Psych final exam

Ayanna is a divorced, middle-aged woman who has a stressful job, two teenaged children, and an aging mother to care for. she would like to start exercising to reduce her stress level and improve her memory and thinking. Now that you have read this chapter, what would you tell Ayanna regarding exercise? a. It is not too late to start exercising, and a program of regular exercise can reduce stress and improve mood, memory, and thinking b. although it may not be too late to start exercising, Ayanna should not expect much improvement in her stress level or her memory because exercise alone is not enough c. It is probably too late to get much benefit from exercise since Ayanna is already middle-aged d. Ayanna should seek some easier way to deal with her stress and just accept that as she ages, her memory will continue to deteriorate

a. It is not too late to start exercising, and a program of regular exercise can reduce stress and improve mood, memory, and thinking

Julia is an ER doctor. During the pandemic, she volunteers to work extra-long shifts that deprive her of sleep and put her at risk of contracting a dangerous illness. Even though Julia is putting her health and safety at risk, she feels fulfilled and happy because she is using her skills to help others. How does Julia's choice expose a flaw in Maslow's hierarchy of needs? a. Julia is choosing to prioritize self-actualization over her need for safety b. Julia is choosing to prioritize others' physiological needs over her own c. Julia is choosing to ignore the pleasure principle d. Julia is choosing not to improve herself

a. Julia is choosing to prioritize self-actualization over her need for safety

Darla's coach thinks Darla isn't very skilled at soccer. The coach never picks her for drills and doesn't start her in important games. Darla begins to believe she is not good at soccer and stops practicing as much as she used to. This is an example of a. a self-fulfilling prophecy b. perspective taking c. prejudice d. stereotype threat

a. a self-fulfilling prophecy

Exercise has been shown to affect neurotransmitter systems involved in reward, motivation, and emotion. In so doing, it a. benefits one's emotions and mood b. can worsen conditions like depression, addiction, and alcoholism c. can negatively impact one's self-confidence d. can exhaust the body's ability to cope with stress

a. benefits one's emotions and mood

After trying new foods, Roger comes to a conclusion that he dislikes oysters but enjoys brussels sprouts because he has always believed that vegetables are healthier foods to eat than oysters. Which of the following statements can best explain his preferences? a. he came to dislike oysters because he has a simple attitude b. he came to like brussels sprouts because he has a complex attitude c. he came to dislike oysters through mere exposure d. he came to like brussels sprouts through low attitude accessibility

a. he came to dislike oysters because he has a simple attitude

In the study by Muzafer Sherif and colleagues on ingroup and outgroup social behavior, they found that by simply dividing boys into two groups and having the groups compete against each other, they could a. increase hostility and prejudice between groups b. increase cooperation and friendship between groups c. reduce hostility and isolation between groups d. reduce prosocial behavior within groups

a. increase hostility and prejudice between groups

From an evolutionary perspective, pleasure ________ the likelihood of survival and reproduction because it ____ a. increases; promotes adaptive behaviors b. decreases; interferes with adaptive learning c. decreases; promotes negative behaviors d. increases; interferes with responses to pain

a. increases; promotes adaptive behaviors

Observations on how attitudes about African Americans would affect people's willingness to vote for Barack Obama in 2008 revealed that people who reported low levels of prejudice but whose scores on the Implicit Association Test (IAT) indicated negative attitudes about Black people were ______ likely to vote for Obama because ________ attitudes were better predictors of behavior than _________ attitudes a. less; implicit; explicit b. less; explicit; implicit c. more; implicit; explicit d. more; explicit; implicit

a. less; implicit; explicit

Even though Brendan does not like psychology, he is still taking an introductory psychology class because it's a prerequisite for his intended major. According to cognitive dissonance theory, Brendan will probably have a(n) ________ attitude toward psychology by the end of the semester. a. more positive b. more negative c. neutral d. unchanged

a. more positive

Hugh is sad that his best friend is studying abroad for the entire academic year. His brother tries to get him to go to some social events, but Hugh does not want to do anything. Hugh's behavior lacks energy and direction, and he feels unable to sustain activities. Hugh is lacking a. motivation b. emotion c. self-actualization d. homeostasis

a. motivation

Josh hears a song on the radio and dislikes it. By the end of the week, he's heard it so many times, he is now singing along. This is an example of a. the mere exposure affect b. perspective taking c. classical conditioning d. socialization

a. the mere exposure affect

Baily saw a bright orange sweater while shopping and thought it was ugly. Then Baily starts to see more and more people wearing the orange sweaters, which makes her like the sweater more and eventually buy one herself. This situation is an example of a. the mere exposure effect b. socialization c. classical conditioning d. post decisional dissonance

a. the mere exposure effect

The more that Edward sees Bella on campus, the more positive his attitude becomes toward her. Edward's attitude is becoming more positive with every encounter because of a. the mere exposure effect b. attitude accessibility c. cognitive dissonance d. the elaboration likelihood model

a. the mere exposure effect

Lucia is an engineering student. According to ingroup/outgroup bias she most likely believes other engineering students are __________ and non-engineering students are __________. a. unique individuals; very similar to each other b. unique individuals; unique individuals c. very similar to each other; very similar to each other d. very similar to each other; unique individuals

a. unique individuals; very similar to each other

Donato and Quincy are identical twins who were separated at birth. Donato tends to be fearful of many things. According to the research on genetics and negative emotions, how fearful, in general, would you expect Quincy to be? a. very fearful b. not very fearful c. never fearful d. It's not possible to predict Quincy's general level of fear from this information

a. very fearful

Turman wants to reduce his chances of contracting a sexually transmitted infection. Which of the following behaviors will help Turman practice safer sex? a. avoid monogamy b. always use condoms and/or dental dams c. get tested for sexually transmitted infections d. only engage in oral sex

b. always use condoms and/or dental dams

Research has shown that exercise increases the _______ of older adults a. reproductive hormones and brain volume b. brain volume and memory functioning c. hair growth and memory functioning d. aging and broken bones

b. brain volume and memory functioning

During recess, children are trying to balance a seesaw. If one side is too low, a heavier child will get off and be replaced by a lighter child; if one side is too high, a lighter child will be replaced by a heavier one. The children's behavior is similar to our biological states as they try to create a. drive satisfaction b. equilibrium c. arousal d. a habit

b. equilibrium

Julia has contracted a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Julia may have contracted the STI from any of the following activities EXCEPT a. having sexual intercourse without a condom b. having a PAP test c. sharing infected needles d. kissing someone who once had a cold sore

b. having a PAP test

When explaining the purpose of homeostasis, Dr. Murphy would most likely suggest that it a. generates a drive to satisfy a need b. is a tendency for the state of the body to remain stable c. creates a state of arousal

b. is a tendency for the state of the body to remain stable

Gertrude is close to finishing her degree in biology and has been offered several good jobs in her field. However, Gertrude decides that she really wants to become a carpenter. She quits school and becomes a very happy and successful carpenter. Gertrude feels she has accomplished her dreams and aspirations. According to Maslow, Gertrude a. does not have a need for achievement b. is self-actualized c. has high self-esteem d. is behaving according to her set point

b. is self-actualized

Which of the following statements is true about restrictive dieting? a. It is largely successful in dealing with weight-problems if it can be maintained for long periods of time b. it is typically counterproductive for long-term weight loss c. it often works for males but is less effective for females d. it is on the decline in developed countries

b. it is typically counterproductive for long-term weight loss

Antoinette is a real risk taker. She loves to skydive, and she can party all night. Benita dislikes risk taking and prefers quieter activities, such as reading and yoga. These contrasting preferences in the rate of physiological activation they experience suggest that Antoinette and Benita differ in their a. extrinsic motivations b. optimal levels of arousal c. intrinsic motivations d. self-actualization

b. optimal levels of arousal

Gil decides to attend a series of pride events in his community to better understand the lived experiences of LGBTQ people. Gil is attempting to engage in a. outgroup bias b. perspective taking c. cooperation d. stereotype threat

b. perspective taking

Two women, Jackie and Roberta, ask Katie out. Although she likes both of them, Katie decides to go out with Jackie. Afterward, she starts to notice more positive qualities about Jackie and more negative qualities about Roberta. Katie's new attitude is most likely a result of a. implicit attitude b. post decisional dissonance c. justification of effort d. attitude accessibility

b. post decisional dissonance

A study of older adults found that six months of aerobic training (e.g., fast dancing) resulted in which of the following? a. earlier death from heart attack b. no measurable improvement in any aspect c. an increase in brain volume and function d. an increase in depression

c. an increase in brain volume and function

Casey eats a lot of junk food. She knows the negative consequences of her diet, but rationalizes her behavior by saying the junk food helps her deal with her anxiety. Casey is using this explanation because she is uncomfortable with the inconsistency between her actions and her beliefs. Which of the following principles explains Casey's explanation the best? a. implicit attitudes b. simple attitudes c. cognitive dissonance d. attitude accessibility

c. cognitive dissonance

Raymond is studying for finals and has not slept for almost two days. He finally realizes he is exhausted and goes home from the library to sleep. Raymond's desire to go home and get some rest so that he no longer feels tired is a(n) a. goal b. incentive c. drive d. need

c. drive

Jerome's boat sank in cold water and his body temperature is dangerously low, so he starts swimming to raise his body temperature. According to motivational theory, Jerome's low temperature created a deficient state called a(n) ________, which in turn created a motivating state called a(n) ________ to increase his temperature. a. habit; incentive b. incentive; habit c. need; drive d. drive; need

c. need; drive

Kayleigh eats frequently at fast-food chains and is slightly overweight. Compared to someone who has never been overweight, when Kayleigh sees a picture of a fast-food cheeseburger, she is likely to experience more neural activity in a. the frontal cortex b. the somatosensory cortex c. reward pathways d. the visual cortex

c. reward pathways

Ruth has weighed 130 pounds all her adult life. During her recent pregnancy, she gained 10 pounds. Within a few months, Ruth's weight returned naturally to 130 pounds. For Ruth, 130 pounds was a(n) ___, and her body went back to it through a process of ___. a. optimal weight; equilibrium b. set point; equilibrium c. set point; homeostasis d. optimal weight; homeostasis

c. set point; homeostasis

Which of the following does NOT increase the likelihood that a person's attitude will predict their behavior? a. the personal relevance of the attitude b. the ease with which the attitude can be accessed from memory c. the values associated with the attitude d. the specificity of the attitude

c. the values associated with the attitude

Due in part to differences in access to affordable health care and in dietary and exercise habits, in the United States, _____________ have the longest life expectancy and _________ have the shortest life expectancy a. black women; black men b. black women, white men c. white women, black men d. white women, white men

c. white women; black men

Aline is sitting in a physician's office and has just been told that a nurse will be coming in to measure her BMI. Aline is not familiar with the term "BMI" and starts to panic. How should her mother reassure her about BMI tests? a. "Don't worry; all they need is a urine test." b. "BMI needles are very small and do not hurt at all." c. "Don't be afraid; they just need to listen to your lungs." d. "Relax; they are just going to measure your height and weight."

d. "Relax; they are just going to measure your height and weight."

Aman and Pavan are identical twins who were separated at birth. Whenever something goes wrong (even when it is not his fault), Pavan always feels guilty about it. According to the research on genetics and negative emotions, how often, in general, would you expect Aman to feel guilty? a. very often b. rarely c. never d. It's not possible to predict how often Aman feels guilty from this information

d. It's not possible to predict how often Aman feels guilty from this information

Which of the following statements is true about how STIs are transmitted from person to person? a. kissing someone with HIV can transmit the disease b. Sitting on the same toilet after an infected person has used it can transmit gonorrhea c. Herpes can only be transmitted through sexually contact d. Sharing needles that were used by an infected person can transmit HIV

d. Sharing needles that were used by an infected person can transmit HIV

You believe that eating fried food is bad for your health, but you eat fried chicken often. In this case, you have a _________ attitude about eating fried food a. mere exposure b. conditioned c. simple d. complex

d. complex

Hal is a police officer who believes that all elderly people are bad drivers. He issues tickets to a lot of elderly drivers. The way that Hal unfairly targets and punishes elderly drivers is best described as a. attribution b. prejudice c. stereotyping d. discrimination

d. discrimination

Claude Bouchard found that identical twins have similar weights regardless of whether they are raised together or apart. This study provides evidence for the idea that a. environment plays an important role in weight gain b. being an identical twin is stressful and therefore likely to cause weight gain c. weight gain is inevitable for most people if they overeat d. genes play an important role in weight gain

d. genes play an important role in weight gain

Dora is a moderately obese woman with a full figure. However, Dora is NOT confronted with social stigma about being overweight. On the contrary, she is often complemented on how attractive she is. Dora a. probably is a hardy person b. will experience a lack of congruent self-concept c. will nevertheless experience some negative psychological symptoms that are caused by her weight d. is more likely to live in a Pacific Island country than a Western country

d. is more likely to live in a Pacific Island country than a Western country

Dr. Haverford suggests to her client that her mood problems stem from problems with the neurotransmitter serotonin. Dr. Haverford mentions nothing about social or behavioral factors that may be related to mood. To understand her client's problems, Dr. Haverford seems to be using the ____ model a. interdisciplinary b. behaviorist c. biopsychosocial d. medical

d. medical

health psychologists focus on a. the absence of disease b. personal reports of health c. theories instead of experimental research d. promoting health and well-being

d. promoting health and well-being

Vaughn's grandmother, who is in her 60s, has been diagnosed with moderate cognitive decline. If she begins an exercise routine of walking 30 minutes a day for six days a week, she is likely to a. accelerate her rate of cognitive decline b. stop her cognitive decline entirely c. experience no difference in her cognitive abilities d. reduce her rate of cognitive decline

d. reduce her rate of cognitive decline

Before taking an exam, Dion, who is a student athlete, overhears someone saying that student athletes always do poorly when it comes to academics because their sports commitments leave them no time to study. His anxiety increases and his confidence drops. This is an example of a. discrimination b. perspective taking c. ingroup bias d. stereotype threat

d. stereotype threat

Jenna plans to be an engineer. Her coursework is very demanding and tiring. She also loves taking dance classes. she gets joy out of dancing even though it has nothing to do with her coursework, so she makes time for dance class even if it means that she must skip a meal or not get much sleep. Jenna's behavior is best explained by a. a satisfaction of needs b. drive reduction c. incentives d. the pleasure principle

d. the pleasure principle