Psych Final Exam Review
Biological theorists propose that ___ plays a role in anxiety, while learning theorists' propose that ____ plays a role in anxiety.
Genetic factors, Conditioned fears
If match rates for anxiety disorders are higher for identical twins than they are for fraternal twins, then the likelihood that both twins share a disorder is
Higher
Naomi has recurring anxiety provoking thoughts that are irrational and beyond her control. These thoughts are so compelling that they disrupt her daily life. Naomi is experiencing
Obsessions
Shelby is teaching her child to tie his shoes. Instead of rewarding him only when he completes the task, she rewards him for small successes along the way, such as crossing the laces, then making a loop, then tying the bow. This technique is called
Successive approximations
You go to a therapist because you are having trouble finishing your schoolwork. Your therapist suggests that you gradually increase your study time by five minutes per evening. In addition, after each hour of studying, you are told to reward yourself with a five-minute rest. Your therapist is using the operant conditioning method of
Successive approximations
Who is more likely to attempt suicide when faced with depression and stressful events; an African American single parent or a Caucasian college student?
The college student
In psychotherapy, ___ ___ ___ ___ in systematic interaction that applies psychological principles in order to help the patient overcome psychological disorders.
Therapist + client engage
Biological factors appear to play a role in anxiety disorders as research finds
They tend to run in families
At Ben Smith Elementary school, children are given stickers for good behaviors such as washing their hands and sitting in their seats during class. At the end of each week, the stickers can be traded for more recess time. This is an example of
Token economy
In a classroom with emotionally challenged students, the teacher gives out coupons for appropriate behavior and takes away coupons for inappropriate behavior. At the end of the day, coupons can be traded for different rewards. The teacher is employing the ___ ___ method.
Token economy
Which of the following attributional statements is most likely to be made by a depressed person?
"I never do anything right."
In any given year, approximately ___ percent of men and ___ percent of women are diagnosed with depression.
7, 12
According to research, suicide attempts are more common after "exit events" such as
A family member leaving home
Amanda can't stand to be in a crowded room, get on an elevator, or sit in the middle of a row. It has interfered with her job performance and prevents her from enjoying leisure activities. Amanda exhibits
Claustrophobia
The argument that feelings of anxiety and helplessness are rooted in one's beliefs is consistent with the ___ view.
Cognitive
____ therapists focus on beliefs and attitudes that create and compound their clients' psychological problems.
Cognitive
Free-floating anxiety is a feature of
Generalized anxiety disorder
Lloyd experiences persistent feelings of dread , motor tension, and a dry mouth, along with a racing heart, light-headedness, and a tendency to be easily distracted. Lloyd is likely to be diagnosed with
Generalized anxiety disorder
Hockey players who exhibit a high level of aggressive behavior in the rink are considered
Normal
A man cancels an important business trip to the mountains because he cannot control his fear of heights. He goes to a doctor to discuss the problem. What diagnosis is the doctor likely to consider?
Acrophobia
Which of the following would be most debilitating to the work of an acrobat or trapeze artist?
Acrophobia
Terry was raped one week ago. She has been overwhelmed with feelings of anxiety and helplessness. Her doctor refers to her condition as
Acute Stress Disorder
Victims of rape generally experience feelings of anxiety and helplessness within a few weeks of the experience of rape. This kind of anxiety response is diagnosed as?
Acute Stress Disorder
Which of the following racial/ethnic groups has the lowest suicide rate in the United States
African Americans
The following sociocultural factors are connected with suicice
Age, education status, ethnicity, and gender
Social skills training is facilitated in a group setting because
All of the above
Hormonal factors, a cognitive vulnerability and ___ have all been cited as possible contributing factors to depression in women.
All of these
The fact that suicide tends to run in families can be explained by the fact that
All of these are possible factors
Monasteries provided the first ___, which were the first institutions meant primarily for people with psychological disorders.
Asylums
Rapid smoking is a(n) ___ conditioning procedure involving overexposure to smoking.
Aversive
A recurrent, intrusive thought that causes anxiety and is difficult to control is a(n)
Obsession
A patient with high blood pressure is connected to a device that allows the individual to listen for the sounds of his heart rate decreasing as he practices relaxation. This is most likely a ___ training session.
Biofeedback
Ryan has ADHD. To help Ryan understand more about his ADHD and perhaps learn to control it, he is hooked up to machines that provide him feedback about his bodily functions. In this way, Ryan hopes to learn to recognize his body's signals and gain more control over his behavior. This therapeutic technique is called
Biofeedback training
Twin studies and adoption studies are methods to discover the role of ___ factors in the development of psychological disorders.
Biological
The ____ perspective suggests that anxiety disorders result from the ____ of biological, psychological, and social factors.
Biopsychosocial, combination
Biofeedback training (BFT) is a behavioral technique that helps patients gain control over
Bodily Functions
Jackie's therapist wants her to adjust her appraisal of a recent event so she will be able to cope more effectively. Her therapist most likely uses the ___ approach.
Cognitive
Which of the following is considered a possible risk factor for suicide?
Borderline personality disorder
The hierarchy used to overcome phobias with systematic desensitization is based on the principle of
Classical conditioning
It is believed that ___ tend to reduce the anxiety connected with obsessions.
Compulsions
The observation that women are more likely to suffer depression is explained by
Cultural stereotypes encourage women to develop interpersonal styles of dependency and passivity
Francine Shapiro's therapeutic method of treating stress disorders is called
EMDR
Ed is a 75-year-old divorcee and his friend Mitch is a 76-year-old married individual. When faced with depression and overwhelming stressful events, who is more likely to attempt suicide?
Ed
While anxiety is an appropriate response to a threat, it becomes evidence of a psychological disorder when it becomes
Excessive
According to behavior modification, if a habit is not reinforced it will become
Extinguished
Acrophobia is a fear of tight or enclosed spaces.
False
Acute stress disorder can occur 6 months after the event and tends to persist.
False
Slightly more than ⅓ of us will experience a psychological disorder in any given year.
False
Suicide does not tend to run in families.
False
Most suicides are linked to
Feelings of depression + hopelessness
Showing too little emotional response when reporting frightening events is called?
Flat affect
Maggie experiences anxiety continually. Her doctor believes that the cause is associated with a neurotransmitter called?
GABA
Ana worries about everything all the time. She is very restless and can't sleep at night. She is probably experiencing
Generalized anxiety disorder
Although biological factors are very important in explaining and treating mood disorders, these factors appear to ___ learning and cognitive attributions, which also play a role in the duration and strength of symptoms.
Interact with
In panic disorder, biological imbalances might initially trigger an attack. However, later feelings of helplessness can increase fear. This description demonstrates the ___ __ biological and psychological factors in mental disorders.
Interaction of
You recently interviewed for a new job but did not get the job. When you attribute the rejection to the fact that you "messed up" in the interview, what type of attributional style are you using?
Internal and global
All of the following are criticisms of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) EXCEPT
It's considered to be effective and quick in treating PTSD
One of the most difficult consequences of agoraphobia is that those who suffer from the disorder are often unable to
Keep a job
Behaviorists explain phobias as
Learnt through classical and operant conditioning
A factor related to depression in women is
Low levels of estrogen/rumination about stress + negative events/ Greater stresses on women than men
Men are more likely to succeed in committing suicide than women because
Males are more likely to shoot or hang themselves; females more often use "safer" methods which lead to a higher surivial rate
The first mental institutions were located within
Monasteries
Suicide is often associated with which of the following?
Mood disorders
Which group is more likely to commit suicide?
Native Americans
Token economy is a behavioral treatment approach based upon ___ conditioning principles.
Operant
Martin is an alcoholic. He is currently in a treatment program in which he receives small prizes if he abstains from drinking alcohol. This is an example of
Operant conditioning procedures
Twin studies reveal higher rates of ___ for anxiety disorders among identical twins than among fraternal twins.
Organic
A traumatic experience may cause ____ which is characterized by a rapid heart rate, feelings of anxiety and helplessness, intrusive memories, recurrent dreams, and flashbacks.
PTSD
Diana is a firefighter who witnessed the death of a friend and coworker 6 months ago. She tried to save a child who was trapped in a burning building. Diana is now having nightmares and keeps reliving the tragedy in her thoughts and dreams. She has been avoiding work and can't stand to hear a siren. Diana is most likely experiencing
PTSD
Gulf War veterans are at risk for feelings of anxiety and helplessness caused by the traumatic experience of the war. They are at risk for which of the following anxiety disorders?
PTSD
Individuals who have experienced severe trauma or victimization may experience debilitating anxiety reactions months and years after the actual traumatic experience. For example, Disaster victims or war veterans often have their first symptoms many months after the actual events. These patients are diagnosed as suffering from?
PTSD
People experiencing a ____ ____ are often aware of cardiac sensations and often think they are having a heart attack.
Panic Attack
An abrupt attack of acute anxiety in which the individual may experience shortness of breath, heavy sweating and pounding of the heart that is not triggered by a specific object or situation, is known as
Panic Disorder
Eric experiences recurring panic attacks. He has become so afraid of having another panic attack he refuses to leave his home. Eric exhibits
Panic disorder with agoraphobia
The central feature of a generalized anxiety disorder is that the anxiety is
Persistent
In Salem in 1692, people assumed that psychological disorders resulted from
Possession by the devil
A would-be quitter's therapist has him sit in front of a machine that blows smoke in his face while he is smoking one cigarette after another. This technique is called
Rapid Smoking
Ayllon and Haughton helped staff at a mental hospital recognize that they were actually ___ unwanted behavior. They helped implement a procedure based on ___ the rewarded desired behaviors
Rewarding, Bringing out (Different wording on test)
You are drinking too much, smoking too much, and fighting with your family. You realize that these behaviors are ___ and you decide to seek help.
Self-defeating
Which of the following neurotransmitters may play a role in anxiety disorders?
Serotonin, GABA, Norepinephrine, and possibly dopamine
Katherine wants to quit smoking. The first therapist she visits suggests that she can help her quit by using a rapid smoking technique. If she agrees to this technique, what will happen to Katherine?
Smoke will be blown into her face as she smokes a cigarette. (Aversive Conditioning)
Ted, a college student, refuses to sign up for speech class because he is afraid that he will do something embarrassing in front of the class. He can't graduate until he completes the course. This behavior is most likely associated with a/n
Social Anxiety Disorder
Eva's mom always screamed whenever she saw a spider. Eva now has the same reaction to spiders. According to ____ theorists, Eva acquired the behavior pattern by watching her mom.
Social Cognitive
The operant technique used to formerly hospitalized patients live in communities is
Social skills training
___ ___ are excessive, irrational fears of objects or situations such as snakes or heights.
Specific Phobias
"I never could stand up for myself in a fight. It's just the way I am." This is an example of a(n) ____ attribution.
Stable
Depression is associated with the trait neuroticism, which is heritable.
True
If health professionals cannot find evidence of a physical problem, yet the patient complains of symptoms he or she may have a somatoform disorder.
True
Women are about ___ as likely to be diagnosed with depression as men.
Twice
"She was just in a bad mood. I'll ask her again when she is in a better mood." This is an example of a(n) ___ attribution.
Unstable
A man spends several hours in front of his mirror each morning in an effort to put every hair on his head in its exact place before leaving for work. This concern for trivial details suggests
Unusual behavior
Vulnerability to depression has been noted among
Women
Claustrophobia is described as
a fear of being in small enclosed spaces
The biopsychosocial view of depression claims that
biological predispositions are influenced by psychological factors in determining cause
Biofeedback training has been used to help people deal with issues such as anxiety, stress, headaches, blood pressure, heart rate and ___.
breathing, skin temperature, or muscle tension
Factors that are thought to contribute to depression in women include all of the following EXCEPT
marriage
A woman's preoccupation with the thought of her house burning down makes her become so troubled that she must begin to get ready for work an hour earlier than is necessary. She needs the extra time as she compulsively checks and rechecks all of the electrical appliances and outlets in her home. This behavior warrants a diagnosis of
obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
Kevin keeps thinking he is an evil, unclean person who is capable of committing murder, even though he would never do such a thing. He tries to put the thoughts out of his mind by washing his hands 15 to 20 times a day. Kevin demonstrates
obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
Cognitive therapy tends to focus on ___ whereas behavior therapy focuses on ___.
our perception, beliefs, thoughts; a person's behavior, personality
You are suddenly overcome with fear and feel like you are having a heart attack because of the chest pains, dizziness, and weakness. After several minutes the episode passes, but you experience several unexpected reoccurrences over the next few months. This indicates
unusual behavior that is likely abnormal
