Endocrine System Anatomy Test

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where is calcium located and what does it do?

99% of calcium in the body is stored in bones, necessary for blood clotting, muscle contraction, and holding cells together

what is the function of the thymus?

active in early life activating cells in the immune system

what are the activities controlled by the hormones?

activities of entire organs mood and sleep growth and development reproduction sexual characteristics usage and storage of energy levels of fluid, salt and sugar in blood

hormone produced by the pituitary that prevents excess water loss

adh

increased secretions of these hormones would raise metabolic rates during times of emergency

adrenaline, tsh, thyroxin

which structure is directly involved in the fight or flight response

adrenals

when does type 2 diabetes start?

adult onset

where is type 2 diabetes most common?

adults over 45

this hormone helps prevent water loss by regulating salt re-absorption in the kidneys

aldosterone

what common characteristic do hormones, antibodies, and enzymes all share?

all have receptors and the lock and key model

what is the treatment of hyperthyroidism?

anti-thyroid medication or surgical removal of thyroid

what are the negative side effects of anabolic steroids for both men and women?

balding, excess body hair, hostility, aggression, hallucinations, severe acne, kidney disease, high blood pressure and cholesterol, heart damage, liver dysfunction and cancer, stunted growth

what is the location of the ovaries?

behind pelvic cavity

why are feedback mechanisms important in the maintenance of homeostasis?

body has receptors throughout that notice when levels are too high and notify glands to release hormones to lower levels

what is the physical affect of dwarfism?

body is proportioned and intelligence is normal

what is the location of the thyroid gland?

butterfly shaped mass found in front of the trachea; shaped like an H

what are hormones transported by and to?

by the bloodstream to all cells

what are hormones?

chemical messengers that control numerous body functions

what is diabetes mellitus?

decreased secretion of insulin can affect metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

what is the disease of the pancreas?

diabetes mellitus

what is the treatment of gigantism?

drug therapy to inhibit GH release

what is the treatment for dwarfism?

early diagnosis and injections of gh for 5 or more years

what is a goiter?

enlarged swelling of thyroid in neck

what are the hormones of the adrenal gland?

epinephrine and norepinephrine cortisol

either of the two hormones involved in preparing the uterus for pregnancy

estrogen and progesterone

what are the two hormones of the ovaries?

estrogen and progesterone

what are the negative side effects of anabolic steroids for women?

facial hair, breast reduction, deepening of voice, cessation of menstrual cycle

what are the symptoms of diabetes?

fatigue, slow healing of skin infections and vision changes, poor circulation, constant thirst, frequent urination, blindness, loss of limbs due to amputation, heart disease, death

what is the location of the pancreas?

fish-shaped organ behind stomach

what is the location of the parathyroid gland?

four small glands behind the thyroid about the size of grains of rice

stimulates the initial production of sperm inside the testes

fsh

what causes type 1 diabetes?

genetic and virus factors that destroy parts of the pancreas

what are the two diseases of the pituitary?

gigantism and dwarfism

what is the endocrine system made up of?

glands that release hormones into the bloodstream

someone who is hypoglycemic might not be producing enough of this hormone

glucagon

raises blood sugar levels

glucagon and cortisol

what is GH?

growth hormone; helps fat be used for energy

what is FSH?

growth of the ovarian follicles, production of estrogen in females and production of sperm in males

what is the function of the adrenal glands?

helps the body prepare for and deal with stress

hyper-secretion of this hormone may lead to gigantism

hgh

why do hormones bind to the target cell but not the non-target cells?

hormone receptors are found only on target cells

what are the diseases of the thyroid gland?

hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism (myxedema) graves disease cretinism

what is the location of the pineal gland?

in the brain

what does thyroxine do?

increases metabolic rate and regulates growth and development

a person with sugar in their urine is probably not making enough of this hormone

insulin

what are the hormones of the pancreas?

insulin and glucagon

how do you treat type 1 diabetes?

insulin injections

what does thyroxine require to be produced and where is it found?

iodine which is found in foods and iodized salt

what happens if you have too much cortisol?

it suppresses the immune system

when does type 1 diabetes start?

juvenile onset

what are the symptoms of cretinism?

lack of mental and physical growth resulting in mental retardation and malformation sexual development and physical growth does not reach beyond 7-8 year old children

stimulates the release of a mature egg from the ovaries during ovulation

lh

what does calcitonin do?

lowers blood calcium by accelerating storage in bones

what does insulin do?

lowers blood glucose and promotes storage of glycogen in liver and muscles

what is the function of the pancreas?

maintains glucose homeostasis after eating and secretes pancreatic juices that are carried to small intestines to aid in digestion

what does progesterone do?

maintains lining of the uterus

where is the thymus located?

mass of tissue found under the sternum

what is the function of the pituitary gland

master gland that communicates with the hypothalamus to control many body activities

what is the hormone of the pineal gland?

melatonin

how does the pancreas help in negative feedback?

secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate the glucose levels in the blood

what is graves disease?

severe form of hyperthyroidsm

explain the differences and similarities between the nervous and endocrine systems

similarities: control everything differences: nervous system is rapid and messages are electrical and endocrine system is slower and messages are chemical

what is the function of the testes?

stimulate sperm production and male sex characteristics

what is ACTH?

stimulates growth of the adrenal gland

what is TSH?

stimulates growth of the thyroid gland

what is LH?

stimulates ovulation and produces progesterone in females

what does thymosin do?

stimulates production of antibodies in early years

what are the symptoms of graves disease?

strained and tense facial expression, nervous, irritability, goiter

what is cortisol?

stress hormone that raises blood glucose by stimulating the breakdown of proteins

study the human endocrine system diagram

study the human endocrine system diagram

what is the location of the adrenal glands?

suprarenal glands because found above each kidney

what are anabolic steroids?

synthetic form of testosterone use to treat some diseases

explain how the endocrine system aids humans in maintaining homeostasis

system of glands and hormones that regulates levels of blood sugars, electrolytes, minerals, blood volume and fats

what does a given hormone affect?

target cells with the receptor for that hormone

what is the hormone of testes?

testosterone

what does melatonin regulate?

the circadian rhythm - 24 hour biological clock

what do fat cells produce when they are filled?

the hormone leptin

what does the endocrine system allow for?

the maintenance of internal homeostasis of the internal environment in the body and for the regulation of growth and development of an organism

what is homeostasis

the maintenance of stable internal conditions in an organism

how would a person be affected if their pancreas produced no insulin? what disease would that person have? how could that disease be treated?

they would have diabetes because their blood glucose levels are too high diabetes can be treated by injecting insulin

what is the hormone of the thymus?

thymosin

what is the treatment of hypothyroidism?

thyroid-replacement hormone drugs, like levothyroxine

what are the hormones of the thyroid gland?

thyroxine and calcitonin

what is the location of the pituitary gland

tiny structure about the size of a grape at the base of the brain connected to the hypothalamus

what does leptin do?

transported in the blood to the brain where it helps to suppress a persons appetite

describe the role the circulatory system plays in the functioning of the endocrine system

transports hormones via the blood stream to target cells and tissues

this hormone is directly involved in a negative feedback cycle with thyroxin

tsh

what is dwarfism?

under-production of growth hormone during childhood where long bone growth is decreased

what is hypothyroidism?

under-production of thyroxine causes slow metabolism

what are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

weight gain without trying, depression, fatigue, puffiness of face hands and feet

what are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

weight loss, increased appetite, fatigue, high blood pressure, nervousness, irregular menstrual periods in women

what decreases leptin? what does this decrease cause?

when fat is used and it causes the brain to start to feel hunger again

what causes cretinism?

when hypothyroidism occurs since infancy or childhood, growth and development are not occur normally

what is negative feedback?

when the amount of a particular hormone in the blood reaches a certain level, the endocrine system sends signals that stop the release of that hormone

is graves disease more common in women or men?

women

what are the steps of negative feedback involving the pancreas?

1. the pancreas releases insulin when there is too much sugar in the blood 2. insulin stimulates the liver to remove sugar from the blood and store it as glycogen 3. when there is not enough sugar in the blood, the pancreas releases glucagon 4. glucagon signals the liver to release glucose back into the blood

what are the major hormones of the pituitary?

GH TSH ACTH FSH LH oxytocin

what is homeostasis maintained through?

negative feedback

what does the pituitary link?

nervous and endocrine systems

how many hormones does the pituitary produce and secrete?

nine hormones that affect other glands and organs

which structure produces hormones that stimulate egg production

ovaries

what is hyperthyroidism?

over-production of thyroxine increases metabolism

what is gigantism?

over-secretion of growth hormone prior to puberty and excessive growth in long bones

what are the causes of type 2 diabetes?

overweight or obese, heredity, certain ethic groups

hormone that directly leads to the development of secondary sex characteristics in males

oxytocin

stimulates the uterine contractions during childbirth

oxytocin

which structure produces hormones that regulate blood sugar levels

pancreas

what is the hormone of the parathyroid gland?

parathormone (pth) which raises blood calcium to maintain proper levels of circulating calcium

what does estrogen do?

promotes growth and development of sex organs in female

raises blood calcium levels

pth

this hormone is directly involved in a negative feedback cycle with calcitonin

pth

what is the function of the parathyroid glands?

raises blood calcium

what does glucagon do?

raises blood glucose

what are the negative side effects of anabolic steroids for men?

reduced testicular size, low sperm count, impotency, breast enlargement

what is the function of ovaries?

regulate menstruation and female sexual characteristics

what is the function of the thyroid gland?

regulates metabolism, growth, development, and blood calcium levels

what does testosterone do?

regulates sexual characteristics of male

what is the function of the pineal gland?

regulates sleep and wake cycles

what does melatonin do?

released at night to make you sleepy; not released during the day

what is oxytocin?

released during childbirth, causes contraction of the uterus

what is epinephrine and norepinephrine?

released in emergency or stress situations to raise blood glucose levels and prepare the body for the flight or fight response

what is the location of the testes?

scrotal sac and suspended outside the body


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