Psych Exam Ch 7-10

The endocrine system consists of...

A set of molecules carrying instructions through the bloodstream to visceral organs

At what age do children typically begin to use emotions words appropriately, in pretend play and in social interaction?

About 2 years

Which of the following emotions do children only being to display around the time they can recognize themselves in a mirror?

Embarrassment

Which of the following facial expressions of emotion do English speaking children typically learn to recognize and label first, before learning the labels for other emotions?

Happiness

Which of the following statements about cortisol is FALSE?

In healthy people, cortisol is always low unless they have a stressful experience

The trolley dilemma, described in your textbook, is commonly used to study?

Moral reasoning

In one study described in your textbook, mothers were asked how they would respond if their child misbehaved in public, such as knocking items of the shelf at a store. Which of the following best summarizes the results?

Mothers in the U.S. said they would order their children to stop, or physically restrain them; Japanese mothers said they would explain why the behavior hurt other people

Which of the following statements about newborn infants crying is FALSE?

Newborn infants cries of fear and frustration sound different, and are easily differentiated

At what stage of adulthood do people report the highest subjective well-being (assuming they are physically healthy) on average?

Older adulthood, over 70 years of age

Which of the following kind of emotion has NOT been found to broaden people's attention, to focus on global patterns rather than detailed elements of those patterns?

Positive emotion with low approach motivation (I think)

A small baby is laying quietly in its crib when it hears a door slam very loudly. What behavior is it likely to display?

The baby will fling its hands out, then contract into a fetal position with fingers clenched in order to grab onto whatever it can

In a classic study, Harry Harlow (1958) separated baby monkeys from their mothers and places then in cages with one mother figure made of wire and one covered with warm fuzzy cloth. For half of the monkeys, the wire mother held a bottle of food; for the other half, the cloth covered monkey held the food. Which of the following best summarizes the study results?

The baby's monkeys spent most of their time on the cloth covered mother, regardless of which mother held the food

Which of the following proposes that emotional arousal enhances the consolidation of memories for events that happened during or just before the arousal?

The synaptic tag-and-capture hypothesis

Infants begin typically social smiling, i.e. in response to another persons smile, at about what age?

2 months

In the visual cliff task, babies are placed on the shallow side of a table covered in clear glass, where the solid floor is immediately beneath the glass on one side, then drops sharply a few feet on the other. The mother stands beyond the deep side of the table, facing the baby and either smiling or looking frightened. At what age do babies typically begin responding to the mothers expression when deciding whether to cross the "cliff" or not?

9 months

The hearts natural rhythm, determined by its pacemaker in the absence of any input from the autonomic nervous system, is approximately________ beats per minute

90

In one study described in your textbook (Qu et al, 2015) adolescents who engaged in fewer real life risky activities showed less activity in the prefrontal cortex during a simple impulse-inhibition task than those who engaged in more risk taking. Given what is known about the prefrontal cortex, which of the following is the most plausible interpretation of this finding?

Adolescents who engage in less risky behavior gave weaker impulses, so controlling them is easier

Which of the following has NOT been documented as an effect of seeing an emotionally intense image, according to your textbook?

After seeing a long series of images, people tend to remember not only the emotionally intense ones, but also the images that immediately followed emotionally intense ones

Which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome, or stress response, is characterized by very high sympathetic nervous system activation?

Alarm

Which of the following is NOT typical of people's emotion trajectories throughout adulthood?

All of the above are typical of emotion trajectories throughout adulthood

Which of the following has NOT been associated with greater perceived physical attractiveness?

All of the above have been associated with greater perceived attractiveness (healthy skin and hair, attractive personality, and statically avg facial features)

Which of the following species have NOT shown signs of self-recognition in a variant of the dot-on-the-nose test in human children?

All of the species above (magpies, elephants, chimps) have been found to show self-recognition

Which of the following is NOT one of John Gottmans four horsemen of the apocalypse, thr set of martial conflict behavior associated with greater probably of divorce?

Anger

You have to give a presentation in one of your classes, and you know it's important to feel confident. Right before class, however, something unpleasant happens. Which of the following emotional responses to the event is most likely to increase your confidence?

Anger

According to an early study by Hazan and Shaver (1987) adults with which attachment style are most likely to say that they fall in love easily?

Anxious

Maria is 15 months old. Her mother has to go out one evening, so she takes Maria to the home of a good friend who can look after her for a couple of hours. Because Maria has never met this friend, the mom stays with her for a while before leaving. Still, Maria clings to her mother while they are in this unfamiliar place, and when her mother leaves she screams uncontrollably. When Maria's mother returns, Maria has a difficult time calming down and seems angry at her mother for leaving as well as glad she has returned. A researcher would describe Maria's attachment style as?

Anxious-ambivalent

The research evidence on emotion and memory suggests that moderate increases in facilitate memory encoding?

Arousal

A baby is being held in a somewhat uncomfortable position by its pediatrician during a simple medical test. Crying, the baby looks at the doctor, and appears to be noticeably angry. According to a study discussed in your textbook, how old is the baby likely to be?

At least 7 months old

In the visual cliff task, babies are placed on the shallow side of a table covered in clear glass, where the solid floor is immediately beneath the glass on one side, then drops sharply a few feet on the other. The mother stands beyond the deep side of the table, looking at the baby. Which of the following research questions was this task designed to address?

At what age do babies respond to their mothers facial expressions in deciding whether to cross to the deep side of the cliff? (I think)

According to an early study by Hazan and Shaver (1987) adults with which attachment style are most likely to agree that romantic love does not last forever?

Avoidant

Derrick is 12 months old, and after a year of maternity leave his mom is going back to work. She takes him to his new day care, and stays with him for a while before leaving. While she is there Derrick plays quietly on his own, paying little attention to her, and when she leaves he does not seem to mind. However, he does not explore the daycare much while she is gone, mostly sleeping or playing quietly with one toy. When his mother returns Derrick does not run to her like many of the other children do to their moms. A researcher would describe Dereks attachment style as?

Avoidant

In a classic study, Harry Harlow (1958) raised baby monkeys in cages with one mother figure made of wire, and another covered with warm fuzzy cloth. For half of the monkeys, the wire mother held a bottle of food; for the other half, the cloth covered monkey held the food. Researchers observed where the monkeys spent the most of their time. Which of the following best summarizes the implications of the results?

Babies need comforting physical contact to thrive, as well as food and clean, safe surroundings

On your way to campus one day, your car is rear ended. Although you and the other driver are both okay, and the accident didn't feel that serious, you are informed that your car is a total loss and the other driver es insurance company is simply going to give you money to buy a new car. You'll have to buy the car quickly, and it's important that you make a good decision, but there are many complex factors to consider. According to research on emotion and cognition, which of the following emotions will most help you in making a good, careful decision?

Both happiness and anger will help you make a better decision (I think)

Which of the following is the key advantage of cardiac interbeat interval (IBI) over beats per minute (BPM) as a measure of heart rate?

Changes in IBI can be measured on a finer scale than changes in BPM

Which of the following is NOT a result of increased sympathetic nervous system activation?

Construction of pupil diameter

Which of the following is NOT an effect of the hormone cortisol?

Cortisol reduces metabolism, conserving glucose for future use

In a study by Ibsen and colleagues (1987) participants were randomly assigned to watch either a funny or neutral film clip. They were then given a small candle, a matchbox, and a thumbtack and asked to attach to candle to a cork board on the wall. This study was designed to test to effects of positive emotion on?

Creative thinking

Which of the following statements about depression and cognition is NOT supported by research discussed in your textbook?

Depressed individuals are more likely to overestimate the amount of control they have over situations, as compared to non-depressed people

Which of the following best describes the autonomic specificity hypothesis?

Different emotions are associated with different patterns of activity across organs throughout the body

Which of the following is NOT described in your textbook as a factor that predicts higher relationship and martial satisfaction?

Each partner is good at detecting when the other is attracted to a third person

Shakira is buying coffee one day at a local coffee shop. She notices that the man helping her is moving slowly and seems a bit glum. Shakira thinks...He really seems sad today, I wonder what's going on? As it happens, Shakira is correct-the man had just broken up with a long term romantic partner. In this example, Shakira has most clearly demonstrated?

Empathic accuracy

At which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome, or stress response, is the body most vulnerable to infection and illness?

Exhaustion

Which of the following best summarizes the findings of research on flashbulb memories?

Flashbulb memories are more vivid and confidently held than non-emotional memories, but no more accurate

In studies examining people's memory for a long battery of photographs, which factor best predicted the likelihood that a photo would be remembered by most people?

How intense or arousal-eliciting the photo was

Which of the following is a result of increased sympathetic nervous system activation?

Increase saliva in mouth?

Which of the following is a result of increased parasympathetic nervous system activation?

Increased dilation of the arteries feeding the skeletal muscles?

Which of the following is a result of increased parasympathetic nervous system activation?

Increased respiratory sinus arrhythmia

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic component of the response to long-term physical or psychological stress?

Increased sex drive

In a study by Cahill and colleagues (1994) researchers gave half the participants a drug while the others received a placebo. They found that the drug interferes with memory for details of an emotionally intense story, relative to the placebo, but had no effect on memory for details for a neutral story. What did the drug used in this study do?

It blocks some aspects of sympathetic nervous system activation

Claire is out having lunch one day, and sees her friend Mackenzie having lunch with a man Claire has not met. Claire does not interrupt them, but after watching them for a few minutes thinks...Hey, they seem really attracted to each other! Which of the following might Claire have noticed as a sign of mutual attraction, consistent with research discussed in your textbook?

Mackenzie and the man were mirroring each other's posture and movements

According to a meta-analysis of longitudinal data conducted by Fraley (2002) how strong is the correlation between infant and adult attachment style?

Medium sized, around 0.40

In the trolley dilemma, participants must decide whether to flip a switch that will divert a trolley saving five people's lives but killing one person. In the footbridge dilemma, participants must decide whether to push a large wrestler into the path of a trolley, killing that wrestler but saving the lives of five people who otherwise would have been hit. When researchers compare participants responses to these two dilemmas, what do they find?

Most people are mor hesitant to push the wrestler into the trolleys path than they are to flip the switch, although they have the same effect (I think)

In a study describes in your textbook (Shiota & Levenson, 2009), young, middle age, and older adults watched sad and disgusting video clips. Some participants were asked to think about the films in unemotional ways (detached reappraisal) and other to think about positive aspects and implications of the films (positive reappraisal). Which of the following best summarizes the study's results?

Older adults were generally worse at regulating their emotions than young and middle age adults

Which of the following is both a neurotransmitter and a hormone?

Oxytocin

Which of the following is the key advantage of pre-ejection period (PEP) over interbeat interval (IBI) as a measure of cardiac activity?

PEP is only influenced by sympathetic activation, whereas IBI is influenced by both sympathetic and parasympathetic activation

Which of the following best summarizes the proposed Yerkes-Dodson law, described in your textbook?

People perform cognitive tasks best when arousal levels are intermediate, neither too high nor too low

Which of the following best summarizes the affect infusion model (Forgas 1995) relating emotion to cognition?

People use their emotions as information in making decisions, even if the source of the emotion is unrelated to the decision to be made

Which of the following is FALSE regarding attention to emotion-inducing stimuli?

People who are prone to strong anxiety orient their vision quickly toward unpleasant images, and have trouble pulling their attention away

Which of the following is the correct term for contraction of the intestines, moving food through the digestive system?

Peristalsis

Mark learns that a colleague of his, Joshua, has just been diagnosed with cancer. He thinks about all of the implications that this will have for his friends life, and for their relationship. According to research by Nancy Eisenberg and colleagues (1989) mark is LEAST likely to offer practical support to Joshua when he is feeling which of the following emotions?

Personal distress

Which of the following emotion states has been found to promote creative thinking?

Positive mood

Newborn babies smile most often during?

Rapid eye movement sleep (REM)

Which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome, or stress response, is characterized by heightened cortisol activity?

Resistance

While holding her 4-month-old niece, an aunt playfully holds the baby's legs tightly so the baby cannot move then. When the baby becomes annoyed by this, where does research suggest she is likely to look?

She will close her eyes in a tight squint, rather than looking anywhere (I think)

Which of the following physiological variables is influenced by BOTH sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activation?

Skin conductance? (Maybe)

A 2 year old girl is visiting the zoo for the first time with her father. As they look at the monkeys, an adult monkey comes close to the girl and begins reaching out to her. The girl initially seems nervios but looks at her father and seeing that he is smiling, looks back at the monkey, laughs, and talks to it playfully. This is an example of?

Social referencing

Which of the following is NOT considered a defining feature of secure infant attachment to a regular caregiver?

Stranger anxiety...a fear of people other than regular caregivers

In one study described in your textbooks by Sternberg & Campos (1990) researchers restrained the arms of a 1, 4, and 7 month old infants to see what facial expression they would display and where they would look. According to the researchers, what did the results of this study suggest?

That changes in the expression of anger reflect development in the babies ability to cognitively appraise the situation

Jose is watching television one night, and sees a commercial advertising a particular brand of dish soap. The commercial is clever and funny, making him laugh. Two days later, Jose is facing an array of shelves with several brands of dish soap, and has to pick one. Although he doesn't remember seeing the commercial two nights earlier, he selects that brand thinking it is probably the best. This example illustrates which of the following theoretical models?

The affect infusion model

Which of the following proposes that the positive vs negative balance of affect is used as information to inform decision-making, altering people's evaluations on issues unrelated to the cause of the emotion itself?

The affect infusion model

In a study by Mario Mikulincer and colleagues (2000), participants viewed prime words, some of which were threatening (eg failure) and some neutral (eg chair). After each prime word, a target string of letters was displayed; the participants task was to decide as quickly as possible whether the string was a word or not. Results shows that participants detected target words with close relationship themes (eg love) faster after seeing a threatening prime than after a neutral prime. Which of the following best describes the main implication of these results?

The average person is very concerned that their close relationships might fail (I think)

In a study procedure called the impossible task outcome, babies watch as an experimenter covers two objects with a screen, and then takes the screen away to reveal either one or two objects. Which of the following accurately summarizes results when the babies are just a few months old?

The babies look longer at the impossible outcome, when just one object is revealed

Which of the following proposes that positive emotions help us expand the focus of our attention, and take advantage of opportunities we might otherwise have overlooked?

The broaden and build hypothesis

Which of the following is NOT associated with higher likelihood that a marriage will last, rather than ending in divorce?

The couple lived together prior to marrying

Which of the following is the best definition of respiratory sinus arrhythmia?

The difference in heart rate between inhaling and exhaling

In an ECG, researchers detect heart rate by measuring...

The electrical activity generated by heart muscle in the process of contracting

Which of the following best describes the autonomic nervous system?

The nerves carrying instructions from the brain out to the visceral organs in the body, such as the heart, digestive system, & skin

According to your textbook,when making a decision about a risky, but potentially rewarding situation, people's emotions are NOT very responsive to?

The possible negative consequences of the risk (i think)

In order to interpret someone's heart rate during an experience of strong emotion, it must be compared to...

The same persons heart rate right before the emotional experience

Belinda makes a quick stop at the grocery store on the way home from work, in order to pick up a few items. She carries her keys into the store, and in her rush she almost puts them down in order to reach up for an item on a high shelf. In a flash, however, she imagines leaving the keys in the grocery shelf, forgetting them, and getting back to her car only to realize she has lost her keys. The thought is so unpleasant that she carefully puts the keys in her purse instead. This example illustrates which of the following theoretical models?

The somatic marker hypothesis

Which of the following proposes that people make decisions, in part, by subconsciously estimating their emotional responses to the results of each course of action, and then choosing the course that produces the best feeling?

The somatic marker hypothesis (I think)

A 3 year old boy is in the grocery store, and hears another child crying. He goes to the older child, observes the situation and asks "why are you crying? Are you scared because you can't find your mom?" What cognitive ability is the 3 year old displaying?

Theory of mind

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of people who chose the avoidant paragraph as the best fit in Hazan and Shavers (1987) study of adult attachment style?

They agree that it is normal for people's romantic feelings to grow and wane repeatedly over the course of a relationship

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of people who chose the anxious paragraph as the best fit in Hazan and Shavers (1987) study of adult attachment styles?

They rarely report feeling underappreciated or misunderstood by their partners

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of people who chose the secure paragraph as the best fit in Hazan and Shavers (1987) study of adult attachment style?

They say that they fall in love easily and often

In a study by Cahill and colleagues (1994) researchers gave half of the subjects a drug that temporarily disabled some aspects of sympathetic nervous system arousal, and others a placebo. All participants then watched a series of slides, accompanied by a story that was either emotionally intense or neutral. A week later, all participants answered a series of multiple choice questions about the story. Which group received the highest score, on average?

Those who took the placebo and heard the emotionally intense story

According to theorist John Bowlby, what is the central function of the attachment system?

To allow babies to balance their need to explore with their need to remain safe

If a patient comes into the emergency room and the doctor suspects he or she is under the influence of heroin, what simple physical symptom is the doctor likely to look for?

Very small pupils

In a classic study (Lewis and Brookes-Gunn 1979) researchers asked infants and toddlers mothers to put a small spot of rouge on their children's noses while pretending to wipe them. The researchers then observed the toddlers behavior when looking in a mirror. What research question was this Rudy designed to address?

What what age do young children begin to develop a sense of self?

Which of the following situations is NOT one in which babies typically display the Moro reflex?

When it hears another baby crying

Which of the following is the correct definition of piloerection?

When muscles around hair follicles contract, so the hair stands up on end

Which of the following most accurately summarizes socioemotional selectivity theory?

When people have less time to live ahead of then than behind them, they selectively prioritize emotional well-being and close relationships over achievement and building resources for the future

In a study by Wilson and colleagues (1993) described in your textbook, participants spent time doing a task, and the chose one of several posters that had been hanging on the wall as a gift to take home. The researchers called participants three weeks later, and asked them to rate how much they liked their new poster. Which of the following best summarizes the implications of the study results?

When the right choice depends mainly on values and preferences, a gut reaction may be a better basis for decision-making than logical analysis

The prefrontal cortex of the brain does not reach full maturity until?

Young adulthood, about 18-25 years of age