Psych Final

Susan's deviation IQ score is 115; therefore, her deviation IQ score is ___ standard deviation(s) above the mean for her age group.

1

For most Americans, the acronym USA is ___ chuck of information; the date 1776 is ___ chunk of information.

1;1

The duration of auditory sensory register is approximately ___.

4 to 5

Compared to fixed schedules of partial reinforcement, variable schedules lead to ___ periods with no responding and are ___ resistant to extinction.

fewer; more

Despite many unsuccessful attempts, Steve repeatedly tries to change the settings on his cell phone by using the same menu selection. By not trying a different set of options from the menu, Steve is displaying a form of ___.

fixation

Long periods of little responding followed by a burst of responding is MOST characteristic of which of the following partial reinforcement schedules?

fixed interval

Which of the following is NOT a secondary reinforcer?

food

The key theme of the Loftus and Palmer study of false memory described in the text is false memories can become "____" memories leading us to feel confident that they actually occurred.

real

By delaying the time between presentation and recall of words, what are you eliminating?

recency effect

What would jumping in response to the "pop" of a firecracker according to classical conditioning?

reflex

Talking about his acquaintance Doug who is really "into" technology, Dave says that it is more likely that Doug has both a Blu-ray player and a flat screen TV than just a Blu-ray player. Apparently influenced by the ___ heuristic, Dave has ___.

representativeness; committed the conjunction fallacy

What is the process of bringing information stored in long-term memory to the conscious level of short-term memory?

retrieval

According to the three-stage model of memory, in what sequence does incoming information flow through memory?

sensory, short-term, long-term

Behavioral psychologist reinforce successive approximation to the desired response is the process of ___.

shaping

The purpose of ___ is to permit interpretation of scores against norms.

standardization

Whenever Francesca is angry with her brother Gerald, she more easily recalls many of the times she has been treated unfairly by others in the past. Which of the following explain this?

the mood-congruent effect

If you better remember the words "happy" and "cheerful" from a list of words because they are characteristics you embody, you are likely experiencing ___.

the self-reference effect

What represents examples of the successful use of behavior modification and secondary reinforcers?

token economies

If Pavlov presented the tone, waited a few moments, and then presented the meat powder, he would have been using ___.

trace conditioning

Slot machines provide reinforcement on a ___ schedule of reinforcement.

variable ratio

Carla dislikes washing dishes. When Carla shows her mother an excellent report card, her mother tells Carla that she does not have to do the dishes for a week. In this example, not doing the dishes is being associated with which of the following processes?

negative reinforcement

Stan tried a new pain reliever specifically designed for headaches. He found the pain reliever so effective that he uses only this product for his headaches. In this example, taking the pain reliever to get rid of the headache is and example of which of the following processes?

negative reinforcement

Stan loves junk food and justifies it by saying that his grandmother lived to be 92 and ate junk food for most of her life. What type of reasoning is he using?

person-who reasoning

Spanking a child for not obeying rules results in decreases in disobedience is the BEST example of ___.

positive punishment

When the UCS no longer follows the CS, it is likely that the __ will disappear through the process of __.

CR; extinction

Following a break in extinction training, a burst of responding on a cumulative record illustrates which of the following?

Spontaneous recovery

Operant condition is concerned with how behavior operates on the environment by bringing about certain consequences. True or false?

True

Susan has conditioned her cats to come running when she shakes their box of kitty treats. In this case, the treats serve as the ___.

UCS

To locate a missing receipt that Dennis knows he put in a file, Dennis systematically goes through each of the folders he uses, starting with A and working his way toward Z. This search procedure most closely resembles which of the following problem-solving strategies?

an algorithm

When a girl calls a small dog a 'cat' because she relates the word 'dog' strictly to large animals, what is she being influenced by?

an existing schema

Because Tim is likely to notice when it rains after he washes his car, he believes there is a relationship between washing his car and the occurrence of rain. This perceived relationship best illustrates which of the following?

an illusory correlation

Sandra read a section of her textbook, but when she tried to answer the concept check questions at the end of the section, she could not even remember reading about the topics covered in the question. It is likely that when reading, Sandra used ___ rather than ___ which is required for effective study.

automatic processing; effortful processing

What is a rule of thumb that the more easily we remember an event, the more probable it is?

availability heuristic

Pavlov developed procedures for ___ conditioning to study the ___ reflex.

classical; salivary

If your psychology test included material that was not assigned or covered in class, you could most reasonable argue that the test lacked which of the following?

content validity

H.M.'s performance on the mirror-tracing task revealed that he ___.

could encode new procedural memories

When she was in the living room, the light flickered, and Jane went to the kitchen to get a new bulb from the cabinet. However, when she got to the kitchen, she forgot why she had gone to the kitchen. This memory difficulty most clearly illustrates which of the following theories of forgetting?

cue dependent

The fact that most Americans cannot easily recall exactly what a US penny looks like is best explained by which of the following?

encoding failure

What is "mental telepath is a somewhat uncommon, but clearly verifiable, extension of our sensory abilities" an example of?

erroneous belief

What is the selective reproduction to enhance the mental capacities of the human race, with respect to intelligence?

eugenics

What type of memory requires conscious effort and entails making declarations about the information remembered?

explicit

Kevin's reaction range for IQ is between 90 to 130. Which of the following factors would predict that Kevin might reach the upper limits of his reaction range?

good nutrition and living in high-quality environment

Determining the number of square feet in you bedroom is NOT an ___.

ill-defined problem

According to James Flynn, which of the following has likely contributed to the increase in intelligence test scores that has occurred over the past century?

increase in abstract and scientific thinking

What law states that any behavior that results in negative consequences is likely to be extinguished?

law of effect

The average correlation between fraternal twins raised together is ___ than that for identical twins reared apart, indication the influence of ___ factors.

less; hereditary

In a free recall task, items from the middle of the list are typically recalled ___ frequently than those at the beginning of the list and ___ frequently than those at the end of the list.

less; less

When we need to use information previously stored, it flows from ___ memory into ___ memory.

long-term; short-term

A problem-solving strategy that makes use of subgoals in reducing the distance between start states and goal states is ___.

means-end analysis

The tendency to seek evidence that supports our hypotheses is known as ___.

the confirmation bias

One explanation for infantile/child amnesia is that ___ is (are) not fully developed.

the hippocampus