Psych exam 3

1. Estelle has fond memories for the night her husband proposed to her. This memory probably involves not only her hippocampus but also her: a. hypothalamus b. amygdala c. thalamus d. cerebellum

Amygdala

2. An inability to transfer and store new information from short term memory to long-term memory is called a. anterograde amnesia. b. degenerative amnesia. c. Korsakoff's amnesia. d. retrograde amnesia.

Anterograde amnesia

1. Which is the correct order of the four parts of learning theorized by Bandura? a.attention, initiation, motivation, retention b.initiation, motivation, attention, retention c.motivation, attention, retention, initiation d.attention, retention, initiation, motivation

Attention, Retention, Initiation, Motivation

10. Which of the following statements is true? a. Both positive and negative reinforcement increase the likelihood of a response. b. Both positive and negative reinforcement decrease the likelihood of a response. c. Only positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a response. d. Only negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a response

Both positive and negative reinforcement increase likelihood

Jennifer is desperately afraid of snakes. Her psychologist believes that her fear of snakes may have been classically conditioned. If her psychologist is correct, Jennifer's fear is the a. CR. b. UCS. c. CS. d. UCR.

CR

5. "What's your ID number?" the associate asks over the phone. "Seven, six, four . . ." you begin. After a brief pause, you continue, "seventy-two . . . sixteen thirty-eight." To ease the burden on the associate's short-term memory, you are giving the number in ______ rather than as individual digits. a. clumps b. chunks c. nuggets d. clusters

Chunks

Dr. Robins is a psychologist with an interest in photography. She wants to see if she can train people to salivate when they look at photographs. In her research, participants look at photographs of trees while lemonade crystals are placed on their tongues. The lemonade causes them to salivate. Over the course of many trials, people start to salivate to the photographs alone. In this situation, the photographs serve as the a. unconditioned stimuli. b. conditioned stimuli. c. conditioned responses. d. unconditioned responses.

Conditioned Stimuli

9. When asked to describe an examination room at his doctor's office, John seemed to do an accurate job. However, he included a framed medical degree on the wall that was not there. This is an example of: a. a retrieval cue b. elaborative rehearsal c. the use of scripts d. constructive memory

Constructive memory

3. Research into the debate of media violence suggest that media violence: a. contributes to increased aggression in children and adults b. does not contribute to increased aggression in children or adults c. contributes to increased aggression among adults but not children d. contributes to increased aggression among children but not adults

Contributes to violence in adults and children

Hippocampus

Creates new memories and retrieves some memories

1. According to _____ theory, memory failures occur because we do not have sufficient retrieval stimuli to access information that is stored in our long-term memory. a. interference b. cue-dependent c. decay d. reconstruction

Cue-dependent

Cue overload

Cues must be distinctive for only a minimum number of memories

4. Two years after graduating from college, Allison is trying to remember what she learned in her class on analytical chemistry. She is experiencing memory ______, caused by nonuse. a. cue-dependent forgetting b. proactive interference c. decay d. retroactive interference

Decay

2. Long-term memory is divided into which two subtypes? a. echoic and iconic memory b. declarative and procedural c. episodic and semantic memory d. procedural and verbal memory

Declarative & Procedural

Extinction

Decrease in the strength of a learned behavior that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is present with the unconditioned stimulus or when the behavior is no longer enforced

19. Your drive to class each day is fairly standard - you start your car, take the same route, and park in the same spot (or close to the same spot). One day, while sitting at a red light, you witness a car chase - cops and even a helicopter. Years later, you can recall details from that drive. Which memory concept is associated with why you will remember that particular drive to class? a.constructive processing b.misinformation effect c.distinctiveness d.retroactive interference

Distinctiveness

3. Thinking about the meaning of the information to be reviewed and trying to form associations with information already in memory is called _____. a. rote repetition b. elaborative rehearsal c. echoic memory d. constructive processing

Elaborate Rehersal

12. Ilana is trying to remember a set of dates for her history class. While she practices the dates, she makes up rhymes and stories to go with them. This method of improving her memory by adding to the information she is trying to remember while practicing it is called a. associational networking b. elaborative rehearsal c. rote repetition d. constructive processing

Elaborative Rehersal

10. It is critical to use good interviewing techniques with eyewitnesses after an event because good interviewing techniques can: a.result in less trauma for the witness. b.result in a much shorter interview for the witness. c.enhance the quality and quantity of information obtained from an eyewitness. d.enhance the quantity but not quality of information obtained from an eyewitness.

Enhance quality and quantitiy

11. Declarative memory is divided into which two subtypes? a. procedural and verbal memory b. echoic and iconic memory c. declarative and procedural d. episodic and semantic memory

Episodic & Semantic

18. A man loses his superstitious fear of black cats when bad outcomes do not happen after he sees one. What is this process called? a. learning b. perception c. extinction d. desensitization

Extinction

7. Participants are given a word list with the following words: table, restaurant, food, silverware, plate, service and waiter. Later when asked to recall the words, many participants accidentally included the word "dinner", even though it was not on the list. This phenomena is referred to as: a.distinctiveness b.false memory or the DRM effect c.proactive interference d.retroactive interference

False memory

4. Michael is able to remember distinctly the first time he heard the news that Benazir Bhutto, Pakistan's former prime minister, was assassinated. This distinct memory for an important historical event is known as a. flashbulb memory b. implicit forgetting c. echoic memory d. tip of the tongue

Flashbulb memories

13. Encoding is the memory process primarily concerned with a. taking information out of storage b. registering information with our senses c. retaining information over time d. getting information into memory

Getting information into memory

4. Scientists do not believe that instrumental learning is simply a stimulus-response pattern. Instead, reinforcers are said to lead to behavior that is __________, or influenced by the current value of its associated goal. a.goal-valued b.motivationally concerned c.evaluative d.goal-directed

Goal directed

14. Jules was recently in a motorcycle accident that damaged portions of her limbic system, particularly the hippocampus. You would not be surprised if Jules experienced a(n) a. inability to consolidate new memories b. impaired memory for iconic information c. heightened ability to process spatial memories d. improved memory for episodic information

Inability to consolidate new memories

Recall

Info must be retrieved without any retrievial cues

Interference

Information in memory disrupts the recall of other info

15. In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is a. initially painful. b. initially neutral. c. intrinsically rewarding. d. naturally produced.

Initially Neutral

6. Which of the following students should retrieve information more successfully on classroom tests based on studies of recoding strategies? a. Irene, who attempts to relate her notes to information she already knows b. Susan who underlines important information in her text. c. Grant, who repeats his notes to himself over and over again trying to memorize them d. Grant and Irene should retrieve information equally well on tests

Irene

False memory

Large memory errors in which events are recalled that never took place

2. Which of the following is an example of the behavioral process known as extinction? a. Zev finds that he cannot stop playing his favorite video game because every few times he is able to beat his best score. b. Allyson becomes angry with her roommate for borrowing CDs without telling her and then giving them to friends. c. Teresa studies hard for her psychology exam so that she will get good grades and she will be admitted to a nursing program. d. Lauren no longer shops at her neighborhood bakery because they stopped making her favorite kind of bagels.

Lauren no longer shops at her neighborhood bakery because they stopped making her favorite kind of bagels

7. Some people have amazing and elaborate memory processes that allow them to remember a large amount of information in a short amount of time. Often, these individuals are said to use ______, or elaborate scenes with discrete places, to help them encode and recall information at a rapid rate. a.peg words b.memory palaces c.the specificity principle d.retroactive cues

Memory

3. In a study, researchers asked one group of participants to watch a video about two friends in an unpleasant argument. They asked another group of participants to watch the same video, but told them that it was a video of two friends enjoying a lively discussion. Afterwards, the researchers notice that participants who were told the discussion was an argument were more likely to falsely report that the people in the video were yelling, frowning, and angry. This is an example of: a.source amnesia b.misattribution effect c.misinformation effect d.cue overload

Misinformation

18. When we learn the rhyme "Thirty days hath September, April, June, and November...," we are using _____ to memorize the number of days in each month. a. mnemonics b. procedure memory c. rote repetition d. echoic memory

Mnemonics

15. Research on flashbulb memories indicates that a. the details of these memories are very accurate b. the details of these memories are not very accurate. c. the details of these memories are difficult to retrieve. d. flashbulb memories are difficult to study scientifically.

Not very accurate

7. Soon after the popular people in her group started to smoke cigarettes, Barb started smoking, too. Barb's behavior is an example of what kind of learning process? a. learned helplessness b. partial extinction c. observational learning d. latent learning

Observational Learning

8. Whenever a student answers a question in class, Professor Goldsmith responds, "That's a great question; thank you for asking it." Students are subsequently more likely to ask questions in Goldsmith's class. This example most clearly illustrates a. cognitive mapping. b. observational learning. c. classical conditioning. d. operant conditioning.

Operant Conditioning

5. Which of these statements is correct about eyewitness identification of criminal suspects? a. Suspect identification is reliable because the correct suspect is chosen in over 80 percent of eyewitness identifications. b. Women are better than men at recalling relevant features and at identifying suspects. c. Eyewitnesses are prone to memory errors concerning the accident or crime they witnessed. d. Personal features such as hair color, height, weight, and age are described with a high degree of accuracy to identify suspects.

Personal Features

Taste aversion conitioning

Phenomenon in which a taste is paired with sickness and this causes the organism to reject the taste in the future

Classical Conditioning

Procedure in which an initially neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus

6. The process by which an aversive stimulus decreases the probability of a response that precedes it is known as a. escape learning. b. extinction. c. avoidance learning. d. punishment.

Punishment

Spontaneous Recovery

Recovery of an extinguished response that occurs with the passage of time over extinction

20. If your episodic long-term memory were disabled, you would be unable to a. maintain information in short-term memory via rehearsal. b. recall simple facts such as names of presidents. c. speak, but you could still comprehend language through listening. d. remember details of your own personal life.

Remember details of your life

Tip of tongue effect

Remember enough information so its on the tip of your tongue just can't verbally say it

16. The testing effect refers to: a.losing the majority of the information you learned for the test immediately after the test. b.the emotional letdown people often experience after taking a test. c.writing a test in the same state that you studied the material should enhance retention. d.repeated self-testing as a way to enhance retention of information.

Repeated self-testing as a way to enhance retention of information

8. Which of the following examples best captures the idea of cue overload? a.To be effective, a retrieval cue has to be unique. b.Cue overload occurs when people try to use too many cues to remember one piece of information. c.To avoid cue overload, retrieval cues should be consistent (e.g., all visual, auditory, etc.(. d.To avoid cue overload, retrieval cues should be limited to one per memory.

Retrieval cue should be limited to one per memory

10. Conrad took a unit quiz for his psychology class, but he only took it once, although he could take it multiple times. As a result he didn't see all the questions that were available in the quiz-bank. When he eventually studied for that unit exam, he only studied the information that was on the quiz that he had taken earlier. As a result he missed a number of questions. This phenomena is called: a.cue overload b.testing effect c.retrieval inhibition d.implicit knowledge

Retrieval inhibition

9. When we use the term "remembering" in day-to-day life, we are making reference to the memory process of: a. encoding. b. rehearsal. c. storage. d. retrieval.

Retrival

8. This is a famous anecdote about memory: A college president was a fish biologist. She memorized students' names for a semester, and then quit doing it. She declared, "Every time I learn the name of a student, it makes me forget the name of a fish." This demonstrates which concept in memory? a. trace memory decay b. retroactive interference c. anterograde amnesia d. proactive interference

Retroactive interference

9. Kim enjoys skiing and finds that she goes on the slopes as often as she can. Kim's behavior may be explained by Thorndike's Law of Effect, which states that a. the whole of human behavior is greater than the sum of its parts. b. recreational preferences are typically shaped through classical conditioning. c. the causes of behavior generally cannot be studied systematically. d. behavior that is rewarding or satisfying is likely to be repeated.

Rewarding behavior is repeated

6. Charlene flew to see her grandparents on a plane that was piloted by Janet Harris. When Charlene arrived they asked her how she enjoyed the flight. "It was a wonderful flight, and the pilot was very good. He was able to avoid turbulence." Charlene's inability to remember the pilot's gender may have been influenced by a. schemas b. retrieval cues. c. flashbulb tendencies d. jetlag

Schemas

2. a follow-up study to the original Bobo Doll experiment, Bandura noted that children are less likely to model aggressive behaviors on TV or in movies if they: a.identify with the aggressor. b.identify with the victim. c.see the aggressor get punished. d.perceive the show to be realistic.

See the aggressor get punished

5. Penny raises her hand when she wants to speak in the classroom; however, she does not need to do so at home. This is because at school, her operant behavior is under _________ control. a.teacher b.learning c.stimulus d.reinforcement

Stimulus

1. Milton's boss asks him to come into her office. To determine whether this request is a signal of good or bad news, Milton looks to see if his boss is smiling or frowning and whether the tone of her voice sounds positive or negative. Milton is using _____ to inform his decision. A. Extinction B.Stimulus Discrimination C. Stimulus Generalization D. Spontaneous Recovery

Stimulus Discrimination

17. When Carla was a child, she ate too much cotton candy at the fair and became very ill. For many years she avoided cotton candy and even the smell of it made her sick. This example demonstrates: a.stimulus generalization b.extinction c.taste aversion conditioning d. conditioned compensatory response

Taste eversion conditioning

5. Dan was riding a bus when the engine backfired and made a loud "bang." His heart started pounding, and he felt sick with fear. The next time Dan got on a bus, these unpleasant feelings returned. How would Pavlov explain what happened to Dan? a. Unconscious anxiety was aroused by Dan's sexual feelings toward the bus driver. b. The unpleasant feeling had become a conditioned response. c. Dan was seeking attention from the other people on the bus. d. Through a shaping process, Dan had become reinforced for behaving in a nervous way.

The unpleasant feeling had become a conditioned response.

8. In order to "cry" during a particular scene, an actress held a handkerchief soaked in onion juice close to her face. The onion juice served as a(n) a. UCR. b. CS. c. UCS. d. CR.

UCS

21. Levi met a cute girl walking from class. The girl gave him her number and he is trying to remember the digits until he can write it down. Levi is using what type of memory to remember the girl's phone number? a.working memory b.semantic c.collective d.episodic

Working

Conditioned compensatory responses

a conditioned response that opposes the unconditioned response, functions to reduce the strength of the unconditioned response

Conditioned Stimulus

a once neutral stimulus that has been paired with the uncontrolled stimulus to bring about a reflex

Conditioned Response

a response to the conditioned stimulus, that after conditioning follows a previously neutral stimulus

Unconditioned Response

a response to the unconditioned stimulus that is natural=reflex

17. The encoding specificity principle is a hypothesis that states: a.a retrieval cue will be effective to the extend that information encoded from the cue overlaps or matches information in the memory trace. b.a retrieval cue will NOT be effective to the extent that information encoded from the cue overlaps or matches information in the memory trace. c.a retrieval cue will be effective to the extent that information encoded from the cue is distinct or doe not match information in the memory trace. d.a retrieval cue will be effective to the extent that information retrieved from the cue is distinct or does not match information in memory.

a retrieval cue will be effective to the extend that information encoded from the cue overlaps or matches information in the memory trace

14. When she was 6 years old, Anita went to a camp where she had a wonderful time. Two years later, her parents drove past the camp on their way to a family vacation. Anita had an unaccountable positive feeling sweep over her. Her positive feelings can be explained through the process of a. observational learning. b. discriminant learning. c. cognitive mapping. d. classical conditioning.

classical conditioning

4. When Nora goes into a cupcake bakery, she is surrounded by cues associated with cupcakes. her response elicited by these cues is to expect a very delicious dessert. When she waits until she gets home to eat the cupcake, that is exactly what she experiences. However, when she eats the cupcake at the bakery it is not as delicious as she predicted. Which concept explains this phenomenon of cues reducing the strength of the unconditioned response (i.e., enjoyment of the cupcake)? A. extinction B. taste aversion conditioning. C. conditioned compensatory responses D. stimulus generalization

conditioned compensatory responses

10. Caitlin loves to get email from her friends back home. Her computer makes a "boing" noise every time an email arrives. Before she got this computer, the "boing" noise meant nothing to her, but now she really loves that noise. The "boing" on her computer has become, for Caitlin, a(n) a. conditioned response. b. unconditioned stimulus. c. conditioned stimulus. d. unconditioned response.

conditioned stimulus

3. In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments, the neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response is known as the a. reinforced stimulus. b. unreinforced stimulus. c. conditioned stimulus. d. unconditioned stimulus.

conditioned stimulus

Retrieval cues

cues from the environment of an episode

Positive punishment

decrease in behavior by adding something to their life

Negative punishment

decrease in behavior by taking away something from their life

Mnemonics

elaborative rehearsal that helps put info into a memorable way

Amygdala

emotions are stored with memory

priming

exposure to a word later makes it easier to remember that word

Retrieval

getting info out of memory

Stimulus generalization

if a response occurs in one stimulus it is likely to occur in a similar stimulus

Positive reinforcement

increase in behavior by adding something positive or negative to their life

Negative reinforcement

increase in behavior by taking away something positive or negative from their life

Short-term memory

information only held for 15-25 seconds

Long-term memory

information stored on a relatively regular basis, may be difficult to retrieve

Schemas

knowledge of what a situation should look like and how we should act during the situation

9. A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience is called a. maturation b. development c. instinct d. learning

learning

Anterograde amnesia

loss of memory for events AFTER an injury

Retrograde amnesia

loss of memory for events that happened BEFORE a certain trauma

Decay

loss of memory through nonuse

Encoding

making info into memory

Sensory memory

momentary storage of information, only lasting a second

Flashbulb memories

more vivid to remember, not accurate

Latent memory

new behavior is learned but not demonstrated until some incentive is there

Shaping

process of teaching a complex behavior be rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Stimulus discrimination

process that occurs if 2 stimulus are so different from one another that one evokes reflex from conditioned response but the other does not

Procedural memory

skills and habits

13. When Terrence is driving and sees a police car, he immediately steps on his brake. When he sees a fire truck, he does not step on the brake. Terrence is demonstrating a. stimulus generalization. b. extinction. c. spontaneous recovery. d. stimulus discrimination.

stimulus discrimination

11. A pet cockatiel mistakes a ping-pong ball for its own egg and sits on the ping-pong ball instead of its egg. This demonstrates the conditioning principle of a. stimulus generalization. b. observational learning. c. learned helplessness. d. superstitious behavior.

stimulus generalization

12. Buffy was petting her cat when she heard a loud clattering from an upstairs room. She became very startled. Now, she feels a bit fearful when she touches anything furry. This process would be referred to in behavioral terms as a. voluntary conditioning. b. stimulus generalization. c. response extinction. d. spontaneous recovery.

stimulus generalization

7. When an animal that was conditioned to respond to a red light also responds to a pink light, it has experienced a. stimulus generalization. b. cumulative response recording. c. stimulus discrimination. d. higher-order classical conditioning.

stimulus generalization

episodic memory

stores episidos from your life

Semantic memory

stores knowledge of the world

Recoding

taking info from one form and putting in into a form that makes sense to us

Working memory

temporary memory system that allows you to manipulate info

6. Stimulus generalization is strongest when a. the stimuli occur randomly at unpredictable times. b. stressful arousal caused by the stimulus has been reduced. c. the stimuli are very similar to each other. d. the stimuli are very pleasurable.

the stimuli are very similar to each other.

Unconditioned Stimulus

unlearned stimulus that causes a natural reflex