psych final exam

Within the United States, about what percentage of adults experience some form of mental illness in a given year? - 20% - 10% - 15% - 30%

20%

As you look around, you realize that the student beside you is gripping his desk, seems overwhelmed, is staring into space, and is breathing in a rapid manner. Based on what we have talked about in class, what is this student probably experiencing? - A panic attack - Catharsis - Catatonia - A hot flash

a panic attack

During an issue of Major Depression, a person feels: - All answers are valid - Terrible shame and loss - Isolated and that no one understands - Terrible shame and loss of personal value / self -esteem

all answers are valid

The Mental Illness with far greatest prevalence, both in the United States and around the world is: - Anxiety Disorders - Bipolar Disorder - Depression - Schizophrenia

anxiety disorders

You return to your dorm room at 11 PM on a Friday night to find your dorm-mate in a very "down" mood. She hasn't attended classes all week, confided in you that she stopped taking medically prescribed mood stabilizing mediation, and feels that "life may not be worth living". Which of the below questions is the most important to ask at this point in time? - Ask your dorm-mate directly if she is thinking of harming herself of ending her life - Ask her if she wants to go out for pizza - Ask her if you can borrow her car - Ask her if she just wants to keep on sleeping and be left alone

ask your dorm-mate directly if she is thinking of harming herself or ending her life

The text describes the influence of the law of contagion as a kind of overgeneralization, or sweeping generalization, in that people under its influence tend to - avoid contact with all people they believe could have a disease, even when those people cannot transmit the disease to others - engage in faulty inductive reasoning, in which they lack sufficient information to draw a well-reasoned conclusion - believe in superstitious ideas that are stereotypes about people and so shun other people for being different from them - generalize beyond the diseases individuals know that they have and conclude that they also have other diseases

avoid contact with all people they believe could have a disease, even when those people cannot transmit the disease to others

what occupation is most likely to include a higher proportion of people who engage in a superstitious ritual? - jet fighter pilots - grocery store clerks - office workers - carpenters

jet fighter pilots

Monica was attending her introductory psychology class with 300 students in a large lecture hall. In the previous class, the instructor randomly called on people to answer questions about the chapter as a way to check whether they had done the reading. Suppose Monica had NOT done the reading. How likely is that she would be called on compared to if she had done the reading? - Just as likely if she had done or not done the reading. - More likely than if she had done the reading. - Less likely than if she had done the reading. - More likely than if she had not done the reading.

just as likely if she had done or not done the reading

McMally (2011) compared the number of diagnoses and pages in the DSM prior to the DSM-V. What is the trend in terms of the number of diagnosis and pages in these different editions of the DSM? - Later editions had more diagnostic categories than earlier ones - Earlier editions had more diagnostic categories and pages, while later ones had fewer. - Some earlier editions have more diagnostic categories and pages, while some had fewer. - There is no trend in the number of diagnostic categories in the different editions.

later editions had more diagnostic categories than earlier ones

B.F. Skinner studied how pigeons began bobbing their heads and twirling around in the "Skinner box" after being conditioned with a food reward. His reward is most consistent with the idea that superstitions are: - learned behavior - based on thinking errors - innate - irrational and based on paranormal beliefs

learned behavior

the acronym "M-A-D" can help you remember three fundamental, preliminary question that can help you decide whether someone has a severe psychological problem. These letters stand for: - maladaptive - abnormal - distressing - malevolent - abnormal disturbing - maladaptive - abnormal - deleterious - mistaken - abnormal - delusional

maladaptive, abnormal, distressing

Bipolar Disorder affects over 5 million Americans. If is characterized by period of _______________________ which cycle with periods of great ________________________. - Mania / Depression - Joy / Euphoria - Depression / Despair - Mania / Joy

mania/depression

Which component of clinical assessment is especially involved in evaluating various aspects of psychological functioning? - A mental status examination - The use of projective tests - The use of interview data from family members - A collection of case history information

mental status examination

the text describes psychologist B.F. Skinner's study of how pigeons began bobbing their heads and twirling around in the "Skinner Box" before they received a food reward. This study led Skinner to explain the acquisition of superstitions in terms of: - operant conditioning and learning theory - "after this, therefore because of this" reasoning - motivational theory and reward - classically conditioned responses that reduced stress

operant conditioning and learning theory

how do superstitions differ from pseudosciences? - People do not claim that a superstition has a scientific basis. - People who believe in superstitions do not have mistaken ideas about probability. - Superstitions are not associated with scientifically improbable claims. - Superstitions are what uneducated people believe.

people do not claim that a superstition has a scientific basis

In cultures where magic is practiced, people may use an amulet (charm that is shaped like an animal) to give them characteristics of the animal. For example, wearing a bear amulet might give a person strength. This belief seems to be the operation of the _________________ heuristic: - representativeness - availability - superstition - illusory correlation

representativeness or illusory correlation

the BEST explanation of how the Hall-of-Fame player Wade Boggs acquired his belief that he should eat chicken as part of his pre-game ritual is that he: - began to perceive that when he ate chicken, he tended to get hits, forming an illusory correlation - observed other players engaging in similar rituals and imitated their behaviors through social learning theory - tried many different strategies to improve his hitting and settled on eating chicken before each game. - grew up in a family that believed in many superstitions and observed many superstitious rituals.

began to perceive that when he ate chicken, he tended to get hits, forming an illusory correlation

Damisch, Stroberock, and Mussweiller (2010) conducted an experiment that had college students remember cards in a memory game. One group did this in the presence of a lucky charm of their choosing, and another group did the task without the charm. Participants also rated their self-efficacy on the task. The results of the experiment showed that the group with the lucky charm performed ____________________ on the task and gave themselves a _______________________ rating for self-efficacy. - better; higher - worse; higher - worse; lower - better; lower

better; higher

the DSM basically takes a _________________________ approach to the diagnosis of mental disorders - categorical - continuous - quantitative - continuous and quantitative

categorical

Mental Disorders and Mental Illness is more prevalent in the United States, when compared to other countries and cultures. - False - Prevalence rates are pretty consistent - It depends on the disorder - True - Due to the amount of stress in the USA, Mental Illness has skyrocketed - Depression is greater in the tropics

false - prevalence rates are pretty consistent

As you look around, you realize that the student beside you is gripping his desk, seems overwhelmed, is staring into space, and is breathing in a rapid manner. If you decided to be a good friend (which you SHOULD BE!), which of the below would NOT be a good idea? - Have the class yell "NO MORE STRESS" in a loud voice - Talk to your classmate quietly and try to move to a less visible area - Ask your classmate what he needs and speak in short sentences - Make sure that there is not a serious medical issue and then help your classmate focus on slowing his breathing

have the class yell "NO MORE STRESS" in a loud voice

research suggests that engaging in superstitious rituals might help athletes by: - helping them manage the stress with uncertain outcomes when the stakes are high. - allowing them to blame any poor performance on superstitious practices that did not actually help them. - helping them believe that they have better skill or ability than any of their competitors. - helping them try new training activities that they might otherwise be afraid to attempt.

helping them manage the stress with uncertain outcomes when the stakes are high

A reliable test of measure is one that: - Is repeatable and demonstrates consistency in scores obtained - Shows results similar to the ones expected - Is accurate and measures what it is intended to measure - Is logical and does not show any fallacies

is repeatable and demonstrates consistency in scores obtained

Validity in testing or measurement is demonstrated when a measure: - Is shown to be accurate in measuring what it is intended to measure. - Produces results that are similar to the ones expected - Demonstrates consistency in scores obtained through multiple administrations - Is logical and does not show any fallacies

is shown to be accurate in measuring what it is intended to measure

according to the text, which of the three basic, preliminary questions helps to decide if a person has a severe psychological problem? - Is the problem abnormal - for example, excessive, long-lasting, unusual behavior? - is the problem something that the client has complained about before to clinicians or professionals? - Does anyone know about the client's situation? - Is the problem one for which an evidence-based treatment can be applied?

is the problem abnormal

Jerry believes that the terrorist group Al Qaeda is monitoring his every thought, seeking to divide his personality into units that it can control. Jerry further believes that God has ordered him to go on a secret mission to prevent terrorists from listening to his or other people's thoughts. From a preliminary hypothesis of how Jerry should be diagnoses, which disorder BEST fits his symptoms? - Schizophrenia, because of Jerry's apparent psychosis and delusions - Anxiety Disorder, because Jerry seems fearful of being watched - Dissociative Identity Disorder, because Jerry seems to have a split personality - A Phobia, because Jerry has delusions that have caused his fear

schizophrenia

Which statement is TRUE about comorbidity? - Substance Abuse Disorder is most often associated with the diagnosis of another disorder. - The case of Andrea Yates shows a person diagnosed with both major and minor depression. - Comorbidity refers to the fact that people who are depressed are often morbid about more than one thing. - Comorbidity presents few problems for the differential diagnosis of mental disorders.

substance abuse disorder is most often associated with the diagnosis of another disorder

Which position does the author of this textbook take on how to deal with false claims of superstitions? - Superstitions become a problem to be dealt with when they are maladaptive and can cause harm. - Nothing ever needs to be done about superstitions, because they are mostly harmless, false beliefs - Superstitions are always a serious problem because they are based on irrational beliefs - Belief in superstition should be encouraged because they can be beneficial as a way to reduce stress

superstitions become a problem to be dealt with when they are maladaptive and can cause harm

a ____________________ consists of symptoms, signs, behaviors, and other features that go together and have a specific outcome and course

syndrome

when a person questions whether someone had a severe psychological problem - especially when deciding whether the person's behavior is abnormal - it is important to: - take into account the context of the behavior - consult a neuroscientist about the behavior - have the questioner consider if he or she might engage in this behavior - have the questioner imagine someone he or she knows engaging in this behavior

take into account the context of the behavior

When you ask "if she wants to live or take her life", she avoids the question. However, you remember she gave away a pair of her favorite shoes last week. You also know that she has been having relationship struggles with her boyfriend. When you gently ask about these two situations, your friends get very irritated and says, "Forget I said anything. I'm fine."You know if you push it further, or take any action, your dorm-mate will get super mad. Meanwhile, you have a text from other friends who are waiting outside for you - an unexpected, fun outing on a Friday night. . . . What should you do in this situation? - Tell your friends you'll catch them later. Call an emergency hotline on campus to help with mental health. - Wait and see what happens. - Let the depressed be depressed, Go out with your friends. - Go out with your friends. Find someone to help on Monday morning.

tell your friends you'll catch them later. call an emergency hotline on campus to help with mental health

Clinicians are more likely to make an appropriate diagnoses when they consistently apply: - the appropriate DSM criteria to make a diagnosis - a theoretical approach to psychotherapy, such as psychoanalytic theory - backward reasoning and not forward reasoning - their clinical intuition to make the right diagnosis

the appropriate DSM criteria to make a diagnosis

According to the text, a Canadian dentist paid $32,000 on eBay for Beatle John Lennon's decayed molar. This example was used to illustrate - the law of contagion - the law of similarity - the law of attraction - overestimating coincidences

the law of contagion

Rozen and his colleagues found that study participants often would not eat some good chocolate when it had been shaped to look like a turd or insect. This response is MOST related to - the law of similarity - the law of contagion - apparent mental causation - people's mistaken ideas about coincidence

the law of similarity

When the media provide extensive coverage of horrific murder cases and vividly describe multiple homicides by people with severe psychological problems, this may contribute to: - the misconception that people with mental disorders are more violent than those without the disorders - the conclusion that many more people have mental disorders than actually suffer from them - the reification of mental disorders - an underestimation of the difficulty of the task of correctly diagnosing people with mental disorders

the misconception that people with mental disorders are more violent than those without the disorders

Preconceptions, stereotypes, and expectations are MOST closely associated with: - thinking errors made when relying too much on knowledge and experience - relying too much on acquiring information during clinical assessment - thinking errors involving a misunderstanding of the meaning of a diagnosis - relying too much on data from information from psychological tests and the mental status exam

thinking errors made when relying too much on knowledge and experience

true or false: 1 in 5 children ages 13 - 18 have, or will have, a serious mental illness

true

people who hold superstitious beliefs tend to engage more in - Type 1 Thinking - Type 2 Thinking - Emotional Thinking - Disordered thinking usually associated with mental disorders

type 1 thinking

jordan had a dream that later seemed to come true. jordan concluded that the dream accurately predicted the later event, and wondered if this was some kind of psychic ability that had been manifested. the MOST plausible alternative explanation for this situation is that Jordan: - underestimated the rate of coincidental events. - showed the gambler's fallacy. - exhibited the conjunction fallacy. - inappropriately reasoned from representativeness

underestimated the rate of coincidental events

Andrea Yates, who murdered her children, was diagnosed with postpartum depression, had flat affect (showed little emotional response), experienced social withdrawal, and had delusions and other psychotic symptoms associated with schizophrenia. Taken together, these facts and symptoms suggest that she: - was showing signs of comorbidity of mental disorders - was incorrectly diagnosed with depression - had no real grounds for an insanity plea - may have also suffered from an anxiety disorder that went undetected

was showing signs of comorbidity of mental disorders