Research process

What are some alternative words for independent variable

-Predictor variable -Treatment variable -Factor

What are the two purposes of a null hypothesis?

-acts as a starting point -provides a benchmark against which observed outcomes be compared

What are the purposes of the research hypothesis?

-directly tested during research process -to compare against null

What makes a good hypothesis?

-is stated in declarative form -posits a relationship between variables -reflects theory or literature -is brief and to the point -is testable

what other terms mean dependent variable?

-outcome variable -results variable -criterion variable

lOOK at powerpoint for operational definitions!!

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How many levels( values) of the independent variable have to be present?

2

A variable that is related to the dependent variable, the influence of which needs to be removed

Control variable

A variable that is measured to see whether the treatment or manipulation of the independent variable had an effect

Dependent variable

A variable that is related to the dependent variable or independent variable that is not part of the experiment (it has an unpredictable impact on the dependent variable)

Extraneous variable

Experiments that include more than one independent variable.

Factorial designs

What is the difference between control and moderator

The control variable effects are minimized and moderator variables are studied

True or false: The more precisely a variable is measured, the more useful the measurement is.

True

This is a representative portion of a population.

a sample

A class of outcomes that can take on more than one value is what?

a variable

type I error is what type of error?

alpha

type II error is what type of error?

beta

This reflects a difference between groups and the direction of the difference is specified

directional research hypothesis

Is a research hypothesis implied or explicit?

explicit

True or false: Independent variables are confounded.

false...NOT

This reflects the general problem under study and restates the general problem in a form that is precise enough to allow testing

hypothesis

When does a type II error occur?

if one does not reject the null hypothesis when it is false

Is a null implied or explicit?

implied

A variable that is manipulated to examine its impact on a dependent variable

independent variable

Whether its indirect or direct control, which variable is under control of the researcher?

independent variable

What is another term used for moderator variable?

interacting variable

This is the maximum probability of committing a type I error

level of significance

A variable that is related to the dependent variable or independent variable and has an impact on the dependent variable (hides the true relationship between independent and dependent)

moderator variable

This reflects a difference between groups but the direction of the difference is not specific

nondirectional research hypothesis

A statement of equality about the variables studied, acting as a starting point and benchmark against which the actual outcomes of the study will be measured.

null hypothesis

When does type I error occur?

occurs if one rejects the null hypothesis when it is true

Does a null refer to a population or a sample?

population

This is a statement of inequality that states that a relationship exists between the independent and dependent variables

research hypothesis

What is another term used for control variable?

restricting variable

is a research hypothesis refer to a population or sample?

sample

The risk associated with not being 100% confident that the difference is caused by what you think and may be due to some unforeseen factor.

significance level

A measure of how much risk we are willing to take when reaching a conclusion about the relationship between variables.

statistical significance

What uses the data obtained from a sample to make a decision about whether or not the null hypothesis should be rejected?

statistical test

the numerical value obtained from a statistical test is called

test value

The entire group of interest

the population

What is another term used for extraneous variable?

threatening variable

What is the best way to address control variables?

through random assignment

True or False: The results from the sample should generalize to the population

true

What are confounding variables

when variables compete to explain effects