Endocrine System Anatomy Test
where is calcium located and what does it do?
99% of calcium in the body is stored in bones, necessary for blood clotting, muscle contraction, and holding cells together
what is the function of the thymus?
active in early life activating cells in the immune system
what are the activities controlled by the hormones?
activities of entire organs mood and sleep growth and development reproduction sexual characteristics usage and storage of energy levels of fluid, salt and sugar in blood
hormone produced by the pituitary that prevents excess water loss
adh
increased secretions of these hormones would raise metabolic rates during times of emergency
adrenaline, tsh, thyroxin
which structure is directly involved in the fight or flight response
adrenals
when does type 2 diabetes start?
adult onset
where is type 2 diabetes most common?
adults over 45
this hormone helps prevent water loss by regulating salt re-absorption in the kidneys
aldosterone
what common characteristic do hormones, antibodies, and enzymes all share?
all have receptors and the lock and key model
what is the treatment of hyperthyroidism?
anti-thyroid medication or surgical removal of thyroid
what are the negative side effects of anabolic steroids for both men and women?
balding, excess body hair, hostility, aggression, hallucinations, severe acne, kidney disease, high blood pressure and cholesterol, heart damage, liver dysfunction and cancer, stunted growth
what is the location of the ovaries?
behind pelvic cavity
why are feedback mechanisms important in the maintenance of homeostasis?
body has receptors throughout that notice when levels are too high and notify glands to release hormones to lower levels
what is the physical affect of dwarfism?
body is proportioned and intelligence is normal
what is the location of the thyroid gland?
butterfly shaped mass found in front of the trachea; shaped like an H
what are hormones transported by and to?
by the bloodstream to all cells
what are hormones?
chemical messengers that control numerous body functions
what is diabetes mellitus?
decreased secretion of insulin can affect metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
what is the disease of the pancreas?
diabetes mellitus
what is the treatment of gigantism?
drug therapy to inhibit GH release
what is the treatment for dwarfism?
early diagnosis and injections of gh for 5 or more years
what is a goiter?
enlarged swelling of thyroid in neck
what are the hormones of the adrenal gland?
epinephrine and norepinephrine cortisol
either of the two hormones involved in preparing the uterus for pregnancy
estrogen and progesterone
what are the two hormones of the ovaries?
estrogen and progesterone
what are the negative side effects of anabolic steroids for women?
facial hair, breast reduction, deepening of voice, cessation of menstrual cycle
what are the symptoms of diabetes?
fatigue, slow healing of skin infections and vision changes, poor circulation, constant thirst, frequent urination, blindness, loss of limbs due to amputation, heart disease, death
what is the location of the pancreas?
fish-shaped organ behind stomach
what is the location of the parathyroid gland?
four small glands behind the thyroid about the size of grains of rice
stimulates the initial production of sperm inside the testes
fsh
what causes type 1 diabetes?
genetic and virus factors that destroy parts of the pancreas
what are the two diseases of the pituitary?
gigantism and dwarfism
what is the endocrine system made up of?
glands that release hormones into the bloodstream
someone who is hypoglycemic might not be producing enough of this hormone
glucagon
raises blood sugar levels
glucagon and cortisol
what is GH?
growth hormone; helps fat be used for energy
what is FSH?
growth of the ovarian follicles, production of estrogen in females and production of sperm in males
what is the function of the adrenal glands?
helps the body prepare for and deal with stress
hyper-secretion of this hormone may lead to gigantism
hgh
why do hormones bind to the target cell but not the non-target cells?
hormone receptors are found only on target cells
what are the diseases of the thyroid gland?
hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism (myxedema) graves disease cretinism
what is the location of the pineal gland?
in the brain
what does thyroxine do?
increases metabolic rate and regulates growth and development
a person with sugar in their urine is probably not making enough of this hormone
insulin
what are the hormones of the pancreas?
insulin and glucagon
how do you treat type 1 diabetes?
insulin injections
what does thyroxine require to be produced and where is it found?
iodine which is found in foods and iodized salt
what happens if you have too much cortisol?
it suppresses the immune system
when does type 1 diabetes start?
juvenile onset
what are the symptoms of cretinism?
lack of mental and physical growth resulting in mental retardation and malformation sexual development and physical growth does not reach beyond 7-8 year old children
stimulates the release of a mature egg from the ovaries during ovulation
lh
what does calcitonin do?
lowers blood calcium by accelerating storage in bones
what does insulin do?
lowers blood glucose and promotes storage of glycogen in liver and muscles
what is the function of the pancreas?
maintains glucose homeostasis after eating and secretes pancreatic juices that are carried to small intestines to aid in digestion
what does progesterone do?
maintains lining of the uterus
where is the thymus located?
mass of tissue found under the sternum
what is the function of the pituitary gland
master gland that communicates with the hypothalamus to control many body activities
what is the hormone of the pineal gland?
melatonin
how does the pancreas help in negative feedback?
secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate the glucose levels in the blood
what is graves disease?
severe form of hyperthyroidsm
explain the differences and similarities between the nervous and endocrine systems
similarities: control everything differences: nervous system is rapid and messages are electrical and endocrine system is slower and messages are chemical
what is the function of the testes?
stimulate sperm production and male sex characteristics
what is ACTH?
stimulates growth of the adrenal gland
what is TSH?
stimulates growth of the thyroid gland
what is LH?
stimulates ovulation and produces progesterone in females
what does thymosin do?
stimulates production of antibodies in early years
what are the symptoms of graves disease?
strained and tense facial expression, nervous, irritability, goiter
what is cortisol?
stress hormone that raises blood glucose by stimulating the breakdown of proteins
study the human endocrine system diagram
study the human endocrine system diagram
what is the location of the adrenal glands?
suprarenal glands because found above each kidney
what are anabolic steroids?
synthetic form of testosterone use to treat some diseases
explain how the endocrine system aids humans in maintaining homeostasis
system of glands and hormones that regulates levels of blood sugars, electrolytes, minerals, blood volume and fats
what does a given hormone affect?
target cells with the receptor for that hormone
what is the hormone of testes?
testosterone
what does melatonin regulate?
the circadian rhythm - 24 hour biological clock
what do fat cells produce when they are filled?
the hormone leptin
what does the endocrine system allow for?
the maintenance of internal homeostasis of the internal environment in the body and for the regulation of growth and development of an organism
what is homeostasis
the maintenance of stable internal conditions in an organism
how would a person be affected if their pancreas produced no insulin? what disease would that person have? how could that disease be treated?
they would have diabetes because their blood glucose levels are too high diabetes can be treated by injecting insulin
what is the hormone of the thymus?
thymosin
what is the treatment of hypothyroidism?
thyroid-replacement hormone drugs, like levothyroxine
what are the hormones of the thyroid gland?
thyroxine and calcitonin
what is the location of the pituitary gland
tiny structure about the size of a grape at the base of the brain connected to the hypothalamus
what does leptin do?
transported in the blood to the brain where it helps to suppress a persons appetite
describe the role the circulatory system plays in the functioning of the endocrine system
transports hormones via the blood stream to target cells and tissues
this hormone is directly involved in a negative feedback cycle with thyroxin
tsh
what is dwarfism?
under-production of growth hormone during childhood where long bone growth is decreased
what is hypothyroidism?
under-production of thyroxine causes slow metabolism
what are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?
weight gain without trying, depression, fatigue, puffiness of face hands and feet
what are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
weight loss, increased appetite, fatigue, high blood pressure, nervousness, irregular menstrual periods in women
what decreases leptin? what does this decrease cause?
when fat is used and it causes the brain to start to feel hunger again
what causes cretinism?
when hypothyroidism occurs since infancy or childhood, growth and development are not occur normally
what is negative feedback?
when the amount of a particular hormone in the blood reaches a certain level, the endocrine system sends signals that stop the release of that hormone
is graves disease more common in women or men?
women
what are the steps of negative feedback involving the pancreas?
1. the pancreas releases insulin when there is too much sugar in the blood 2. insulin stimulates the liver to remove sugar from the blood and store it as glycogen 3. when there is not enough sugar in the blood, the pancreas releases glucagon 4. glucagon signals the liver to release glucose back into the blood
what are the major hormones of the pituitary?
GH TSH ACTH FSH LH oxytocin
what is homeostasis maintained through?
negative feedback
what does the pituitary link?
nervous and endocrine systems
how many hormones does the pituitary produce and secrete?
nine hormones that affect other glands and organs
which structure produces hormones that stimulate egg production
ovaries
what is hyperthyroidism?
over-production of thyroxine increases metabolism
what is gigantism?
over-secretion of growth hormone prior to puberty and excessive growth in long bones
what are the causes of type 2 diabetes?
overweight or obese, heredity, certain ethic groups
hormone that directly leads to the development of secondary sex characteristics in males
oxytocin
stimulates the uterine contractions during childbirth
oxytocin
which structure produces hormones that regulate blood sugar levels
pancreas
what is the hormone of the parathyroid gland?
parathormone (pth) which raises blood calcium to maintain proper levels of circulating calcium
what does estrogen do?
promotes growth and development of sex organs in female
raises blood calcium levels
pth
this hormone is directly involved in a negative feedback cycle with calcitonin
pth
what is the function of the parathyroid glands?
raises blood calcium
what does glucagon do?
raises blood glucose
what are the negative side effects of anabolic steroids for men?
reduced testicular size, low sperm count, impotency, breast enlargement
what is the function of ovaries?
regulate menstruation and female sexual characteristics
what is the function of the thyroid gland?
regulates metabolism, growth, development, and blood calcium levels
what does testosterone do?
regulates sexual characteristics of male
what is the function of the pineal gland?
regulates sleep and wake cycles
what does melatonin do?
released at night to make you sleepy; not released during the day
what is oxytocin?
released during childbirth, causes contraction of the uterus
what is epinephrine and norepinephrine?
released in emergency or stress situations to raise blood glucose levels and prepare the body for the flight or fight response
what is the location of the testes?
scrotal sac and suspended outside the body