Psych Final Exam Review

Biological theorists propose that ___ plays a role in anxiety, while learning theorists' propose that ____ plays a role in anxiety.

Genetic factors, Conditioned fears

If match rates for anxiety disorders are higher for identical twins than they are for fraternal twins, then the likelihood that both twins share a disorder is

Higher

Naomi has recurring anxiety provoking thoughts that are irrational and beyond her control. These thoughts are so compelling that they disrupt her daily life. Naomi is experiencing

Obsessions

Shelby is teaching her child to tie his shoes. Instead of rewarding him only when he completes the task, she rewards him for small successes along the way, such as crossing the laces, then making a loop, then tying the bow. This technique is called

Successive approximations

You go to a therapist because you are having trouble finishing your schoolwork. Your therapist suggests that you gradually increase your study time by five minutes per evening. In addition, after each hour of studying, you are told to reward yourself with a five-minute rest. Your therapist is using the operant conditioning method of

Successive approximations

Who is more likely to attempt suicide when faced with depression and stressful events; an African American single parent or a Caucasian college student?

The college student

In psychotherapy, ___ ___ ___ ___ in systematic interaction that applies psychological principles in order to help the patient overcome psychological disorders.

Therapist + client engage

Biological factors appear to play a role in anxiety disorders as research finds

They tend to run in families

At Ben Smith Elementary school, children are given stickers for good behaviors such as washing their hands and sitting in their seats during class. At the end of each week, the stickers can be traded for more recess time. This is an example of

Token economy

In a classroom with emotionally challenged students, the teacher gives out coupons for appropriate behavior and takes away coupons for inappropriate behavior. At the end of the day, coupons can be traded for different rewards. The teacher is employing the ___ ___ method.

Token economy

Which of the following attributional statements is most likely to be made by a depressed person?

"I never do anything right."

In any given year, approximately ___ percent of men and ___ percent of women are diagnosed with depression.

7, 12

According to research, suicide attempts are more common after "exit events" such as

A family member leaving home

Amanda can't stand to be in a crowded room, get on an elevator, or sit in the middle of a row. It has interfered with her job performance and prevents her from enjoying leisure activities. Amanda exhibits

Claustrophobia

The argument that feelings of anxiety and helplessness are rooted in one's beliefs is consistent with the ___ view.

Cognitive

____ therapists focus on beliefs and attitudes that create and compound their clients' psychological problems.

Cognitive

Free-floating anxiety is a feature of

Generalized anxiety disorder

Lloyd experiences persistent feelings of dread , motor tension, and a dry mouth, along with a racing heart, light-headedness, and a tendency to be easily distracted. Lloyd is likely to be diagnosed with

Generalized anxiety disorder

Hockey players who exhibit a high level of aggressive behavior in the rink are considered

Normal

A man cancels an important business trip to the mountains because he cannot control his fear of heights. He goes to a doctor to discuss the problem. What diagnosis is the doctor likely to consider?

Acrophobia

Which of the following would be most debilitating to the work of an acrobat or trapeze artist?

Acrophobia

Terry was raped one week ago. She has been overwhelmed with feelings of anxiety and helplessness. Her doctor refers to her condition as

Acute Stress Disorder

Victims of rape generally experience feelings of anxiety and helplessness within a few weeks of the experience of rape. This kind of anxiety response is diagnosed as?

Acute Stress Disorder

Which of the following racial/ethnic groups has the lowest suicide rate in the United States

African Americans

The following sociocultural factors are connected with suicice

Age, education status, ethnicity, and gender

Social skills training is facilitated in a group setting because

All of the above

Hormonal factors, a cognitive vulnerability and ___ have all been cited as possible contributing factors to depression in women.

All of these

The fact that suicide tends to run in families can be explained by the fact that

All of these are possible factors

Monasteries provided the first ___, which were the first institutions meant primarily for people with psychological disorders.

Asylums

Rapid smoking is a(n) ___ conditioning procedure involving overexposure to smoking.

Aversive

A recurrent, intrusive thought that causes anxiety and is difficult to control is a(n)

Obsession

A patient with high blood pressure is connected to a device that allows the individual to listen for the sounds of his heart rate decreasing as he practices relaxation. This is most likely a ___ training session.

Biofeedback

Ryan has ADHD. To help Ryan understand more about his ADHD and perhaps learn to control it, he is hooked up to machines that provide him feedback about his bodily functions. In this way, Ryan hopes to learn to recognize his body's signals and gain more control over his behavior. This therapeutic technique is called

Biofeedback training

Twin studies and adoption studies are methods to discover the role of ___ factors in the development of psychological disorders.

Biological

The ____ perspective suggests that anxiety disorders result from the ____ of biological, psychological, and social factors.

Biopsychosocial, combination

Biofeedback training (BFT) is a behavioral technique that helps patients gain control over

Bodily Functions

Jackie's therapist wants her to adjust her appraisal of a recent event so she will be able to cope more effectively. Her therapist most likely uses the ___ approach.

Cognitive

Which of the following is considered a possible risk factor for suicide?

Borderline personality disorder

The hierarchy used to overcome phobias with systematic desensitization is based on the principle of

Classical conditioning

It is believed that ___ tend to reduce the anxiety connected with obsessions.

Compulsions

The observation that women are more likely to suffer depression is explained by

Cultural stereotypes encourage women to develop interpersonal styles of dependency and passivity

Francine Shapiro's therapeutic method of treating stress disorders is called

EMDR

Ed is a 75-year-old divorcee and his friend Mitch is a 76-year-old married individual. When faced with depression and overwhelming stressful events, who is more likely to attempt suicide?

Ed

While anxiety is an appropriate response to a threat, it becomes evidence of a psychological disorder when it becomes

Excessive

According to behavior modification, if a habit is not reinforced it will become

Extinguished

Acrophobia is a fear of tight or enclosed spaces.

False

Acute stress disorder can occur 6 months after the event and tends to persist.

False

Slightly more than ⅓ of us will experience a psychological disorder in any given year.

False

Suicide does not tend to run in families.

False

Most suicides are linked to

Feelings of depression + hopelessness

Showing too little emotional response when reporting frightening events is called?

Flat affect

Maggie experiences anxiety continually. Her doctor believes that the cause is associated with a neurotransmitter called?

GABA

Ana worries about everything all the time. She is very restless and can't sleep at night. She is probably experiencing

Generalized anxiety disorder

Although biological factors are very important in explaining and treating mood disorders, these factors appear to ___ learning and cognitive attributions, which also play a role in the duration and strength of symptoms.

Interact with

In panic disorder, biological imbalances might initially trigger an attack. However, later feelings of helplessness can increase fear. This description demonstrates the ___ __ biological and psychological factors in mental disorders.

Interaction of

You recently interviewed for a new job but did not get the job. When you attribute the rejection to the fact that you "messed up" in the interview, what type of attributional style are you using?

Internal and global

All of the following are criticisms of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) EXCEPT

It's considered to be effective and quick in treating PTSD

One of the most difficult consequences of agoraphobia is that those who suffer from the disorder are often unable to

Keep a job

Behaviorists explain phobias as

Learnt through classical and operant conditioning

A factor related to depression in women is

Low levels of estrogen/rumination about stress + negative events/ Greater stresses on women than men

Men are more likely to succeed in committing suicide than women because

Males are more likely to shoot or hang themselves; females more often use "safer" methods which lead to a higher surivial rate

The first mental institutions were located within

Monasteries

Suicide is often associated with which of the following?

Mood disorders

Which group is more likely to commit suicide?

Native Americans

Token economy is a behavioral treatment approach based upon ___ conditioning principles.

Operant

Martin is an alcoholic. He is currently in a treatment program in which he receives small prizes if he abstains from drinking alcohol. This is an example of

Operant conditioning procedures

Twin studies reveal higher rates of ___ for anxiety disorders among identical twins than among fraternal twins.

Organic

A traumatic experience may cause ____ which is characterized by a rapid heart rate, feelings of anxiety and helplessness, intrusive memories, recurrent dreams, and flashbacks.

PTSD

Diana is a firefighter who witnessed the death of a friend and coworker 6 months ago. She tried to save a child who was trapped in a burning building. Diana is now having nightmares and keeps reliving the tragedy in her thoughts and dreams. She has been avoiding work and can't stand to hear a siren. Diana is most likely experiencing

PTSD

Gulf War veterans are at risk for feelings of anxiety and helplessness caused by the traumatic experience of the war. They are at risk for which of the following anxiety disorders?

PTSD

Individuals who have experienced severe trauma or victimization may experience debilitating anxiety reactions months and years after the actual traumatic experience. For example, Disaster victims or war veterans often have their first symptoms many months after the actual events. These patients are diagnosed as suffering from?

PTSD

People experiencing a ____ ____ are often aware of cardiac sensations and often think they are having a heart attack.

Panic Attack

An abrupt attack of acute anxiety in which the individual may experience shortness of breath, heavy sweating and pounding of the heart that is not triggered by a specific object or situation, is known as

Panic Disorder

Eric experiences recurring panic attacks. He has become so afraid of having another panic attack he refuses to leave his home. Eric exhibits

Panic disorder with agoraphobia

The central feature of a generalized anxiety disorder is that the anxiety is

Persistent

In Salem in 1692, people assumed that psychological disorders resulted from

Possession by the devil

A would-be quitter's therapist has him sit in front of a machine that blows smoke in his face while he is smoking one cigarette after another. This technique is called

Rapid Smoking

Ayllon and Haughton helped staff at a mental hospital recognize that they were actually ___ unwanted behavior. They helped implement a procedure based on ___ the rewarded desired behaviors

Rewarding, Bringing out (Different wording on test)

You are drinking too much, smoking too much, and fighting with your family. You realize that these behaviors are ___ and you decide to seek help.

Self-defeating

Which of the following neurotransmitters may play a role in anxiety disorders?

Serotonin, GABA, Norepinephrine, and possibly dopamine

Katherine wants to quit smoking. The first therapist she visits suggests that she can help her quit by using a rapid smoking technique. If she agrees to this technique, what will happen to Katherine?

Smoke will be blown into her face as she smokes a cigarette. (Aversive Conditioning)

Ted, a college student, refuses to sign up for speech class because he is afraid that he will do something embarrassing in front of the class. He can't graduate until he completes the course. This behavior is most likely associated with a/n

Social Anxiety Disorder

Eva's mom always screamed whenever she saw a spider. Eva now has the same reaction to spiders. According to ____ theorists, Eva acquired the behavior pattern by watching her mom.

Social Cognitive

The operant technique used to formerly hospitalized patients live in communities is

Social skills training

___ ___ are excessive, irrational fears of objects or situations such as snakes or heights.

Specific Phobias

"I never could stand up for myself in a fight. It's just the way I am." This is an example of a(n) ____ attribution.

Stable

Depression is associated with the trait neuroticism, which is heritable.

True

If health professionals cannot find evidence of a physical problem, yet the patient complains of symptoms he or she may have a somatoform disorder.

True

Women are about ___ as likely to be diagnosed with depression as men.

Twice

"She was just in a bad mood. I'll ask her again when she is in a better mood." This is an example of a(n) ___ attribution.

Unstable

A man spends several hours in front of his mirror each morning in an effort to put every hair on his head in its exact place before leaving for work. This concern for trivial details suggests

Unusual behavior

Vulnerability to depression has been noted among

Women

Claustrophobia is described as

a fear of being in small enclosed spaces

The biopsychosocial view of depression claims that

biological predispositions are influenced by psychological factors in determining cause

Biofeedback training has been used to help people deal with issues such as anxiety, stress, headaches, blood pressure, heart rate and ___.

breathing, skin temperature, or muscle tension

Factors that are thought to contribute to depression in women include all of the following EXCEPT

marriage

A woman's preoccupation with the thought of her house burning down makes her become so troubled that she must begin to get ready for work an hour earlier than is necessary. She needs the extra time as she compulsively checks and rechecks all of the electrical appliances and outlets in her home. This behavior warrants a diagnosis of

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

Kevin keeps thinking he is an evil, unclean person who is capable of committing murder, even though he would never do such a thing. He tries to put the thoughts out of his mind by washing his hands 15 to 20 times a day. Kevin demonstrates

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

Cognitive therapy tends to focus on ___ whereas behavior therapy focuses on ___.

our perception, beliefs, thoughts; a person's behavior, personality

You are suddenly overcome with fear and feel like you are having a heart attack because of the chest pains, dizziness, and weakness. After several minutes the episode passes, but you experience several unexpected reoccurrences over the next few months. This indicates

unusual behavior that is likely abnormal