Research process
What are some alternative words for independent variable
-Predictor variable -Treatment variable -Factor
What are the two purposes of a null hypothesis?
-acts as a starting point -provides a benchmark against which observed outcomes be compared
What are the purposes of the research hypothesis?
-directly tested during research process -to compare against null
What makes a good hypothesis?
-is stated in declarative form -posits a relationship between variables -reflects theory or literature -is brief and to the point -is testable
what other terms mean dependent variable?
-outcome variable -results variable -criterion variable
lOOK at powerpoint for operational definitions!!
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How many levels( values) of the independent variable have to be present?
2
A variable that is related to the dependent variable, the influence of which needs to be removed
Control variable
A variable that is measured to see whether the treatment or manipulation of the independent variable had an effect
Dependent variable
A variable that is related to the dependent variable or independent variable that is not part of the experiment (it has an unpredictable impact on the dependent variable)
Extraneous variable
Experiments that include more than one independent variable.
Factorial designs
What is the difference between control and moderator
The control variable effects are minimized and moderator variables are studied
True or false: The more precisely a variable is measured, the more useful the measurement is.
True
This is a representative portion of a population.
a sample
A class of outcomes that can take on more than one value is what?
a variable
type I error is what type of error?
alpha
type II error is what type of error?
beta
This reflects a difference between groups and the direction of the difference is specified
directional research hypothesis
Is a research hypothesis implied or explicit?
explicit
True or false: Independent variables are confounded.
false...NOT
This reflects the general problem under study and restates the general problem in a form that is precise enough to allow testing
hypothesis
When does a type II error occur?
if one does not reject the null hypothesis when it is false
Is a null implied or explicit?
implied
A variable that is manipulated to examine its impact on a dependent variable
independent variable
Whether its indirect or direct control, which variable is under control of the researcher?
independent variable
What is another term used for moderator variable?
interacting variable
This is the maximum probability of committing a type I error
level of significance
A variable that is related to the dependent variable or independent variable and has an impact on the dependent variable (hides the true relationship between independent and dependent)
moderator variable
This reflects a difference between groups but the direction of the difference is not specific
nondirectional research hypothesis
A statement of equality about the variables studied, acting as a starting point and benchmark against which the actual outcomes of the study will be measured.
null hypothesis
When does type I error occur?
occurs if one rejects the null hypothesis when it is true
Does a null refer to a population or a sample?
population
This is a statement of inequality that states that a relationship exists between the independent and dependent variables
research hypothesis
What is another term used for control variable?
restricting variable
is a research hypothesis refer to a population or sample?
sample
The risk associated with not being 100% confident that the difference is caused by what you think and may be due to some unforeseen factor.
significance level
A measure of how much risk we are willing to take when reaching a conclusion about the relationship between variables.
statistical significance
What uses the data obtained from a sample to make a decision about whether or not the null hypothesis should be rejected?
statistical test
the numerical value obtained from a statistical test is called
test value
The entire group of interest
the population
What is another term used for extraneous variable?
threatening variable
What is the best way to address control variables?
through random assignment
True or False: The results from the sample should generalize to the population
true
What are confounding variables
when variables compete to explain effects