psych exam #3 chapters 7, 9, 10

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

overextention

inclusion of instances in a different category.

avoidant attachment

infants who seem unresponsive to the parent when they are present, are usually not distressed when she leaves, and avoid the parent when they return

assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

group tests

iq tests used to place children in schools.

home environment

is an important influence on school performance...differences in home and local neighborhood matter most in children's learning

linguistic relativity hypothesis

language structures the way one perceives the world.

motivated reasoning

making decisions and judgments on the basis of emotion rather than careful evaluation of all the available evidence

cognition

mental activity involved in understanding, processing, and communicating information

intelligence

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

conventional level

middle stage of moral development; at this level, strict adherence to societal rules and the approval of others determine what is moral

holophrases

one-word utterances that stand for a whole phrase, whose meaning depends on the particular context in which they are used

differences in intellectual functioning

-socioeconomic and ethnic differences -intellengence tests may have a cultrual bias -culture-free rests -cattell's culture-fair intelligence test -goodenough's draw-a-person test

charles spearman

1863-1945; Field: intelligence; Contributions: found that specific mental talents were highly correlated, concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general ability)

louis thurstone

8 factors as primary mental abilities.

kohlberg's theory of moral development

Developing children progress through a predictable sequence of stages of moral reasoning (preconventional, conventional, postconventional).

generativity

Doing things one believes is worthwhile.

language

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

social cognitive perspective

parents serve as models.

representative heuristic

people make judgements about samples according to the popukations they appear to represent

psychodynamic personality

personality is characterized by unconscious processes; Freud

role diffusion

Spreading oneself to thin and putting oneself at the mercy of those who promise a sense of identity.

attachment-in-the-making phase

The second phase in the development of attachment, occurring at 3 or 4 months of age and characterized by preference for familiar figures

creativity & intelligences

relationship between intelligence test scores & standard measures of creativity is only moderate.

heuristics

rules of thumb that help us simplify and solve problems

exemplars

simple prototypes that can be positive or negative.

expertise

specialized knowledge; expert skill

incubation

stand back from a problem briefly & the solution may come in a flash of insight.

scaffolding

temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process

heritability

the ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next

emotional and social intelligences

the ability to manage emotions and reason about other people's states of mind

cognitive development

the development of thinking, problem solving, and memory

validity

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

menarche

the first occurrence of menstruation

initial-preattachment phase

the first phase in development of attachment, characterized by indiscriminate attachment

perceptual development

the gradual development of the senses and the interpretation of sensory information

practical intelligence

the intellectual skills used in everyday problem solving

thinking

the mental manipulation of representations of knowledge about the world.

puberty

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

education

the process through which academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools, both general and specific, are developed

adulthood

the stage of development that begins around 18 to 21 years and ends at death

functional fixedness

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving

clear-cut-attachment phase

the third phase in the development of attachment, occurring at 6 or 7 months of age and characterized by intensified dependence on the primary caregiver

adolescence

the time period between the beginning of puberty and adulthood

erikson's stages of psychosocial development

trust vs mistrust autonomy vs shame and doubt initiative vs guilt industry vs inferiority identity vs role confusion intimacy vs isolation generativity vs stagnation integrity vs despair

prototypes

types of good examples.

problem solving

understanding a problem requires.

mental categories

used to group objects, relations, events, abstractions, or qualities that have common properties

prelinguistic vocalizations

vocalizations made by the infant before the use of language

evaluation of piaget's theory

Though his theory remains a guiding framework for understanding cognitive development, it has been challenged in terms of the ages at which children acquire certain abilities and its lack of attention to cultural factors

schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

ego identity

a firm sense of who one is and what one stands for

insight

a sudden realization of a problem's solution

mental set

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

standford-binet intelligence scale

a test that consists of a series of items that vary according to the age of the person being tested

ambivalent / resistant attachment

a type of insecure attachment characterized by severe distress at leave-takings and ambivalent behavior at reunions

creative intelligence

ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem

objective responsibility

according to Piaget, the assignment of blame according to the amount of damage done rather than the motives of the actor

anchoring and adjustment heuristic

adjusts a previously existing value or starting point to make a decision

analytical intelligence

aligned with academic problem solving and computations

systematic random search

an algorithm for solving problems in which each possible solution is tested according to a particular set of rules

attachment

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

adoption studies

assess hereditary influence by examining the resemblance between adopted children and both their biological and their adoptive parents

primary mental abilities

basic abilities that make up intelligence examples include work fluency & numerical ability.

overconfidence

being unaware of weakness of one's assumptions.

flynn effect

The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations

gender differences

Actual disparities between the sexes in typical behavior or average ability.

analogy

A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way

algorithims

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

twin studies

A research design in which hereditary influence is assessed by comparing the resemblance of identical twins and fraternal twins with respect to a trait.

deviation iq

A standard IQ test score whose mean and standard deviation remain constant for all ages

overregularization

Applying a grammatical rule too widely and thereby creating incorrect forms.

fluid intelligence

Based on skills of processing information

late adulthood

Bones become brittle skin becomes less elastic and wrinkly

the wechsler scales

IQ tests commonly used today, 3 different tests for different age groups

zone of proximal development

In Vygotsky's theory, the range between children's present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they recieve proper guidance and instruction

secure attachment

Infants use the mother as a home base from which to explore when all is well, but seek physical comfort and consolation from her if frightened or threatened

psycholinguistic theory

Interaction between environmental influences and inborn tendency to acquire language

fixation time

Measure of visual preference

early adulthood

Peak of physical development

alzheimer's disease

Progressive form of mental deterioration.

freud's theory of psychosexual development

States that personality is characterized by conflict. Behavior is the result of conflict between opposing inner forces.

triarchic theory of intelligence

Sternberg's theory that there are three kinds of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical

kinship studies

Studies comparing the characteristics of family members to determine the importance of heredity in complex human characteristics

crystallized intelligence

The amount of information you have in storage

accomodation

creating new ways of responding to objects.

brain development

development of the association areas of the cortex- those linked with thinking, memory, and language

social and emotional development

development that includes the areas of relationships and feelings

preconventional level

earliest level of moral development; at this level, self-interest and event outcomes determine what is moral

telegraphic speech

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.

vygotsky's sociocultural theory

emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development

availability heuristic

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

middle adulthood

gradual, physical decline, such as menopause

means-end analysis

heuristic in which the difference between the starting situation and the goal is determined and then steps are taken to reduce that difference

post conventional level

highest stage of moral development; at this level, decisions about morality depend on abstract principles and the value of all life

egocentrism

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

framing effect

wording ? context in which info is presented affects decision making.