Psych Exam 3

Dual Process Model of Cognition

"A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total. The bat costs $1.00 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost?" - Intuitive Answer: The ball costs $.10 - Analytic Answer: The ball costs $.05

Infertility: Buyer Beware!

-Extreme emotional desire to conceive makes infertile couples vulnerable to scams, poor decision making -Not all treatments are equally effective

Hearing in Growing Older

-Most acute at age 10 -High pitched sounds lost earlier than low pitched -Noise exposure in youth is a factor.

Political Identity

-Nature and nurture interact -Political beliefs are partly genetic! -Brain structure also plays a role -All of this interacts with the social environment

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

-Ova (egg cells) are surgically removed -Fertilized with sperm in a lab -Zygote divides, is replaced in uterus

The Senses in Growing Older *Vision

-Peripheral vision narrows fastest -The shape of the lens changes

Neurons Forming in Adulthood

-Some neurogenesis -Hippocampus brain area -forming new memories -exploring new places

Which factor did the early cross-sectional studies of intelligence fail to consider?

-changes in average educational attainment among cohort groups the impact of immigration gender differences the impact of migration

Which factor does NOT affect adult cognition?

-family composition education level aging neurons culture

Brain Changes in Puberty

-grey matter volume decreases from childhood to young adulthood -Gray matter density increases

allostatic load

-measured by 18 physical indicators -contribute to different rates of agine

What becomes more difficult as we get older?

-multitasking developing expertise optimizing compensating

According to a recent United Nations survey (2017) the life expectancy in Hong Kong is:

83 years old.

Cognitive Development

Adolescent egocentrism -Focusing on self to exclusion of others (ages 10-13) -Exaggerated sense of being special, admired, despised, rejected, etc.... -Egocentrism not necessarily positive thoughts and feelings about the self

Benjamin and Tara are both typical 25-year-olds. Based on the findings of the Seattle Longitudinal Study one can assume that:

Benjamin will be better in mathematics, and Tara will have better verbal ability.

Which woman is MOST likely to have fertility issues?

Demi, who is 38 years old

A virus that can enter the brain and destroy neurons is:

HIV.

Which statement is TRUE about presbycusis?

It is not diagnosed for most people until late adulthood.

Who would be considered an emerging adult?

Mackenzie, a 23-year-old college senior

Cognitive Development

Personal fable -Belief that one's own thoughts, feelings, and experiences are extraordinary compared to others -Belief that one is unique, destined to have a heroic life or death -Can lead to disregard for facts & evidence

_____ are often used to measure fluid intelligence.

Puzzles

_____ is a gradual physical decline that occurs with age.

Senescence

Outward Appearance in Growing Older

Skin -Skin becomes drier, rougher, thinner, and less flexible. -Collagen begins to decrease. Hair -Graying -Thinning

Studies have shown that, in general, college graduates are _____ than adults who did not earn a college degree.

both healthier and wealthier

Emerging adulthood is a time for the acquisition of the resources needed for lifelong family and career success; such resources do NOT include:

parental approval.

Schaie found that _____ intelligence remained steady in 20- to 70-year-olds.

practical

By accounting for _____, the mature adult becomes a more objective and powerful thinker.

subjectivity and objectivity

Samantha often talks on her cell phone while driving. This can be distracting and increases her chance of having an accident. What would your advice be to her?

"Don't use the phone at all while driving. It is a distraction whether you are actually holding the phone or not."

Men who are college graduates in the United States with a B.A. earn an average of about _____ per year more than those with only a high school diploma.

$18,000

Infertility

-12% of U.S. couples don't conceive after trying for a year. -Delaying pregnancy past peak fertility (age 17-18) -Genetic causes difficult to specify, but do exist

Struggling with Identity: identity Foreclosure

-Adolescent adopts parentsor society's roles and values automatically -Does not question, analyze, or reflect on them -Avoids the stress of self-analysis, uncertainty "Comfortable but limiting" -Adolescent rejects parents' or society's roles and values automatically -Does not bother to explore or attempt them -Ultimately not a successful strategy

Reduced Height in Growing Older

-Almost one-half inch every 10 years after 40 -Spinal column compressed -Enhanced by osteoporosis

The Brain with Age

-Brain slows down -Myelination is reduced -Significant brain loss (~1% of people) 1. Traumatic Brain Injury 2. Viruses -Long term Alcohol effects ("wet brain") 1. Psychosis 2. Confusion 3. Chronic Pain

Beyond Erikson: Ethnic Identity

-Ethnic Group = People whose ancestors were born in the same region. Often share certain attributes, including national origin, religion, and language. -Not having one's ethnicity acknowledged by others is correlated with depression in teens -In general, pride in ethnicity among minorities is correlated with stronger academic performance and overall wellbeing

Social Invisibility Syndrome

-Feeling of not being seen by others -Increases as people approach middle age -Especially for women -Proof: when researchers tried to look into this, they found that for almost everything they tried to examine, there were almost no data on women past the age of 49...

Growing Older *Breathing

-Getting "winded" more easily -Possible COPD (4th mose common cause of death from 45-65) -Higher need for sleep -Joint Pain

Albie is turning 45 years old. A couple of years ago, he noticed that his vision had started to change. Which of the following is NOT a change that he experienced?

-He holds newspapers closer to his eyes so that he can read. He notices that some colors fade more than others. His eyes took longer to adjust to the darkness. His peripheral vision (at the sides) narrows faster than frontal vision.

Psychological effects of Puberty

-Hormones instigate attraction & emotional responses -Genes and experiences affect hormone production -More moodiness -Mental Illness at the extremes -Boys: Schizophrenia -Girls: Severe depression *Sexual thoughts can cause physiological and neurological processes, not just result from them*

Regions of the Brain during Puberty

-Limbic System growing faster than Prefrontal Cortex -Behavioral effects 1.) Poor decision making 2.) Extreme responses 3.) Seeking high levels of stimulation 4.) Risk-taking

Brain development in Puberty: Limbic System and Prefrontal Cortex

-Limbic system (fear, emotional impulses) developing faster than the prefrontal cortex (planning ahead, emotional regulation). -Hormones directly affect parts of the limbic system -Stress, arousal, passion, sensory bombardment, intoxication can flood the brain with impulses that overwhelm the prefrontal cortex

Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)

-Low sperm count -Blockages in path traveled by sperm to uterus

Struggling with Identity: identity Moratorium

-Somewhat more mature than foreclosure -"Time out" - socially acceptable ways to postpone making -identity-achievement decisions -Often extends beyond puberty (going to college is a common example)

The skill, flexibility, and strategies needed to raise a family MOST likely require:

-analytic intelligence. expertise. being young and energetic. a high IQ.

In 2015, only 19 percent of adult men and _____ percent of women were smokers.

15

Maximum height is usually reached by age _____ for girls and age _____ for boys.

16; 18

Recent data has revealed that approximately _____ percent of adult men and _____ percent of adult women in the United States smoke cigarettes.

19; 15

Illegal drug use decreases markedly after age:

25

Illegal drug use decreases markedly after age:

25.

At the extremes, some 26- to 38-year-olds age at least _____ times as quickly as others do.

3

Findings in a 2010 survey showed that the 10 million Americans with the highest SES will outlive the 10 million with the lowest SES by about ____ years.

30

MOST recent surveys indicate that the average age of marriage for men in Western Europe is _____ years old.

33

About _____ percent of all emerging adults in the United States have ancestors who were not European.

50

If couples over the age of 40 attempt to conceive, approximately _____ percent experience infertility.

50

The average age of menopause is:

51

According to the United States Center for Education Statistics, approximately _____ percent of college students whose parents identify as high SES earned a bachelor's degree.

60

By age _____, people lose about an inch of height.

65

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average U.S. worker holds an average of _____ job(s) between the ages of 18 and 25.

7

Dual Process Model of Cognition

Adolescents are more likely to be intuitive thinkers because of uneven brain maturation - "Gut" reactions from the limbic system are stronger - Prefrontal Cortex still "catching up" to emotional reactions - School demands slower, analytic thinking. - With age, adolescents become more logical in everyday life (not just in cognitive tasks like homework)

Average ages Puberty = time between the first wave of hormonal changes and full adult physical development

Age of onset between ages 8 and 14 (when 95% of children have begun)

The Senses over the course of Adulthood

All senses become less acute

cicadian rhythm

Blue spectrum light from electronics affects the circadian rhythm • A study of 10,000 16 to 19-year-olds found • more than four hours a day looking at screens " 49 per cent greater risk of taking longer than an hour to fall asleep • three and a half times more likely to sleep for under five hours a night.

Statistically, who is LEAST likely to binge on alcohol?

Carlos, who is a 40-year-old engineer

Cecil is a typical 55-year-old man. Based on information from the Seattle Longitudinal Study, what would MOST probably be an accurate statement about Cecil's intelligence?

Cecil's mental abilities most likely have been improving throughout his adult life.

Body rhythms in adolescence

Circadian Rhythm: Day-night cycle of biological activity occurs approximately every 24 hours (circadian means "about a day"). -Genes influence the tendency toward evening or morning alertness. -Biology (circadian rhythms) and culture (parties and technology) make teenagers increasingly sleep-deprived with each year of high school

Which statement about cohabiters is FALSE?

Cohabiters are less likely to break up than married couples.

If these individuals were typical, who would have the STRONGEST sexual-reproductive system?

Dante, who is 24 years old

The acronym WEIRD is used in the research to identify a specific group of emerging adults that may not generalize to the rest of the world's populations. Which of these is NOT a characteristic of WEIRD?

Eastern Industrialized Rich Western

Adolescent Egocentrism

Egocentrism leads some adolescents to ruminate - intensely and obsessively going over problems via phone, text, conversation, social media - Reviewing over and over again in their heads everything they have done, are doing, might do, and should have done - Can result in lost sleep, social withdrawal - Rumination increases depression and anxiety

Identity

Erikson: Identity vs Role Confusion "Who am I?" "What do I stand for?" -Healthy: Identity achievement -When a person understands who he or she is as a unique individual -In harmony with past experiences and future plans

Puberty and its Outcomes

Final adult height is influenced by -height when the major growth spurt starts -The age when the major growth spurt starts -A normal, but early puberty correlates with shorter adult height -A delayed major growth spurt correlates with taller final height

Growth, Nutrition, and Sex

Growing bigger and stronger -Each body part increases in size on a schedule. -Growth proceeds from extremities to the core. -weight and height increase before muscles and internal organs grow -Hence, adolescent awkwardness/clumsiness -Height spurt follows the weight spurt and then a muscle spurt occurs

How did Spearman measure general intelligence (g)?

He inferred g from a variety of abilities.

Marcie and Dylan are having difficulty trying to conceive. Their physician indicated that the reason for their difficulty is Dylan's low sperm count. What may be causing his low sperm count?

He is spending too much time in a hot tub.

The Adolescent Brain

Hormones also contribute to impulsivity -XXX increases it -Testosterone can actually DECREASE it -Recent Twin Study: Adolescent Testosterone Levels -In males, individual differences in testosterone were substantially heritable and significantly associated with stage of puberty -In females testosterone levels more influenced by environment than stage of puberty or genetics

Piaget: Formal Operational Thought

Hypothetical Thinking -Ability to think of possibility, not just reality -Can make adolescents more prone to criticize (can imagine the way things SHOULD have been) -Makes it possible to feel intense regret (can imagine the way things MIGHT have been) - "If I hadn't gotten this stupid haircut, then I would be so much more popular" - "If you had let me go to that party, then I would be so much cooler"

Cognitive Development

Imaginary audience -Belief that others are watching and noticing one's appearance and behaviors -Also called "spotlight effect" -Constantly feeling "watched" ! Prone to embarrassment

Which statement about personality is FALSE?

It is shaped by experience. It is genetically influenced. -It remains static throughout life. It is not fixed; plasticity is evident.

Which weight-loss diet is associated with fiber, fish, and olive oil and may be associated with decreased rates of breast and colon cancers?

Mediterranean

_____ is difficulty seeing objects at a distance.

Nearsightedness

Erikson's Theory of Development

Psychosocial Stages 1.Trust vs. Mistrust 0-1 2.Autonomy vs. Shame 1-3 3.Initiative vs. Guilt 3-6 4.Industry vs. Inferiority 6-11 5.Identity vs. Role Confusion 12-18 6.Intimacy vs. Isolation 18-40 7. Generativity vs Stagnation 40-65 8.Integrity vs Despair 65+

Major changes in Puberty are...

Rapid physical growth Sexual maturation Psychological effects

Drug use and abuse

Results for Monitoring the Future study in 2016 -16 percent of high school seniors report having had five drinks in a row in the past two weeks. -2 percent smoked cigarettes every day for the past month. -6 percent smoked marijuana every day. -This suggests that addiction is next step for the high school students in the study.

Identity Depression

Search for identity creates vulnerability to depression and anxiety Fluidity and uncertainty about sex and gender common during early adolescence Gender dysphoria (DSM-5) describes distress at biological gender Used to be described as gender identity disorder, a serious diagnosis according to DSM-IV "Dysphoria" describes the individual's negative experience rather than identifying the individual themselves as having something wrong with them Can result in moratorium or foreclosure

Puberty: Hormonal Cascade

Sequence BRAIN: Hypothalamus > Activates Pituitary Gland BODY: ! Pituitary Gland > Enlarge Testes & Ovaries ! Adrenal Gland "Produce body hair, acne, and odors ! Production of hormones in the sex organs, leading to sexual maturity

Which statement about sex and the effects of age is TRUE?

Sexual arousal occurs more slowly, and orgasms take longer to occur.

Sex and Fertility in Growing Older

Sexual responsiveness -Slower arousal and orgasm -"Performance" anxiety -Wide variation in emotional satisfaction and physical pleasure in adulthood.

Tabitha, 26, and her husband just learned that they are expecting their first child. If she is typical, which statement is Tabitha LEAST likely to hear from her obstetrician?

She is at high risk for a miscarriage.

The Social Brain during Puberty

Social approval is experienced as deeply rewarding in the brain -Reward systems in brain extremely sensitive to social cues -The sound of a text message arriving -A smile from an attractive person -Rejection from peers is especially painful

Which statement regarding cohabitation is TRUE?

Today, it is unusual for a couple to marry without ever having lived with a partner.

For some, coffee does no harm but reduces various problems, such as:

Type 2 diabetes.

Outward Appearance in Growing Older

Typical changes -Middle-age "spread" -Posture change -Decreased muscle tone & flexibility

The average age of first marriage is now above 30 in:

Western Europe.

Puberty: Age of Onset

What age? -Puberty begins between ages 8 and 14 (A HUGE RANGE!) -Genes, gender, weight, hormones, and stress interact -Weight: *Heavier weight associated with earlier menstruation *Body fat may be less necessary for boys (male obesity may actually delay puberty) -Stress: *Associated with earlier puberty (especially in females) Secure attachment to caregivers may protect against this effect

Which statement is a finding of the Seattle Longitudinal Study?

Women performed better at verbal skills.

Senescence

a gradual physical decline related to aging

Alcohol is MOST likely to cause harm to families when the sufferer of alcohol use disorder is:

a middle-aged adult.

Which visual skill is directly impacted by aging?

ability to adjust to brightness

By age 65, MOST people lose:

all of their collagen. much of their hair. -about an inch of height. most of their physical strength.

In retrospect, scientists recognized that studies of the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopause were influenced by a lack of random assignment and as such the results of these studies been questioned because:

all subjects were of higher socioeconomic status.

Javier is about to take a multiple-choice exam in his college biology course. Which type of intelligence will be the MOST valuable to him right now?

analytic

Which of these is one of Sternberg's three fundamental forms of intelligence?

analytic

Compared with a young woman growing up in the 1950s, a 21-year-old woman today does NOT feel as much pressure to:

bear children.

A normal weight is characterized by a BMI:

between 20 and 25.

Beatrice and Xavier have been trying to conceive unsuccessfully for over a year. Who is MOST likely the source of infertility?

both Beatrice and Xavier are equally likely to be the source of their infertility

Which problem occurs with matchmaking online?

choice overload

Drug abuse is more common in:

college students than peers who are not in college.

Expertise:

comes with time and practice.

With respect to the virtues developed during the successful resolution of Erikson's psychosocial stages, industry versus inferiority is to intimacy versus isolation as _____ is to _____.

competence; love

According to the research on the stereotype threat, to remove the stereotype threat from minority students in an academic situation, the school's administration must:

convince minority students that intellectual and academic ability can be improved with hard work.

Asking someone to write a story entitled "The Octopus' Sneakers" would be a way of testing the person's _____ intelligence.

creative

What is the BEST method to understand the effects of age on intelligence without the complications of historical change?

cross-sequential

Steele suspected that African American males become anxious in education settings due to stereotype threat, which _____ their ability to respond accurately to intellectual challenges.

decreases

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

disease with enlarged lung spaces, usually from smoking can cause shortness of breath -common illness in adulthood -correlated with obesity

Quintan is a 22-year-old African American male college student. He knows that African American males are only half as likely to earn a college degree as African American females. He is struggling academically. He is likely to:

disengage academically.

The sensation of craving a drug to satisfy a physiological need is referred to as:

drug addiction.

In which situation would practical intelligence be the MOST valuable?

during a game of Trivial Pursuit designing a new product studying for final exams -in times of survival

Jack, who is 15, can expect to complete Erikson's fifth stage of identity versus role confusion:

during adulthood.

The term used to describe a person between the ages of 18 and 25 is a(n):

emerging adult.

Abstinence from drugs and substances is MOST common following:

emerging adulthood.

The Seattle Longitudinal Study repeats data collection every seven years, and based on the results obtained so far asserts that:

everyone maintains or increases in other abilities.

Jada is 21 years old and is trying to discover a profession in which she would be fulfilled. Jada is confused about her ethnic identity because her mother is African American and her father is European American. According to Erik Erikson, Jada is trying to resolve the _____ stage.

fifth

Liza is 18 years old and just started college, where she is being exposed to all sorts of new information that she needs to learn. Which type of intelligence would allow her to quickly use her short-term memory to remember new information and complex problems quickly?

fluid intelligence

All of these factors affect adult cognition EXCEPT:

future education.

Charles Spearman was the psychologist who advanced the theory that a _____ intelligence is responsible for overall intellectual performance.

general

From a developmental perspective, factors that lead to improvement in a relationship include:

good communication, financial security, and good physical and mental health.

Michele is an emerging adult, and if she is similar to her generational cohort, Michele:

has a stronger link with her parents than was true for previous generations.

According to the text, the _____ benefits from exercise are substantial for men and women, old and young, former sports stars and those who never joined a team.

health

Gwen is 32 years old and already worried about getting wrinkles. Which of these does Gwen NOT need to worry about avoiding as she gets older?

healthy fats

Recent studies have shown that increased Internet use has:

helped emerging adults maintain more face-to-face friendships.

Fifty-year-old Iris is involved in various adult education courses where she has learned many new skills. Iris practices these skills four or five times a week. According to studies cited in the text, one area of Iris's brain that gains brain cells is the _____, the brain structure that is most prominent in memory.

hippocampus

At 54, Bradford is an avid golfer. He noticed that he has lost 20 yards on his drive over the last three years. He also noticed that his back is stiff after playing a round of golf. His golf teacher tells him that he is no longer able to make as big a turn with the golf club, and this is causing him to lose distance on his drive. This is a result of:

his joints losing flexibility.

The adjustment of the body's systems to keep physiological functioning in balance is called _____.

homeostasis

Pavlos, 44, attends a spinning class three times a week. While in class, his breathing quickens, he sweats through his shirt, and he feels the need to drink a lot of water. Pavlos's change in breathing, sweating, and thirst is an example of his body's attempt to maintain:

homeostasis.

Judith and Ken are trying to conceive. Which of these does Ken NOT have to avoid in order to maximize the health of his sperm?

hot tubs or saunas alcohol cigarette smoking -computer usage

Malik, who is 20, is trying to figure out his political, ethnic, and religious beliefs as well as where he fits into the world. Malik is in Erikson's fifth stage of development called:

identity versus role confusion.

Drug abuse and extreme sports are similar in that they both involve:

impulsive behavior.

Infertility is MOST common:

in areas where medical care is scarce.

In which situation would analytical intelligence be the MOST useful?

in times of survival -studying for final exams trying to come up with a slogan for a start-up company during a game of Trivial Pursuit

Caitlin is 25 and has dealt with the many transitions that emerging adults face (e.g., going to college, finding a job). If she is like most emerging adults, these transitions have:

increased her self-esteem.

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (2002) found in a multiyear study of thousands of women who took HRT and did not take HRT that taking estrogen and progesterone:

increased the risk of stroke.

Erikson's sixth stage of psychosocial development is called _____ versus isolation.

intimacy

Darrin is a 28-year-old male. When he thinks about things, he is more likely to be practical, flexible, and able to coordinate _____ and _____ thought than he was three years ago.

intuitive; analytic

The ability to come up with many solutions for a problem:

is a hallmark of postformal thought.

Senescence

is the process of aging, whereby the body becomes less strong and efficient.

It was once thought that technology would lead to _____, but instead it has helped emerging adults _____ friends and family.

isolation; connect with

Which of these viruses can cross the blood-brain barrier and destroy neurons in the brain?

mad cow disease

College graduates seem to be:

mature flexible thinkers.

Connie is a 52-year-old woman who is experiencing hot flashes and cold sweats. At times, she feels depressed, though she has no history of depression. She has not had her period in six months. She is MOST likely experiencing:

menopause

Alcohol is MOST likely to cause ongoing harm to families when the person with an alcohol use disorder is a(n):

middle-aged parent.

A mature response to identity crisis in emerging adulthood is:

moratorium.

Aaliyah has decided that, instead of going to college, she would like to join the military and serve her country. She is demonstrating an example of:

moratorium.

Despite striving for independence and achievement, most emerging adults today continue to have "linked lives" with their parents by all of the following EXCEPT:

not being affected by the well-being of their parents.

Puberty Sequence for males

observable changes in boys 1. Growth of the testes, first pubic hair 2. Growth of the penis, first ejaculation, appearance of facial hair 3. Peak growth spurt, deepening of the voice, final pubic hair growth 4. Final height by age 20

Puberty Sequence in females

observable changes in girls 1. Nipple growth and first pubic hairs 2. Peak growth spurt (increases in height while fat accumulates, especially breasts and hips) 3. First menstrual period, followed by more (slower) growth 4. Body growth complete within four years from start of puberty

The BEST employees may be:

older, more experienced workers.

Heroin is one example of a class of drugs called _____.

opioids

Rachel is 49 years old. During her yearly physical, she was told that her heart and lungs are losing capacity as a natural part of the aging process. Rachel replied that she did not notice any change and that she felt as she did when she was 25. Rachel's inability to notice any change in her breathing and heart can be attributed to:

organ reserve

The unused potential of the organs is called:

organ reserve.

National gross domestic product per capita is _____ correlated with the percentage of adults who are overweight.

positively

Which does the text suggest is a way to reduce distraction when driving?

practicing talking on the phone while driving drinking and driving -not talking on the phone at all using a hands-free device

Chuck is a 20-year-old college student. When confronted with a problem, he has the tendency to be rigid, impractical, and emotional in considering a solution. The area of his brain that is still maturing and that will eventually be better prepared for a more mature approach to problem solving is the:

prefrontal cortex.

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been shown to:

reduce incidence of osteoporosis.

Mishka is struggling with her identity and tends to have negative opinions about values, lifestyle, and friendships. Which pathology is she MOST likely to display based on Erikson's theory?

repudiation

In _____ infertility, a couple is never able to have a second child.

secondary

Gregg is 23, still in college, and single. He probably:

sees his relationship with his parents as important.

Important aspects of close human connections in relationships include all of the following EXCEPT:

self-silencing.

If severe brain loss occurs during late adulthood, the cause is NOT likely to be:

senescence.

Poor circulation, viruses, and drug abuse could all contribute to _____ in middle adulthood.

severe brain loss

The FIRST visible signs of senescence are in the:

skin.

Research on taxi drivers found that the part of their brains most likely connected to _____ was more active than in the average person.

spatial representation

Research has shown that white men do more poorly in math if they think they will be negatively compared with Asian men, and they do more poorly in sports if they think they will be compared with African American men. These findings reflect the phenomenon of:

stereotype threat.

Rico is an 18-year-old Latino who is applying for a college scholarship from a university that enrolls few Latinos. During the interview he is much less articulate than usual and has difficulty making eye contact with the members of the interviewing committee. He feels certain that they did not expect him to display the necessary level of intelligence. Rico may be experiencing:

stereotype threat.

Aisha is an expert college professor. She designs her courses in ways that allow her to handle any unexpected issues that may arise during the semester. The way she plans her course would represent the _____ component of her expertise.

strategic

Morayma, 61, has lost an inch of height. When she asks her physician for an explanation as to why, the physician will say that:

the vertebrae in her spine have shrunk.

A study of expert chess players (aged 17 to 81 years old) determined that expert chess players are much better thinkers than novice chess players because of all of the following EXCEPT that:

their cognitive processes are rigid.

Researchers who followed a group of high school seniors until the age of 23 or 24 found that transitions generally increase well-being and that:

those who lived away from home showed the largest gains.

According to the text, many people do not exercise because it takes _____ and effort.

time

Approximately _____ of adults in the United States are overweight, as defined by a body mass index (BMI) greater than 25.

two thirds

Physical attraction and others' expectations can interfere with friendships. Problems may arise in male-female friendships:

when others assume the relationship is romantic.