Psych Final Exam

____ is a stimulus that causes physiological, psychological, and emotional responses, and ____ is a response to a perceived threat or challenge

A stressor; stress

the type ___ personality is linked with a higher incidence of heart disease, whereas the type ___ personality is linked with a lower incidence of heart disease

A; B

Excitement is a(n) _____ emotion.

Pleasant, high arousal

"when you have trouble in a class, try outlining the book in your own words." what is this general rule of thumb for solving a common academic problem called?

a heuristic

among the early advances in behavioral neuroscience was the observation by Paul Broca that

a patient who had damage to the left hemisphere could only speak a single word

which of the following best describes the scientific method?

a succession of five steps toward aquiring empirical knowledge

a negative correlation is reported when

a variable increases as another decreases

a positive correlation is reported when

a variable increases as another increases

when a neuron "fires" it is technically generating a(n)

action potential

the acronym ocean is a way to help you remember the five factor model for personality. in this acronym the a stands for

agreeableness

A high school physics teacher reassures his class that no matter how confusing this weeks word problems appear, they all may be solved quite handily through the use of the formula F = MA. the teacher had offered his students a(n)

algorithm

a rule that guarantees the solution to a problem when it is correctly applied is called

algorithm

According to Abraham Maslow, a major prerequisite for becoming self-actualized is having:

all of one's lower-order needs fulfilled.

an increased heart rate accompanies the emotions of

all of the above

the property of sound is measured in decibels and varies according to the intensity of the sound source.

amplitude

which item MOST likely makes use of heuristics?

an article by a Nobel Prize winner entitled "How to Succeed in Science"

Major, positive events such as winning the lottery usually lead to:

an initial surge in happiness, followed by a slow return to the previous levels.

Which statement is true?

anger is one of the basic emotions

prefrontal lobotomies declined in popularity with the introduction of

antidepressants

unlike many of the hindbrain and midbrain structures, the structures of the forebrain

are divided into two cerebral hemispheres

a decision making strategy in which one uses the ease with which examples complex mind as the basis for judging how common events really are is called the ______ heuristic.

availability

Last week, Mike heard about five separate airplane crashes on the news. Even though, overall, motorcycle accidents account for more accidents than plane crashes do, Mike decides to ride his motorcycle from Washington to Atlanta instead of flying. Which bias is reflected in Mike's decision?

availability heuristic

If one were to plot the IQ scores of every person in the United States on a graph, one would end up with a:

bell shaped curve

in the nature-nurture debate, nature stands for

biological, innate characteristics

Alex is prone to drastic mood swings. Alex may suffer from a condition known as _____ disorder.

bipolar

an example of an unpleasant, low arousal emotion is

boredom

emotional intelligence is positively associated with

both academic and occupational success.

Daily exercise is associated with:

both physical health and mood

the central nervous system is composed of

brain and spinal cord

a behaviorist would say that learning refers to

changers in behavior as the result of environmental influence or experience

the photoreceptors that respond well in daylight, and are specialized for perception of detail and color are called

cones

this structure, severed in so-called "split brain" patients, allow neurons from separate cerebral hemispheres to communicate directly

corpus callosum

"How many uses can you think of for a brick?" Norman is asked by the examiner. Norman is taking a test for ___

creativity

A test that does not discriminate against the members of any minority group is termed as a _____ test.

culture-fair

misplacing one's keys is an example of a(n)

daily hassle

Over the years, the proportion of hospital patients who receive electroconvulsive therapy has:

declined dramatically

a ____ is a false belief that often accompanies schizophrenia

delusion

neurons receive information via _______ which are embedded in their membranes

dendrites

this field of psychological study examines the ways human beings change over the life span.

developmental psychology

basic emotions include each of the following of these except

guilt

Broad rules of thumb for solving problems are called:

heuristics

which sequence best reflects the order in which freuds personality structures develop during infancy and childhood from first to last?

id, ego, superego

Dissociative _____ is characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personalities.

identity disorder

"Eureka! i've got it!" that sudden awareness of the path toward a problems solution is called:

insight

psychologists define _____ as the capacity to solve problems, adapt to the environment, and learn from experience.

intelligence

Most students have encountered a parent or a teacher who touted the value of "learning for its own sake." This expression highlights the importance of _____ motivation.

internal

"dance like no ones watching. work like you don't need the money. love like you've never been hurt," exhorts a sign on Dr. Elliott's office did This sign underscores the importance of ____ motivation.

intrinsic

when behavior is motivated by personal satisfaction or interest, it is driven by ____ motivation.

intrinsic

which of the following is not a method used for psychological research?

intuitive

autonomic nervous system is mainly responsible for regulating

involuntary actions of muscles, glands, and organs

Realizing one's full potential:

is the top of Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Insanity is a(n) _____ term.

legal

like a camera, the eye has this transparent structure to enable sharper focus of light upon the retina

lens

Elaine feels that her life is empty, has lost all interest in her career and hobbies, and wonders if she would be better off dead. She is most likely suffering from

major depression

a psychological test is valid to the extent that it

measures what it is supposed to measure

Compared to chronic medical conditions, psychological disorders are _____ impairing and are _____ often treated.

more; less

to help alfredo reduce his fear of dogs, a therapist encourages him to physically relax and imagine that he is walking toward a friendly harmless little dog. this technique illustrates :

systematic desensitization

Why do we not perceive or notice the blind spot of the retina during the normal course of our lives?

the brain "fills in" the missing information for us based on experience

why is the nose considered the quickest way to route to the brain of all sense organs?

the olfactory bulb and the other areas of the frontal cortex receive signals directly from the nose, bypassing the thalamus

the control group is so called because

the purpose of the group is one of control over confounding variables

the process of reuptake is best described as

the reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by the presynaptic cell

as the frequency of a sound wave increases, we hear it as an increase in

pitch

the participants in any given study should be representative of a larger group of people, called the

population

James-Lange theory of emotion, physiological responses _____ emotional experiences.

precede

A _____ disorder is a set of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that are significantly distressing and disabling.

psychological

People with schizophrenia demonstrate a severe and chronic loss of contact with reality called

psychosis

________ is more colloquially known as talk therapy

psychotherapy

the photoreceptors that respond well in low light, and to motion, but are not specialized for detailed vision are called

rods

when researchers conduct a study, they must select a representative group of participants, called a

sample

in the 1990s the US Army used the recruiting slogan, "be all that you can be." this phrase is most nearly reminiscent of maslow's needs for:

self actualization

which of the following best describes a distinction between sensation and perception?

sensation is something that happens to your sense organs and neurons; perception is something that happens in consciousness

the optic nerve sends information to this area of the forebrain

visual cortex

somatic nervous system is mainly responsible for

voluntary motor actions

using naturalistic observation, researchers found that women choose lower calorie meals when eating with men than with eating with other women. the fact that the researchers used naturalistic observation means that

women were studied in everyday environments such as cafes

the absolute threshold of a stimulus, like the sound of a voice, is the minimum intensity necessary for stimulus to be detected

50% of the time

What is homeostasis?

A built-in tendency to regulate bodily conditions

vicki is telling a story about a black and white illustration of an old woman and a young man. vicki is most likely taking the

TAT; thematic apperception test

motivational tension that activates behavior to satisfy a goal is termed a

drive

Rene Descartes asserted that the mind and body are separate entities made of different materials, a notion known as

dualism

the human eye processes light, which is a form of

electromagnetic radiation

how do the proportions of the population compare that are identified as intellectually disabled or as gifted?

equal proportions of the population are identified as belonging in these two groups of intellectual abilities

In the disco era, Donna Summer's working-class heroine "works hard for the money." Most likely, this woman was driven by _____ motivation.

extrinsic

when behavior is motivated by reinforcers in the environment, it is driven by ____ motivation

extrinsic

arousal of the sympathetic nervous system leads to a cascade of physiological responses also known as the

fight or flight response

functionalism was a psychological perspective that

focused on purposes and functions of the mind as shaped throughout the human history

the process whereby our sense organs receive raw physical or chemical energy from the natural world is called

sensing

some axons are wrapped in this fatty layer that allows for faster neutral transmission

myelin sheath

the ___ designates a personality type based on scores on four personality dimensions

myers-briggs type indicator

Think back to the 'Learning' chapter in the text. Behaviors fueled by drives are MOST likely maintained through:

negative reinforcement

Does drive theory offer a comprehensive account of motivation?

no drive theory offers a satisfactory explanation of physiological motives but fails to account for the psychologically based motives.

the nonbiological, learned characteristics of individuals and their behavior can be called

nurture

An intrusive, repetitive thought, urge, or image is called a(n):

obsession

Maxine spends hours each day trying to suppress the intrusive worry that she may have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is most symptomatic of _____ disorder.

obsessive compulsive

in the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, physiological responses _____ emotional experience

occur simultaneously with

which sequence indicates the order of the first three stages in freud's theory of psychosexual development, from first to last?

oral, anal, phallic

Symptoms that can be incorrectly perceived as a heart attack are most characteristic of:

panic disorder

where people suffer from _____ they often feel intense fear that something horrible is about to happen. these feelings last several minutes and include heart palpitations, shortness of breath, and dizziness.

panic disorder

informed consent needs to be obtained from participants before the start of an experiment so that

participants understand the risks and benefits of participating

when the brain organizes and interprets sensory signals so that we are conscious of those sensations, that is known as

perception

___ refers to the unique set of core characteristics that influence the way an individual feels, thinks, and acts:

personality

Psychology is defined as

the scientific study of mind and behavior

the peripheral nervous system has two divisions called

the somatic and autonomic systems

which of the following best describes the relationship between a hypothesis and a theory?

the testing of a hypothesis is always in the context of a theory

which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

the two systems complement each other as a part of the bodies homeostasis

which of the following best describes the relationship between endorphins and runners high?

there is a direct casual link between experienced euphoria and levels of endorphins in runners