PSYCH Final

which of these sets of correlation coefficients is ordered from weakest to strongest

.07, -2.4, .56, -.78

which of these could be Pearson's R for the correlation between preschool ability to delay gratification on the marshmallow test and SAT score

0.3

match each item type to the corresponding item: 1. on average how many cigarettes doe you smoke per day 0, 1-5,6-10,>10 2. on average how many cigarettes do you smoke per day? _____ 3. i can quit smoking whenever I want -strongly agree, strongly disagree, agree, disagree

1. closed 2. open enden 3. likert

observer A and observer B recorded swear words utilized by patient 4, a child diagnosed with tourettes syndrome in successive 5 minute epochs these are the data: observer A: 15929834 observer B: 15929814 calculate percent correct

80

survey items that can be answered with a double negative response are problematic because they

?? -not all of the above

nonresponse bias occurs when

?? -not those responding to a survey fail to answer a significant number of questions on the survey

suppose there is a high positive correlation between reading speed and reading comprehension. you suspect that IQ increases both reading speed and reading comprehension. IQ is a potential

?? NOT range restriction

the goal of naturalistic observation is to

??? -NOT observe without altering the behavior you are observing

a researcher who selects a probability sample of psychology majors that is 45% bachelor of science students and 55% bachelor of arts students s most likely to be using ____ sampling

??? not convenience

to study math achievement in west virginias third graders a researcher randomly selects 5%of the states school districts and gives all the students in each district a math test. what sampling procedure is being taken here

??? not quota

which is a type of nonprobability sampling?

???? not cluster sampling

on how many days in the last month did you have a headache is an example survey of an

???partially open item -not open item

evidence based practice in a drug rehabilitation clinic would involve

ALL OF THE ABOVE -clinic staff reading the latest primary source literature on treatment for addiction and using whatever treatment based on whichever treatment has the strongest scientific evidence that it works -therapists regularly attending scientific conferences and taking continuing education classes in their filed -patient records include objective measures of treatment efficacy

learning about research methodology and critical thinking is important for

ALL OF THE ABOVE -evaluating standards of care in social or healthcare services -evaluating information from various sources -learning to make decisions based on evidence

according to the APA code which of the following conditions must be met for researchers to be exempt from obtaining informed consent or debriefing participants

ALL OF THESE -confidentiality is maintained -anonymity is maintained -researchers do not interfere with the participants directly -the environment is public

which of the following should be avoided when writing survey questions

ALL OF THESE -double negatives -complex wording -leading questions

the problem of directionality in correlational research

BOTH A AND B -is when its not possible to determine whether A caused B or B caused A -occurs because there are no manipulated independent variables

the problem of directionality in correlation research

BOTH A AND B -is when its not possible to determine whether A caused B or B caused A -occurs because there are not manipulated independent variable

how much information is in a coefficient of correlation

BOTH alternatives of A AND B -the strength of a relationship -the direction of a relationship

which of the following is an example of naturalistic observation

Ginsburg and Miller (1982) recorded the number of boys and girls engaging in these risky behaviors and found that boys engaged in risk taking behaviors more frequently than girls

which of these is a primary source

NONE OF THE ABOVE -textbook about research methods in psychology...

which of the following is not an important factor when determining that X is causing Y to occur

X and Y should occur simultaneously

which of these is a primary source?

a graduate student's dissertation on canine cognition

which of the following is a peer reviewed source of evidence

a research article in the american journal of psychology

ultimately the decision about whether a manuscript should be published lies with the

action editor

one advantage of event based sampling is that

all instances of the target behaviors are recorded

ergonomic psychologists develop airplane diets that are fool proof. that is pilots cannot inadvertently turn them the wrong way. this demonstrates which goal of psychological research

application

what does the action editor do on the scientific peer review process

assigns experts in the field as reviewers

observer bias can be reduced by using

clear operation definitions

observer bias can be reduced by

clear operational definitions

an objective observation is one

completely free from any personal bias on the part of the observer

open discussions of psychological and scientific research represent which of the following essential elements of science

democratic discussion

the statement "many students fear taking a research methods course" is an example of ____ the stement "the fear of taking a research methods course is caused by unfounded gossip" is an example of ______ behavior

describing; explaining

DM-IV is a system for classifying mental disorders. as such it most clearly illustrates which of psychologys goals

description

if there is a strong relationship between variable A and variable B. it could be that A is causing B to occur but it could also be that B is causing A to occur. this is known as the

directionality problem

which of the following is an example of an empirical question that could be tested using systematic observation

do native english speaking canadians take longer to learn chinese or to learn spanish

which is most likely to be a correlational study rather than an experiment

do people who drink more water sleep better than people who drink less water

which of the following is the best definition of inductive reasoning

drawing a conclusion from an observation of a limited number of samples

_________ methods in psychological research are approaches to data gathering that are tied to actual measurement and observation

empirical

questions that can be answered through systematic observation and data collection are called

empirical questions

Leonard convinces his wealthy clients that they can move objects with their minds. he tells them that if they truly believe the objects will move. if the objects do not move, it is because they do not truly believe. leonards argument fails which important criteria of science

falsifiability

a statement that can be shown to be false is

falsifiable

a statement that is untrue is considered to be

falsifiable

identify the most likly third variable to account for a correlation between dental visit frequency and life expectancy (i.e. the more often someone visits the dentist the longer they live)

frequency of flossing

in a negative correlation

high scores on one variable are accompanied by low scores on the second variable

which is an example of an open ended survey item

how is a closed question different from an open question

based on the readings, if you never get involved in research why is taking a research methods or critical thinking course valuable

improves your ability to be a critical consumer of information

what is the advantage of a field study over a lab study

increased external validity

researchers have measured the contents of peoples trash and the bumper stickers that people put on their cars. these are two examples of

indirect measures

which of the following is an example of non response bias

individuals with shorter attention spans did not finish completing a survey on their academic experience

a bee stings Stephen. he notices that the sting is not very painful and concludes that stings from wasps, bees, and other insects do not hurt. this is an example of

inductive reasoning

according to the APA ethics code

informed consent is not needed for unobtrusive observations in public environments

When researchers take special care to include and control for every possible variable, the study is likely to have high ______, even though the results may not generalize to more realistic situation

internal validity

when researchers take special care to include and control for every possible variable the study is likely to have high _______, even though the results may not generalize to a more realistic situation

internal validity

when researchers take special care to include and control for every possible variable, the study is likely to have high _____ even though the results may not generalize to a more realistic situation

internal validity

researchers who_______ will always need to include an informed consent process to get approved by their IRB

intervene directly with patients

in a study of culture in nonhumans, researchers try to predict juvenile chimpanzees will be able to learn new skills fastest based on the size of their mothers' american sign language vocabulary

juveniles' skill learning speed is the criterion variable

which of the following titles of an academic paper best reflects the notion that science is democratic

look at these data and form your own opinion

what is one way to tell if a journal is peer reviewed

look up the journal in PubMed

which is not a guideline for creating effective survey items

make items as long and specific as possible

correlational and experimental research differ in that

manipulated independent variables only occur in experimental research

by definition scan sampling involves

many target participants

a los angeles times article entitles "Green coffee beans show potential for losing weight" is most likely to be a

non peer reviewed secondary source

why is it beneficial for scientists to use systematic observation in order to acquire knowledge

observations provide the basic data that allow scientists to track, tally, or otherwise organize information about the natural world

which of teh following is an example of unobtrusive method of behavioral observation

observing subjects through a one way mirror

scientific findings published in the popular press are:

often dramatized

which of these is NOT one of psychology's goals

persuasion

the basic definition of _________ is that all members of the population have exactly the same chance of being selected as participants

probability sampling

interobserver reliability is calculated for the purpose of

quantifying observer bias

correlations based on a subset of all possible scores may be different than those based on the whole range. this concept is called

range restriction

good survey items should be _____ and _____

reliable and valid

when survey items are all worded favorably the result can be a response bias called

response acquiescence

reverse scored items and manipulation checks are methods of minimizing

response bias

the idea of falsifiability involves

ruling out bad explanations

while focal sampling involves collecting data from a small number of individuals , _______- involves observing an entire group of people or animals and recording a few specific behaviors from those within the group

scan sampling

in general, pseudoscience theories

sidestep disproof by describing their studies in vague terms

a researcher who selects a probability sample by drawing up a list of names from the phone book using a list of random numbers is most likely to be using _____ sampling

simple random

on surveys subjects can try to present a positive image of themselves a problem referred to as

social desirability bias

_______ is a method of observational research in which researchers manipulate the environment to create opportunities to observe behavior in specific situations

structured observation

_________ is a method of observational research in which researchers manipulate the environment to create opportunities to observe behavior in specific situations

structured observation

imagine that researchers were interested in learning about public support for gay marriage. if the researchers analyzed facebook posts regarding the acceptance or rejection of homosexuality (via opinions in status updates,article posts, or groups they officially like), they would be

studying online behavior

which of the following is NOT an essential feature of science

subjective

sometimes considered the core of science ______ refers to the careful monitoring (or watching) of the natural world with the aim of better understanding it

systematic observation

the correlation between verbal SAT scores (max score=800) and freshman GPA will be lowest at a school

that only accepts students with a minimum of 600 on the verbal SAT

the method of introspection was gradually replaced by more direct behavioral methods because

the latter were more objective

which of the following is true about participant observation

the participant observers can influence the behavior of the group

why are we unable to determine whether less impulsive people are better off quitting smoking or quitting smoking makes people less impulsive based on the study by Bickel, madden and odum mentioned in this module

the problem of range restriction

in the scientific peer review process a reviewer should comment on all of the following EXCEPT

the quality of the university where the authors conducted the study

which of the following would be most likely to produce a negative correlation

the relationship between college grades and total TV watching time

in order for a pearson's R to reflect a meaningful relationship which of the following must be true

the relationship must be linear

in order to generalize from the results obtained with a sample to the population as a whole

the sample must be representative of the population

with a ____ is a group of closely related phenomena or observations, _____ is a logical idea that can be tested

theory; hypothesis

scientific thinking by psychologists is characterized by all of the following except

they are most interested in subjective personal experiences like dreams

part of the problem with horoscopes scientifically speaking is that

they are so vague they cannot be falsified

which of the following is a method for reducing observer bias?

training observers on operational definitions

survey questions should be stated using simple wording

true

imagine you study childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI). which of the following research questions should be classified as description, rather than prediction, explanation, or application

what is the lifetime prevalence of TBI? in other words how many people (what percent of the U.S. population) experience a TBI at some point in their lives

which of the following is a reason that indirect measures of behavior can be risky

you must make some assumptions regarding behaviors and effects