ANEP1

Babylonian Period (597-539 BCE)

Babylonian Period (597-539 BCE)

Hellenistic Period (332-63)

Hellenistic Period (332-63)

Maccabean/Hasmonean Period (164-63)

Maccabean/Hasmonean Period (164-63)

2 Samuel 7 - Davidic Covenant

o David wants to make God a house but God instead establishes David's house o Eliade connection o Whenever finish conquering a land, Near Easterners want to build a temple for their God as an establishing of cosmos in chaos o David wants to build a temple for God. But through Nathan, God tells David of how faithful He was to David. He promises David a house(dynasty). Then, He says that David's offspring will build a house for God. God says that David's throne will be established forever. David gives thanks and praises God. o David's reign marks a crucial point/break in the history of Israel. (tribal-->permanent) o Establishes link between Davidic throne/bloodline and Jerusalem. o temple is symbol of Davidic rule

• Alexander the Great

o Defeats Persian King Darius at the Battle of Issus 333 BCE o Jerusalem falls to Alexander the Great (332 BCE) o Division of kingdom

• Josephus

o Documentation of daily life during this period? (when did he live)- first century o The Jewish Wars - documented reasons for the destruction of Second Temple • Cites Roman failures to find successful kings to rule over Judea o Antiquities of the Jews - • Documented the history of Jews to the destruction of the second temple in 70 CE A roman Jewish historian who described the sects of the Second Temple period and the first Great revolt against the Roman Empire First century Jewish historian who described the life of King Herod

• Manasseh (697-642 BCE)

o During the period of Assyria vassal state • Made a pact with Assyria; Judah submits to Assyria o Sins of Manasseh are used to give reason for why Jerusalem had to be destroyed o Abominations that are seen as reasons for later Babylonian destruction: • Idolatry in constructing altars to other gods in Jerusalem • Sacrifices his son in the Hinnom Valley • Described as committing bloodshed in the city

• Kidron Valley

o Eastern boundaries o Associated with the Valley of Judgment or the Valley of Jehosophat o Site of the Garden of Gethsemane where Jesus of Nazareth was arrested

• Cyrus

o Enters Jerusalem in 539 BCE o Transitions from Babylonian power to Persian power

• Divided Monarchy

o Northern Kingdom (10 tribes of the north) - first king, Jeroboam o Southern Kingdom (Judah) - first king, Rehoboam

• Hanukkah

o Originates to the Maccabean revolt

• Old City

o Outside the walls of the old city is where Christians argued Jesus was crucified

• Holy of Holies

o Part of the Temple that houses the Ark of the Covenant • Essentially the room where God resides o Contains the cherubim

• Haggai

o Promoters for the return back to Jerusalem during the Edict of Cyrus

• Isaiah

o Prophet during the reign of Hezekiah in the Assyrian invasion o Prophesied that Assyria would fall • Sennacherib assassinated, seen as fulfillment of prophecy • Jerusalem seen as protected by God and demonstration of the Davidic covenant o Expanding of God's sovereignty to other nations in the prophecy o Heaven is my throne and the earth is my footstool; what is the house that you would build for me, and what is my resting place?" o Promote the idea- the earthly temple is shabby compared to the heavenly temple where God really resides

• Ptolemies (Egyptians)

o Ptolemy I captures Jerusalem in 320 BCE

• Babylonian Exile

o Questions arising: • End of the Davidic dynasty? • Promise to David failed? • End of the land? The place for God's people? • End of God's "chosen people"? • End of the Temple • Loss of God's presence? • Loss of the Ark of the Covenant o Notions of place - • How can Jerusalem, the site of hierophanies and divine appointments, exist side by side with texts that describe its destruction? How can Jerusalem be perceived again as a Holy City? • Two answers: • 1) The sins of King Manasseh • 2) Prophecy of Ezekiel, the destruction of the Temple and the leaving of God's presence for rest sake

Roman Period and After

• Installation of Herod as King (40 - 4 BCE) • Messiah o Jesus of Nazareth appears on the scene • Christianity and the depiction of the Temple's Destruction o Offers explanation for the second destruction of the temple - the community of believers/Christians • The resurrection of Christ as the replacement of the Temple o Paul of Tarsus furthers arguments that the presence of God has moved from the historical/institutional Temple to the believers of the Christian community o Ruins of the city show how Jesus' prediction of the Temple stands true and how Jerusalem only represents the "Old Covenant" Herod constructed this building on the NW corner of Temple Mount as a fortress to guard the Temple Mount: Antonia

2 Kings 21-25 - The Sins of Manasseh

• Manasseh- king of Judah, son of Hazekiah o Offers explanation for the Destruction of the First Temple and Jerusalem o Mannsseh's son Amon also just as bad o Josiah found thebook of the law, tried his best. God still angry o Jehoakim becomes king o Jehoachin succeed, sent to exile by Nebuchanazzar o Zedekiah next king, rebelled against the king of Babylon, unsuccessful. -> fall of Jerusalem Judean King whom the author of Kings blames for the Babylonian Exile

1 Maccabees 1-4

• Mathias- father/ Judas also called Maccabeus o Describes the "Abomination" of Jerusalem during the Seleucid period o Describes the resistance against Hellenization by Jews o Mattias - kills fellow Jew who sacrifices to Greek god out of religious zeal o Describes the increasing corruption of the Hasmonean dynasty in ruling from Jerusalem

• Jebus

• The former name of Jerusalem (ruled by Jebusites) before the conquering by David in 1000 BCE Canaanite name of the city of Jerusalem (Judges)

o End of the exile:

• What needs to happen for there to be a real return from exile? • Repossession of land (but it's still under foreign occupation?) • Rebuilding of Temple (but how? Which temple?) • Reestablishment of Davidic rule and return of political independence

• How did the Babylonian exile challenge some of the traditions associated with Jerusalem in the First Temple Period?

o Questions were brought up: • Where did God's presence settle? Where is the Ark of the Covenant? • Is Israel still God's chosen people? • Was this the end of the Davidic covenant? • How can Jerusalem be seen as a holy site if its pillaged and destroyed? o Answers and perception by the Jews: • Sins/abominations of King Manasseh had to be punished • Ezekiel and the prophecy of the destruction but rebuilding of the Temple o No physical temple • God is mobile. Worship focus more at home and obeying laws • Isaiah God resides in the heaven throne, earth-footstool. The exile of the Royal family counteracts God's promise to King David that his lineage would continue to rule forever The fall of the Davidic Dynasty and Jerusalem disproves the idea that the Israelite God is invincible and the one true God

• Nehemiah

o Rebuilding Jerusalem and purifying jewish community o Governor under persia

• Antiochus IV

o Receives rumor that Jerusalem has revolted o Returns and defiles Temple • Edict (167 BCE) enforces non-Jewish practices o Results in revolt Ruler of Syria who tried to force Jews to assume Hellenistic ways Outlawed Judaism and erected a pagan alter in the Temple in Jerusalem - Hellensitic Seleucid King who provoked the Maccabean revolt

• Ezra

o Returned from Babylonian exile and reinforced Torah o Reform of Ezra (458)

• Tyropean Valley

o Separates Jerusalem into the Eastern and Western Hill

• Josiah (640-609 BCE)

o Series of revolts against Assyria o Rise of Babylonians during this period o Found an ancient scroll and realized God's protection last as long as the laws are obeyed. So starts telling people to obey laws.

• Mount of Olives

o Site where Jesus of Nazareth overlooks Jerusalem and predicts its demise o Predicts destruction of the Temple but that in three days it will rise again

• How did the biblical writers attempt to portray Solomon's temple as an image of creation (see 1 Kings 6-8)?

o Solomon's temple represented the creation of cosmos amidst chaos o Cherubim, molten sea, bronze pillars, 7 days of fresival and 7 years to complete Plants and flowers // Garden of Eden Cherubim: a human-animal composite that served as God's entrusted guards Bronze Sea: Represents the water present during recreation

• Gihon Spring

o Spring that waters Jerusalem from the bottom up • Singular water source o Representative of the Gihon river from Genesis that shows life springing forth from waters

• Ark of the Covenant

o Symbolizes the presence of Israel's God and marks the space where Israelites should approach the deity at the mobile temple o Throne of Israel's God

• Western Hill

o The site of Constatine's new city built around the Church of the Holy Sepulcher o Saw by Christians as the part of the city that superseded the Eastern Hill (Jewish significance)

• What physical changes did Herod the Great make to the Temple Mount and how did these changes reflect his political strategy as a ruler during the Early Roman Period?

o Wanted to turn Jerusalem into jewel of his kingdom o Build open air platform on top of which the temple sits (replicates an open air platform like Roman structures) • Separates Jewish from Gentiles and commercial activity allowed o Herod the Great was ambitious in constructing and expanding the Eastern Hill to create the Temple Mount o Showed his ambition to compete with Roman colleagues in the beautification of his city and capital, Jerusalem o Showed his skill in balancing between Jewish customs and political ambition • Did not intrude on the Holy Temple which on the Mount • Still overtook the size of many Roman structures in Rome

• Hinnom Valley

o Western and southern boundaries o Associated with death and destruction

• Hellenism

o What did the Temple represent during this period? • Increasing concern over Jewish identity being encroached upon • Jews were taking up Greek language, customs, religions and forgetting their own • Temple is a symbol of Jewish identity • Walls of the Temple associated with separation between Jewish and non-Jewish identity • Foreign intrusion into Temple causes uprising o Main problem isn't the Greeks, it's the Jews turning from their traditions to Greek ways

• Temenos

o a piece of land cut off and assigned as an official domain, especially to kingsand chiefs, or a piece of land marked off from common uses and dedicated to a god, a sanctuary, holy grove or holy precinct

• Jehoiachin

o grandSon of Josiah, king of Judah o short reign o was exiled to Babylonia.

• Jachin and Boaz

o two pillars in the outside courtyard of the temple o symbolizes the pillars that hold the water above

What changes did King David bring to the city of Jerusalem?

• Ark → made Jerusalem an axis mundi o Establishing ark here → more people come b/c ark not go to them anymore → proliferation of the city (needs more buildings, etc. etc.) • Made Jerusalem the capital of the United Monarch (he also made the united monarch) • Secures Jerusalem by defeating the Philistines • Made it more of a city by lots of construction and other things; laid the groundwork for the temple to be constructed

Assyrian Period (745 - 612 BCE)

• Assyrian Empire

• Tabernacle

o "Mobile Temple" constructed by Moses after escape from slavery o For God to dwell with the Israelites

• Nebuchadnezzar

o 597 - Besieges Judah and sets Zedekiah on the throne • Exiles Davidic king, Zedekiah is a puppet king (Davidic king treated well in Babylonian exile = preservation of line?) • Does not solve the problem of rebellion, Judah still revolts o 587 - Siege of Jerusalem - Babylonian King responsible for destruction for First Temple • Exiles the elites

• Zion Theology

o After the Northern Kingdom was conquered, Jerusalem saw this as: • Jerusalem was saved • The Temple was saved • The Davidic kingship was vindicated o Jerusalem historians portrayed Northern Kingdom as "deserving of punishment" for evil deeds • 612 - Capital Nineveh falls to Babylonians The belief that Jerusalem could never be destroyed because of God's promise to David

• Decree/Edict of Cyrus

o Allows the return of exiles back to their homelands to rebuild and replant o Seen as the great liberator o Goal of fortifying the Western front of the Empire to protect from the rising problem of the Greeks • Western front includes Jerusalem and the Levant

• Torah

o Ambiguity is complemented through human actions o Translated into Greek during the Hellenistic period, showing the increasing of Hellenization

• Seleucids (Syrians)

o Antiochus III captures Jerusalem in 201 BCE and annexes Palestine

• 515 BCE - Leads to the reconstruction of the Temple

o Becomes the answer to many predictions and prophecies (ex. Ezekiel who predicted the rebuilding of the Temple) • New symbolism of a royal chapel/religious sentiment because there is no existence of a Davidic monarchy o Persians transform Second Temple and Jerusalem into economic hub • Becomes a province of the Persian Empire o Increasing power of the priesthood • Priests are now the middleman between the Jewish people and the Persian authorities • Priests apply covenant of 2 Samuel 7 to himself

• Solomon (970-930 BCE)

o Built the first Temple (960) o Criticized for being: • Despot who lived off the money of his father, David • 1 King 11 - A husband to many foreign wives and concubines who he allowed to bring their foreign gods/temples into the city (contaminating Jerusalem as an axis mundi) o Divine consent of the ended monarchy • God technically "willed" for the kingdom to be split because of Solomon's sin

• Samaria

o Capital of the Northern Kingdom o 722 BCE: Sacked and exiled by Assyria - seen by writers in Jerusalem as a punishment from God • Seen as fulfillment of Davidic promise by writers from Judah

• Eastern Hill

o City of David • South of the Temple Mount • Small in comparison o Temple Mount o Ophel Hill • Between the city of David and Temple Mount; most extensively excavated place on the Mount

• Tiglath-Pileser III (745-727)

o Conquers Northern Levant (Damascus, Galilee, and Phoenicia)

• Sennacherib (705 - 681)

o Conquers Philistia, Judah o Emperor assassinated while on track to destroy Judah/Hezekiah for the revolt - Assyrian King who besieged Lachish and threatened Jerusalem

• 458 BCE - Ezra returns to Jerusalem

a Jewish priest and scribe sent by the Persian king to restore Jewish law and worship in Jerusalem --Priest and scribe of the law of the God of Heavem (Ezra 7:12) --Compiler of the Torah -Nehemiah, the Governor --Rebuilds walls of city --Builds on Ezra's reform -Ezra-Nehemiah and the seeds of "2nd" Temple Judaism --Prophecy to Text --Temple to City --Individual to Community

• David (1010-970 BCE)

Israel King o From the tribe of Judah o More successful than first king (Saul), defeats Philistines o King over the United Kingdom • Moves capital to Jerusalem • Begins process of building temple o Covenants/hierophanies made to David: • Threshing Floor (2 Samuel 24) • Covenant of the kingdom/promise of a temple (2 Samuel 7) o Installs Ark in Jerusalem and makes Jerusalem the capital city • Unifies the kingdom around this capital Conquered Jerusalem from the Jebusite

Be able to describe how the biblical writers drew upon the geography of Jerusalem in order to describe the city as sacred space

Mount moriah (imago mundi, multiple hierophanies, etc.) • Kidron, hinnom (the contrast of these valleys vs. the hills and elevation of Mount Moriah, Gihon Spring, etc.) • People settled eastern part of Jerusalem (on the hill, closer to axis mundis, to God, etc.) • Passages talking about Jerusalem and Moriah (or at least spin it this way): Genesis 22, 2 Samuel 5-, 2 Chronicles 3, Pslam 48

Persian Period (539-332 BCE)

Persian Period (539-332 BCE)

What impact did the Assyrian campaigns have upon the city of Jerusalem?

Three physical changes that took place during the reign of Hezekiah in Jerusalem in connection the the Assyrian campaigns in 8th Century BC 1. A tunnel system for the Gihon Spring so that water could be channeled into the city of the Assyrian's were to attack Jerusalem's water supply. This assured that inhabitants would have water for invasion 2. Wall strengthening, especially with the north where the natural defense was its weakest -- Broad Wall 3. Removed any outside deities altars and statues so that Yahweh would be on their side

Genesis 22 - Abraham and Isaac

o Establishes the location of sacrifice/faith narrative to be at Mount Moriah, which is equivalent to Jerusalem o God tests Abraham. God tells Abraham to take Isaac and offer him up as a burnt offering. Abraham obeys. Right when Abraham takes knife to slaughter Isaac, angel of the LORD appears. Abraham looks up to see a ram to sacrifice and names the place "The LORD will provide." Angel calls a second time and says that God promises offspring mutliplied as numerous as the stars of heaven etc. o burnt offering here is described in Leviticus 1. Slit the throat and put on altar o Human sacrifice would not be norm in Israelite culture. This test is really hard. o Isaac probably 27-35 years old àstory may shift from faithfulness of Abraham to the willingness of Isaac. (Some consider Isaac to be first martyr.) o According to Eliade, this is a hierophany. o Possible solutions o Abraham's faith o Ancient Israel's God is not a God who wants human sacrifice unlike other countries. o To justify why altar at Moriah is important. 2 Chronicles 3:1 King Solomon constructs temple over altar at Moriah o Isaac conceived as first martyr. Obedience and willingness of Isaac more than his father? o Possible interpretation that Isaac was killed and resurrected

• Temple Mount

o Expanded the Eastern Hill by Herod the Great o Where the Second Temple stood before destruction by Romans o Today, holds the Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa Mosque

• Ezekiel

o Ezekiel 8-11 describes a reason for the destruction of Jerusalem o Describes a vision of abominations occurring in the Temple of God, ultimately leading to the departure of God from his temple • Stationary presence of God becoming mobile and lifting up out of the Temple • Attributes the idea of God instituting Sabbatical rest and replenishing land o Predicts a rebuilding of the Temple after the first destruction Saw a vision of God's mobile throne and looked for a new Jerusalem that would be built in Heaven.

• Hasmonean

o Family dynasty from Modein o Successful revolt against the Seleucids to gain control of Jerusalem • Seen as a divine ordinance

• What were some of the differences between the First Temple and the Second Temple?

o First Temple represented God's presence living within Israel • More literal than representative/metaphorical • Existed alongside the Davidic monarchy • Royal chapel, symbol of nationalistic sentiment • Capital of independent state of Judah o Second Temple represented Jewish identity amidst a globalizing world • Economic hub for Persian empire • Symbol of religious sentiment • Province of Persian empire • No independent king in the line of David • Solidified Jewish identity amidst Hellenistic intrusion • Did not exist alongside the Davidic monarchy, brought about the increased power of the priesthood

• Jeroboam

o First king of the Northern Kingdom after dividing of monarchy o Criticized for reviving worship of foreign idols • Economically, this moves the site of worship away from Jerusalem • Shifts centers of worship to Northern sites of Dan and Bethel • These were seen as NOT a part of divine consent

• Garden of Eden

o Garden in Genesis, Adam and Eve lived here o Source of imago mundi • Construction of the First and Second Temple

• Mount Moriah

o Genesis 22 - the location where God calls Abraham to sacrifice Isaac o Equates to the same location of Jerusalem o Threshing floor of arubah is here and the temple is built on it

• What was Hellenism and how did Hellenism affect Jerusalem (see especially Armstrong)?

o Hellenism was the influence of Greek culture upon Jews • Influence through literature, religion, architecture, arts, language, etc. o Led to an intensified zeal of many Jews to maintain Jewish religious and cultural identity • Temple represented Jewish identity • Ultimately led to the revolts after the Temple was defiled

• Pompey

o In response to the revolt in Jerusalem 66 - 73 AD o Jews had revolted because Pompey had stepped into the Holy of Holies (representing the intrusion on Jewish identity)

• Hezekiah (715-689 BCE)

o King of Judah during Sennacherib's invasion o Launched offensive against Assyrian empire (remember, this was when Assyria was not interested in Judah, only in creating an international road to Egypt) • Assyria and Sennacherib go to destroy Judah and Jerusalem o All of Judah except for Jerusalem is sacked by Assyrians • Survival of Jerusalem seen as promise and protection of God • Sennacherib assassinated - Judean King who fortified Jerusalem in preparation for the Assyrian invasion

• Maccabee

o Leaders of Jewish revolt o Meaccebee- lead revolt and led to Hasmonean dynasty o Forcibly Judaized other nations which caused much strife

• Herod the Great

o Lived from 74 - 4 BCE o From Idumea - region that was forcibly Judaized by the Maccabees o Ideal ruler of the area chosen by the Romans: • Politically ambitious - always landed on the "victor's" side • Military genius • 39 BCE - Takes control of Galilee, Samaria, and Idumea • 37 BCE - Takes control of Jerusalem • Knew Jewish customs well and how to be a middleman between Jews and the Romans o Contributed the Temple Mount to expand the Eastern Hill • Herod sought to create Jerusalem as the center of his rule • Constructed a wall to separate sacred and profane, or Jewish and Gentile o Sources provided by Josephus

• Bronze Sea

o Located in the courtyard o Shows how the Temple was constructed as an imago mundi • Represents when God created the world and separated waters above from waters below • God "defeated" the waters in order to form earth

• Assyrian Empire

o Main goal of the empire was to reach and conquer Egypt o Assyria was not interested in the small kingdoms along the way, but were mainly trying to establish a path to Egypt o "Vassal treaty" diplomacy • Intimidation tactics to force smaller kingdoms to give up their land, control and pay taxes • Successful mass deportation techniques to demoralize nationalism and relieves the idea of quelling rebellions

• The Temple

o Marks a pivotal transition from the mobile presence of God to a stationary home o Symbol of Davidic kingship since a temple and kingdom go hand-in-hand

• Reality of the Diaspora

o Most Jews do not return from the exile o Jerusalem does not seem like an attractive place to live economically • Question: Is it that important for my religious identity to return to Jerusalem because of prophecies? o Changing worship in the diaspora: • Dietary Laws • Sabbath worship

1 Kings 6-8 - Dedication of the Temple by Solomon

• -Solomon builds the Temple. Then, Solomon builds his own house/palace. The temple is furnished. The Ark is brought into the temple. Lots of animals are sacrificed. Solomon blesses the LORD and declares a prayer of dedication. • -Lots of symbolism with the description/imagery of the temple. (e.g. cherubim in the inner sanctuary, a cloud in the Holy Place, sea of bronze, the number 7, etc) • -symbolism parallels back to Eden? • -Temple is an imago mundi • temple is a small replica in order to represent creation or what God created via the world. Imago mundi. • -temple is a model of the scar that was left after Eden.