Psych Exam 3

Which statement about groupthink is correct?

Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus.

Who believed that our personality traits are influenced by our genetic inheritance?

Hans and Sybil Eysenck

What is not true about Kinsey's research?

He believed that most people are born heterosexual, but can adopt other orientations through life experiences

Who theorized that personality and disease are based on imbalances in humors? (Ch 11)

Hippocrates

________ refers to prejudice and discrimination against individuals based solely on their same-sex orientation.

Homophobia

Latency period (6 years to puberty)

This phase is not a developmental stage but rather a kind of psychic time-out. After the drama of the phallic stage, the child sets aside all interest in sexuality

The Big Five traits are considered relatively stable over the lifespan

True

Why was Kinsey's research significant?

Was the first to bring sexual behavior to mainstream society

How can we use conversion therapy to change someone's sexual orientation?

We cannot change someone's sexual orientation because it is a relatively stable characteristic of a person that cannot be changed.

Tom believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence; however, he believes that Barnaby is unable to stop gambling because Barnaby is addicted to gambling. This is an example of ________.

actor-observer bias

According to Freud, if parents are too lenient in the ________ stage, the child might become messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts.

anal

A(n) ________ is the evaluation of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative.

attitude

________ individuals experience emotional and erotic attractions to both same-sexed individuals and opposite-sexed individuals.

bisexual

In a(an) ________, developmental psychologists collect a great deal of information from one individual in order to better understand physical and psychological changes over the lifespan.

case study

development

change over time

Theory of Cognitive Development

children learn through actively constructing knowledge through hands-on experience; cognitive development goes through 4 stages: sensorimotor, pre operational, concrete, and formal -Piaget

Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________.

cognitive dissonance

Schmata

concepts or mental models that are used to help categorize and interpret information

During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations.

concrete operational

The Milgram experiment required the participation of a(n) ________ to play the part of the person being shocked because the experiment would be invalidated if the participant realized the electric shock treatment was faked.

confederate

Fantasia believes that people with blue eyes are somehow more creative than other people. Whenever Fantasia encounters a person that has blue eyes and is creative, she places greater importance on this evidence supporting her already existing belief. At the same time, Fantasia ignores any evidence that people without blue eyes might display exceptional creativity. This is called a ________.

confirmation bias

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the concrete operational stage?

conservation

The continuous development approach views development as a ________.

cumulative process

continuous development

cumulative process, gradually improving on existing skills -ex: physical growth

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. According to Erickson, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?

developing a sense of identity

Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________.

developmental milestones

Specific normative events are also called ________.

developmental milestones

super ego

develops as a child interacts with others, learning social rules of right and wrong

Which of these mediates conflict between the other two systems in our minds?

ego

At the end of the _______ stage, the developing baby has all of its major body systems formed, and is approximately 1 inch long.

embryonic

psychosocial development

emotions, personality, and social relationships

Psychosocial Development Theory

emphasizes the social nature of our development rather than its sexual nature -Erik Erikson -8 stages, each w/ conflict and task

conservation

even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing is removed or added

Which of the following is not a way we tend to think of personality? Our personalities ________.

fluctuate a lot

Hippocrates theorized that personality is based on what?

four humors of the body

consciousness

freud believes is only 1/10 of the mind

When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

generativity vs. stagnation

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

genes and biology

In the ________ stage, there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent).

genital

________ is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group.

group polarization

Social psychology is a field that studies both interpersonal and intrapersonal behavior. Which of the following is an example of interpersonal behavior?

group processes

physical development

growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness

One of the predictions of cognitive dissonance theory is that the _________ it is to go through initiation for a group, the more we will like that group.

harder

Based on the discussion in your text, which of the following strategies would effectively reduce prejudice between groups?

having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.

id

personality develops between the conflict of what two forces

id and superego

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic -failure of conservation

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events -mastery of conservation -reversibility

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

sexual orientation

individual's emotional and erotic attraction to a group of people

The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve

just-world

cognitive development

learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity

five factor model

most popular personality theory and most accurate among trait dimensions

A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home.

naturalistic observation

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

reversibility

objects can be changed and then returned back to their original form or condition

gender identity

one's sense of being male or female

Oral Stage (0-18 months)

pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing

Anal Stage (18-36 months)

pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

Phallic Stage (3-6 years)

pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings -Odepius and Electra complex

A person with high levels of agreeableness and low levels of openness would exhibit which characteristics?

practical and trusting

Which of the following is an example of "nurture" from nature-nurture?

prenatal nutrition

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language?

preoperational

id

primitive desires and urges that are present from birth -"pleasure principle"

Which defense mechanism is defined as attributing unacceptable desires to others?

projection

Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires.

projective test

ego

rational part of personality that is seen by others -balances super ego and id in context of reality -"reality principle"

Which of the following is the time immediately following an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm?

refractory period

After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

regression

In California, undocumented migrants are often blamed for high unemployment in the state, although statistics show that high unemployment is not related to the number of undocumented migrants. In this example, undocumented migrants are victims of ________: the act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal.

scapegoating

Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?

seeking outside opinions on group decisions

Penny gets an acting job on Friday that she attributes to her good acting. She doesn't get the next acting job; therefore, she blames the casting director for not wanting to hire a woman. This is an example of ________.

self-serving bias

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and motor actions.

sensorimotor

The ________ response cycle includes four phases including excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

sexual

Genital Stage (puberty on)

sexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented toward others

Which of the following is not an individualistic culture characteristic? (Ch 12)

situational perspective

Fatima generalizes that all men are irresponsible players, cheaters, and liars. When it comes to men, Fatima may be applying ________: negative beliefs about individuals based solely on their membership in a group.

stereotypes

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral dissertation, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period. (Ch9)

survey

discontinuous development

takes place in more sudden stages -ex: infants perceiving object permanence -Freud and Piaget

Which of the following strategies would effectively reduce racism?

teaching children to think independently and challenge social norms that promote racism

Which of the following is an example of the self-fulfilling prophecy?

telling someone with dyslexia she cannot learn to read, leading her to become illiterate even though she could learn to read with a bit of extra effort

neurosis

tendency to experience negative emotions

Sally has been taking medicine to ease her morning sickness. Later, when the baby is born, doctors notice the baby is born with a "flipper-like" deformity. This is caused by a ...

teratogen

Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, cigarettes, and alcohol are all examples of ________.

teratogens

Some environmental agents, such as alcohol, can cause damage to developing fetuses. These agents are known as (choose the best answer):

teratogens

Transgender hormone therapy is ________. (Ch 10)

the use of hormones to make one's body look more like the opposite sex (and thus to better match one's gender identity)

Conversion therapy is the term for __________ and it _______ .

therapy that attempts to change a person's sexual orientation; is harmful and unsuccessful.

_______ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.

trait

defense mechanisms

unconscious protective behaviors that aim to reduce anxiety

What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?

what is normal development?

embryo

when the zygote implants itself in the lining of the uterus

A(n) ________ is a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

zygote

fetal stage of prenatal development

▪Organs and systems become refined and begin functioning. Rapid growth continues. This stage lasts until birth. ▪External genitalia appear in the third month. Long bones are visible on radiograph in the fourth month. By the fifth month, the fetus is 11 to 12 inches long and may weigh 1 pound. ▪The remaining months are the maturation time for all systems.

germinal stage of prenatal development

(2 week) conception, cell division, uterine implantation; blastocyst- cells dividing; approximately one week after conception and implantation -conception --zygote

embryonic stage of prenatal development

-4th week to 7th week -CRITICAL PERIOD- formation of definitive organs, abnormal development results in structural anomalies -embryo -placenta

3 stages of prenatal development

1) Germinal 2) embryonic 3) fetal

All of the following are true of the research of Kinsey:

1) His surveys showed that masturbation is much more common than was previously believed 2) He believed that sexual orientation falls on a continuum, rather than falling into discrete categories 3) His research showed that women can be much more active participants in sexual relationships than was believed at the time

All of the following are true of Masters & Johnson's research

1) They observed couples engaging in sex together as well as people engaged in sexual acts alone 2) They collected physiological measurements from their participants 3) They used their data to describe the sexual response cycle

the 3 lifespan domains of development

1) physical development 2) cognitive development 3) psychosocial development

psychosexual stages of development

1. Oral Stage 2. Anal Stage 3. Phallic Stage 4. Latency Stage 5. Genital Stage

Which famous experiment focused on showing the effects of following an authority figure?

Milgram experiment

object permanence

5-8 months understanding that even if something is out of sight, it still exists

unconsciousness

9/10 of the mind of mental activity we are unaware and unable to access

The first person / people to conduct large scale research on human sexuality:

Alfred Kinsey

Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect.

Asch

The ________ effect focuses on the influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment.

Asch

What is the major flaw in the Asch conformity study?

Asch ignored the importance of several factors influencing conformity—including age, gender, and socio-cultural background.

What did the case of David Reimer / Dr. John Money teach us about gender identity?

Biological factors were more influential on gender identity in David's case than was socialization

sensorimotor stage

Birth-2 years Understands world through senses and actions -object permanence

Gordon Allport organized the words of the English language into 3 categories that describe people. What are these?

Cardinal, central, and secondary traits

Which of the following does not occur during the concrete operational stage?

Children begin to use language.

________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors.

Dispositionism

Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?

Erik Erikson

The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________.

Five factor model

Which of the following is a way that the Kinsey research differed from the Masters and Johnson research?

Kinsey collected data with personal interviews; Masters and Johnson recorded measurements of physiological variables.

who divided the sexual response cycle into four different phases?

Masters and Johnson

The ________ uses images and storytelling that relate to Hispanic culture.

TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Children with FASD may have a large head size and abnormal facial features, poor judgment, poor impulse control, higher rates of ADHD, learning issues, and lower IQ scores.

The word "large" should be changed to the phrase "below average."

Which projective test shows 8-12 pictures and is asked to tell a story?

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

What is not true about Masters and Johnson's research?

They obtained their data by observing a small number of willing participants who allowed themselves to be recorded during sex