus, it would be fruitful to study more personality traits than just the Big Five. Traits are vital predictors of behavior. Thus, personality traits are seen as larger predictors than effects of situations. Traits are an illusion. People may not be consistent across situations and thus it would be fruitful to study the distinct reactions in specific situations. There are two types of traits. People have one set of traits that represent their self-concept and there is another set of traits representing how the person is viewed by others.

Traits are an illusion. People may not be consistent across situations and thus it would be fruitful to study the distinct reactions in specific situations.

Jaspreet has been nagged by his parents to make his bed The nagging punishes Jaspreet and makes it less likely that he will make his bed His parents would be better off making his bed for him Time out would negatively reinforce Jaspreet When Jaspreet makes his bed and the nagging stops, he is negatively reinforced

When Jaspreet makes his bed and the nagging stops, he is negatively reinforced

Dianne has a reputation for being a difficult person. She is suspicious of others, unhelpful, and not very compassionate. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Dianne likely score low in? agreeableness extraversion openness conscientiousness

agreeableness

Istvan is well liked by his friends because he is trusting, considerate, compassionate, loyal, and easy to get along with. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Istvan likely score high in? agreeableness conscientiousness openness extraversion

agreeableness

Which of the following is characteristic of hallucinogenic substances? a slowing down of all of the body's physiological systems a short duration of effect an increase in the production of T blood cells alterations in visual perception or sense of time

alterations in visual perception or sense of time

The technical definition of a reinforcer is: a stimulus that increases the likelihood of good behaviors any consequence of a behavior that decreases the likelihood that it will be performed again. any consequence of a behavior that strengthens the behavior or increases the likelihood that it will be performed again any consequence that follows a behavio

any consequence of a behavior that strengthens the behavior or increases the likelihood that it will be performed again

Which is the correct order of the four parts of learning theorized by Bandura? attention, initiation, motivation, retention initiation, motivation, attention, retention motivation, attention, retention, initiation attention, retention, initiation, motivation

attention, retention, initiation, motivation

Which type of brain activity is associated with wakeful states? alpha waves beta waves theta waves delta waves

beta waves

Stimulants such as cocaine produce euphoria because they ______. block the production of dopamine in the brain block the re-uptake of dopamine in the brain block the production of melatonin in the brain block the re-uptake of melatonin in the brain

block the re-uptake of dopamine in the brain

Personality refers to ______. characteristic ways that people differ from one another. people's unconscious processes. the unique ways people learn behaviors. a person's feelings, thoughts, and attitudes

characteristic ways that people differ from one another.

In Pavlov's experiments, what type of stimulus was the bell, generally? discriminative. conditioned. unconditioned. neutral.

conditioned.

The night before a midterm exam, Kurt is invited to a party by his friends. He decides not to go to the party because doing well in the course is important to his career goals. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score high in? agreeableness neuroticism openness conscientiousness

conscientiousness

What are the three criteria that characterize personality traits? consistency, flexibility, and individual differences continuity, stability, and interpersonal parallels continuity, flexibility, and interpersonal parallels consistency, stability, and individual differences

consistency, stability, and individual differences

John is a Canadian having dinner with his friends from China. He openly shows both his enthusiasm and his anger about various topics as they speak. John notices that his friends smile and nod but that they do not display strong emotions. This is an example of ________. cultural influence on emotion norms out-group bias prejudice cultural transmiss

cultural influence on emotion norms

Which of the following is an example of "dissociation"? getting a divorce daydreaming while driving sleeping changing your opinion on a political topic

daydreaming while driving

As learning occurs over repeated conditioning trials, the conditioned stimulus increasingly predicts the unconditioned stimulus, and prediction error __________ is no longer important stabilizes increases declines

declines

Cultural ________ rules are norms regarding the management and modification of emotional expressions based on cultural standards. display externalizing facial expressive

display

In classical conditioning, the response is ________ by a stimulus that comes ________it blocked; before blocked; after elicited; before elicited; after

elicited; before

David is happy and optimistic. He enjoys being around other people and participating in extreme sports like skydiving and bungee jumping. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score high in? agreeableness extraversion openness conscientiousness

extraversion

According to researcher Carol Dweck, when children believe that their intelligence is changeable and evolving, they experience a(n) ________ mindset. She notes that this mindset is healthier than other beliefs about one's own intelligence. growth static malleable dynamic

growth

If Janet were to fly from Toronto to London, she might have difficulty adjusting to the new time. This is likely because _______. modern planes fly faster than the Earth rotates she suffers from insomnia she suffers from a chronic melatonin-production disorder her circadian rhythms are adjusted to the time in Toronto

her circadian rhythms are adjusted to the time in Toronto

Darcy is in a relaxed state with decreased self-consciousness. In this state she is open to suggestion. Which state is Darcy in? hypnosis mindfulness high awareness priming

hypnosis

Paulo is being tested in the office of a licensed psychology. The test is examining Paulo's ability to acquire, process, recall, and apply information. In short, his cognitive capacity is being assessed. Paulo is probably undergoing a(n) __________ test. intelligence aptitude memory adaptive skills

intelligence

The effects that one's emotions have on other people refer to the _________ functions of emotions. interpersonal existential phenomenological intrapersonal

interpersonal

The ________ functions of emotions refers to the roles that emotions play within each of us individually. They can include physical changes in our bodies or psychological changes in our minds. intrapersonal nomothetic interpersonal hedonic

intrapersonal

Dr. Zelbing and her graduate assistant want to compile a list of personality traits using the approach advocated by Allport and Odbert. In order to do this, they get two copies of the unabridged dictionary of the English language, use it to look for words that are related to personality traits. When they are done several weeks later, they have a list of several thousand words that they will reduce based on duplicate terminology. Dr. Zelbing advocates for a(n) __________ to the study of personality. lexical hypothesis trait-state approach Neo-Freudian linguistic relativity paradigm

lexical hypothesis

If Jack confiscates his son Joshua's video game console to stop him from misbehaving, what technique is Jack using to modify Joshua's behavior? negative reinforcement. positive reinforcement. negative punishment. passive aggressive behavior.

negative punishment.

Kelly is grounded by her father, until she sits down and completes an important homework assignment. Which technique has her father used to try to alter her behavior? positive punishment. positive reinforcement. parental reinforcement. negative reinforcement.

negative reinforcement.

If you compare your IQ score of 95 to your buddy who scored 105, you should feel not disappointed, because 95 and 105 are not statistically different. The small difference is not meaningful in the real world not disappointed, because 95 and 105 are not statistically different. The small difference is not meaningful in the real world Bad because 95 is below average Good because 95 is above average Jealous because 105 is significantly better than 95

not disappointed, because 95 and 105 are not statistically different. The small difference is not meaningful in the real world

A child who learns to play kickball by sitting back and watching is engaged in: classical conditioning operant conditioning observational learning occasion setting

observational learning

Kurt's mom was so upset when she overheard him swearing that she made him clean his room! This is an example of: positive reinforcement negative reinforcement positive punishment negative punishment

positive punishment

Richard, an institutionalized schizophrenic patient has poor personal hygiene. He is given a token each time he completes a personal hygiene behavior (e.g., brush their teeth in the morning). At the end of the week Richard can exchange these tokens for his favorite snack. The token acts as a: positive reinforcement negative reinforcement positive punishment negative punishment

positive reinforcement

Humans are much more likely to associate snakes with danger than flowers and danger. This is due to our evolutionary tendency called __________. adaptation organism biology preparedness neuro-conditioning

preparedness

According to the _________ law of effect, David is less likely to turn to drugs, sex, or alcohol for reinforcement since he has plenty of other sources of reinforcement such as good grades, soccer team wins, and parental praise. qualitative quantitative mathematical natural

quantitative

When people are asked to rate one of their own personality traits, they tend to: rate themselves lower on the trait compared to others rate themselves higher on the trait compared to others rate themselves inconsistently on the trait compared to others rate themselves consistently on the trait compared to othersTopic: Mischel and Limitations of Personality Tests as Predictors (Conceptual)

rate themselves higher on the trait compared to others

At the end of class, students start packing up their things. That's because they want to escape. They've learned to do this because packing up has been ______________ because of the ________ outcome of leaving reinforced, appetitive reinforced, aversive punished, aversive punished, appetitive

reinforced, appetitive

What phenomenon describes the possibility of an extinguished response being activated again in a new context? renewal effect extinction context cues recovery

renewal effect

When exposed to adults who say one thing and do another, children will tend to: say the same things but do the opposite of what the adults did say the same things and do what they observed the adults did neither say nor do what they heard or observed the adults did behave with no predictability as to what they say or do

say the same things and do what they observed the adults did

Which of the following is one of the physical responses that are immediately inspired by an emotional experience? shutting down of unneeded digestive processes release of human growth hormone (HGH) by the pituitary gland paralysis of one's ability to make decisions on a best course of action inhibition of rational cognitive functions

shutting down of unneeded digestive processes

When she notices that her girlfriend, Ellana, seems particularly quiet, Bess starts gently asking her what is wrong. After a while Ellana shares that she is having some problems in their relationship and this leads to a very constructive conversation about how things can be improved. This demonstrates the way that emotions can have ________ that elicits actions from others signal value hedonic valence intrapersonal stimulation inspirational cohesivenes

signal value

Social Learning Theory requires ___________ in order for learning to take place. social models reinforcements a complex game a set of rules

social models

Ronaldo's dog, Mickey, used to be classically conditioned to bark every time he heard the doorbell because he knew people would be arriving and he wanted to say hello. While Mickey's owner did a good job of extinguishing Mickey's association of these stimuli, a doorbell can still sometimes evoke some responding again of Mickey barking. It is likely that Mikey is showing what aspect of conditioning? obedience elimination renewal effect spontaneous recovery

spontaneous recovery

A possible problem in the use of psychological tests (e.g., IQ tests) is that many different psychologists from different backgrounds and with different theoretical orientations and backgrounds may give the test. Every psychologist then might deliver the test differently. In order to overcome this problem, it is ideal if psychological tests are: standardized unitized ranked agreed to by all psychologists

standardized

Banafsheh is a female student in a graduate program in pure mathematics. On the first day of classes, she notices that she is one of the only females in the group. Consequently, she feels more conscious of her gender in that situation. At the start of the class, the instructor gives each student a written quiz to assess their current level of knowledge. When taking this test, Banafsheh, being particularly aware of her gender, is most likely to experience which of the following phenomena? extrinsic motivation stereotype threat functional fixedness mental set

stereotype threat

In classical conditioning, the animal behaves as if it has learned to associate a ________with a significant event. In operant conditioning, the animal behaves as if it has learned to associate a ________with a significant event. behavior; stimulus stimulus; behavior command; reflex reward; punishment

stimulus; behavior

Which of the following is NOT an example of low awareness? sleep daydreaming studying brushing your teeth

studying

When Carla was a child, she ate too much cotton candy at the fair and got very sick. For many years she avoided cotton candy and even the smell of it made her feel sick. This example demonstrates operant conditioning incremental learning stimulus generalization taste aversion

taste aversion

Dr.Reddy wants to examine potential prejudice against women. He shows participants images of men and women and has them rate each picture as "competent" or "incompetent," and measures the time it takes to create these judgments. He is using __________. inferential statistics the Remote Associations Test (RAT) the Implicit Associations Test (IAT) survey-judgment methodology

the Implicit Associations Test (IAT)

If a tone is sometimes preceded by a light, and always followed by a shock, an animal will likely learn to fear: the tone and the light equally the tone absolutely and the light to a lesser degree the tone, but not the light only the tone and light if paired together

the tone, but not the light

Our emotions are influenced, in part, by our cultures. Culture provides information about which emotions it is ideal to have. How do people learn these cultural messages? they are taught to us by our caregivers and through books, movies, advertisements and other cultural products. they are imbedded in "deep language." When a person learns the language he or she learns the emotion rules as well. they are imbedded in our genetic codes. When a person reaches puberty this code "unlocks" and the person is more likely to display locally appropriate emotions. they are taught to us by our caregivers but NOT through books, movies, advertisements and other cultural products.

they are taught to us by our caregivers and through books, movies, advertisements and other cultural products.

In a "Skinner box" experiments with rats the rats can learn: to press a lever when reinforced with a food pellet to quit pressing a lever when reinforced with a food pellet rats were unable to learn new behaviors. rat's behavior varied over several days.

to press a lever when reinforced with a food pellet

Almost all forms of gambling, including the example of a slot machine, give out rewards after a random number of rounds played (or levers pulled). This schedule of reinforcement is best described as: variable ratio fixed ratio fixed interval variable interval

variable ratio