psych exam #3 chapters 7, 9, 10
concrete operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
overextention
inclusion of instances in a different category.
avoidant attachment
infants who seem unresponsive to the parent when they are present, are usually not distressed when she leaves, and avoid the parent when they return
assimilation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
group tests
iq tests used to place children in schools.
home environment
is an important influence on school performance...differences in home and local neighborhood matter most in children's learning
linguistic relativity hypothesis
language structures the way one perceives the world.
motivated reasoning
making decisions and judgments on the basis of emotion rather than careful evaluation of all the available evidence
cognition
mental activity involved in understanding, processing, and communicating information
intelligence
mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
conventional level
middle stage of moral development; at this level, strict adherence to societal rules and the approval of others determine what is moral
holophrases
one-word utterances that stand for a whole phrase, whose meaning depends on the particular context in which they are used
differences in intellectual functioning
-socioeconomic and ethnic differences -intellengence tests may have a cultrual bias -culture-free rests -cattell's culture-fair intelligence test -goodenough's draw-a-person test
charles spearman
1863-1945; Field: intelligence; Contributions: found that specific mental talents were highly correlated, concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general ability)
louis thurstone
8 factors as primary mental abilities.
kohlberg's theory of moral development
Developing children progress through a predictable sequence of stages of moral reasoning (preconventional, conventional, postconventional).
generativity
Doing things one believes is worthwhile.
language
our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
social cognitive perspective
parents serve as models.
representative heuristic
people make judgements about samples according to the popukations they appear to represent
psychodynamic personality
personality is characterized by unconscious processes; Freud
role diffusion
Spreading oneself to thin and putting oneself at the mercy of those who promise a sense of identity.
attachment-in-the-making phase
The second phase in the development of attachment, occurring at 3 or 4 months of age and characterized by preference for familiar figures
creativity & intelligences
relationship between intelligence test scores & standard measures of creativity is only moderate.
heuristics
rules of thumb that help us simplify and solve problems
exemplars
simple prototypes that can be positive or negative.
expertise
specialized knowledge; expert skill
incubation
stand back from a problem briefly & the solution may come in a flash of insight.
scaffolding
temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process
heritability
the ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next
emotional and social intelligences
the ability to manage emotions and reason about other people's states of mind
cognitive development
the development of thinking, problem solving, and memory
validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
menarche
the first occurrence of menstruation
initial-preattachment phase
the first phase in development of attachment, characterized by indiscriminate attachment
perceptual development
the gradual development of the senses and the interpretation of sensory information
practical intelligence
the intellectual skills used in everyday problem solving
thinking
the mental manipulation of representations of knowledge about the world.
puberty
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
education
the process through which academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools, both general and specific, are developed
adulthood
the stage of development that begins around 18 to 21 years and ends at death
functional fixedness
the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving
clear-cut-attachment phase
the third phase in the development of attachment, occurring at 6 or 7 months of age and characterized by intensified dependence on the primary caregiver
adolescence
the time period between the beginning of puberty and adulthood
erikson's stages of psychosocial development
trust vs mistrust autonomy vs shame and doubt initiative vs guilt industry vs inferiority identity vs role confusion intimacy vs isolation generativity vs stagnation integrity vs despair
prototypes
types of good examples.
problem solving
understanding a problem requires.
mental categories
used to group objects, relations, events, abstractions, or qualities that have common properties
prelinguistic vocalizations
vocalizations made by the infant before the use of language
evaluation of piaget's theory
Though his theory remains a guiding framework for understanding cognitive development, it has been challenged in terms of the ages at which children acquire certain abilities and its lack of attention to cultural factors
schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
ego identity
a firm sense of who one is and what one stands for
insight
a sudden realization of a problem's solution
mental set
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
standford-binet intelligence scale
a test that consists of a series of items that vary according to the age of the person being tested
ambivalent / resistant attachment
a type of insecure attachment characterized by severe distress at leave-takings and ambivalent behavior at reunions
creative intelligence
ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem
objective responsibility
according to Piaget, the assignment of blame according to the amount of damage done rather than the motives of the actor
anchoring and adjustment heuristic
adjusts a previously existing value or starting point to make a decision
analytical intelligence
aligned with academic problem solving and computations
systematic random search
an algorithm for solving problems in which each possible solution is tested according to a particular set of rules
attachment
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
adoption studies
assess hereditary influence by examining the resemblance between adopted children and both their biological and their adoptive parents
primary mental abilities
basic abilities that make up intelligence examples include work fluency & numerical ability.
overconfidence
being unaware of weakness of one's assumptions.
flynn effect
The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations
gender differences
Actual disparities between the sexes in typical behavior or average ability.
analogy
A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way
algorithims
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
twin studies
A research design in which hereditary influence is assessed by comparing the resemblance of identical twins and fraternal twins with respect to a trait.
deviation iq
A standard IQ test score whose mean and standard deviation remain constant for all ages
overregularization
Applying a grammatical rule too widely and thereby creating incorrect forms.
fluid intelligence
Based on skills of processing information
late adulthood
Bones become brittle skin becomes less elastic and wrinkly
the wechsler scales
IQ tests commonly used today, 3 different tests for different age groups
zone of proximal development
In Vygotsky's theory, the range between children's present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they recieve proper guidance and instruction
secure attachment
Infants use the mother as a home base from which to explore when all is well, but seek physical comfort and consolation from her if frightened or threatened
psycholinguistic theory
Interaction between environmental influences and inborn tendency to acquire language
fixation time
Measure of visual preference
early adulthood
Peak of physical development
alzheimer's disease
Progressive form of mental deterioration.
freud's theory of psychosexual development
States that personality is characterized by conflict. Behavior is the result of conflict between opposing inner forces.
triarchic theory of intelligence
Sternberg's theory that there are three kinds of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical
kinship studies
Studies comparing the characteristics of family members to determine the importance of heredity in complex human characteristics
crystallized intelligence
The amount of information you have in storage
accomodation
creating new ways of responding to objects.
brain development
development of the association areas of the cortex- those linked with thinking, memory, and language
social and emotional development
development that includes the areas of relationships and feelings
preconventional level
earliest level of moral development; at this level, self-interest and event outcomes determine what is moral
telegraphic speech
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.
vygotsky's sociocultural theory
emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
middle adulthood
gradual, physical decline, such as menopause
means-end analysis
heuristic in which the difference between the starting situation and the goal is determined and then steps are taken to reduce that difference
post conventional level
highest stage of moral development; at this level, decisions about morality depend on abstract principles and the value of all life
egocentrism
in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
preoperational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
sensorimotor stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
framing effect
wording ? context in which info is presented affects decision making.