Psych Final Test #3

Donahue: What's the research got to do with schizophrenia?***

(RS)-Amisulpride generalized to some, but not all benzamide derivatives, and it failed to generalize to any other antipsychotic, antidepressant, or antianxiety drugs tested. -- how the drug affected mice

What does the DSM tell us?

listing all recognized disorders, statistics and information on disorders, symptoms of the disorders (for diagnosis). DSM contains descriptions, symptoms, and other criteria for diagnosing mental disorders.

Dysthymia (Persistent Depressive Disorder)

a form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed as major depression Dysthymic disorder lies between a blue mood and major depressive disorder. It is a disorder characterized by daily depression lasting two years or more. It's a kind of mild depression that one simply can't shake.

Schizoid Personality Disorder

a personality disorder characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion Pervasive detachment form social relationships Almost always chooses solitary activities Little interest in having sexual experiences with another person Lacks close friends or confidants Appears indifferent to the praise or criticism of others Shows emotional coldness May be quite reclusive

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by preoccupation with orderliness, perfection, and control Don't confuse this with OCD * Preoccupied with details, rules, order Shows perfectionism that actually interferes with task completion Overconscientious, inflexible Reluctant to delegate tasks to others Excessively devoted to work Into mental and interpersonal control Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is a personality disorder that's characterized by extreme perfectionism, order, and neatness. People with OCPD will also feel a severe need to impose their own standards on their outside environment.

Cyclothymia

disorder that consists of mood swings from moderate depression to hypomania and lasts two years or more Cyclothemia is like moderate bi‐polar, it doesn't have the extreme highs and lows of traditional bi‐ polar; one's moods mildly fluctuate between periods of ups and downs.

According to Robert Sternberg's model, what is the highest and most fulfilling form of love?***

intimacy

What key characteristics of a messenger make him/her persuasive?

Experts - more likely to follow their advice Trustworthy - more likely to believe what they say Physically attractive - more likely to pay attention to them Similar to audience - ethnicity, age, and physical characteristics

What is the Bystander Effect and what contributes to it?

It is a psychological phenomenon in which someone is less likely to intervene in an emergency situation when other people are present and able to help than when he or she is alone. When others are present, there is a *diffusion of responsibility; everyone thinks everyone else is responsible and is probably doing something about it. The greater the number of bystanders, the less likely it is that one of them will help. Several factors contribute to the bystander effect, including ambiguity, group cohesiveness, and diffusion of responsibility that reinforces mutual denial of a situation's severity.

What is it called when a patient does not respond to any medication for his disorder?***

* Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) ECT is used for severely depressed patients who do not respond to drugs. The patient is anesthetized and given a muscle relaxant. Patients usually get series of 100 volt shock, six ‐twelve treatments 2 ‐ 3 times a week *treatment-resistant depression*???

What common natural element is often used to treat bi-polar disorder? Why is it a dangerous medication? (***)

* Lithium Carbonate, a common salt, has been used to stabilize manic episodes in bipolar disorders. It moderates the levels of norepinephrine and glutamate neurotransmitters. Uses. This medication is used to treat manic-depressive disorder (bipolar disorder). It works to stabilize the mood and reduce extremes in behavior by restoring the balance of certain natural substances (neurotransmitters) in the brain. Side Effects. Drowsiness, dizziness, tiredness, increased thirst, increased frequency of urination, weight gain, and mildly shaking hands (fine tremor) may occur. These should go away as your body adjusts to the medication taking more than the right amount of dosage can KILL YOU

What contributions to mental health did Philipe Pinel make?

* Philippe Pinel (1745‐1826) from France, insisted that madness was not due to demonic possession, but an ailment of the mind. He was the first to describe mental illness as a disease and use a medical model Philippe Pinel (French: [pinɛl]; 20 April 1745 - 25 October 1826) was a French physician who was instrumental in the development of a more humane psychological approach to the custody and care of psychiatric patients, referred to today as moral therapy. he first mental hospital in the United States exclusively for the purpose of treating the mentally ill opened in October 1773 in Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia. [The "Father of modern psychiatry". Philippe Pinel's "release from chains" of 1793 and the beginning of the "science of psychiatry"]. Moral treatment was an approach to mental disorder based on humane psychosocial care or moral discipline that emerged in the 18th century and came to the fore for much of the 19th century, deriving partly from psychiatry or psychology and partly from religious or moral concerns.

What are antipsychotic drugs? What are they used to treat?

*Classical or "typical" antipsychotics a.k.a. "first generation" drugs Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), Haloperidol (Haldol): Remove a number of positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia such as agitation, delusions, and hallucinations. But can cause adverse side effects. Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers, are a class of medication primarily used to manage psychosis, principally in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. They are increasingly being used in the management of non-psychotic disorders Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers, are a class of medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought), principally in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Antipsychotics reduce or increase the effect of neurotransmitters in the brain to regulate levels. Neurotransmitters help transfer information throughout the brain. The neurotransmitters affected include dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin. Used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar

Discuss Milgram's study of obedience and the conclusions he reached

*Stanley Milgram designed a study that investigates the effects of authority on obedience. Factors that promote blind obedience * • The authority figure appears legitimate • Proximity of authority figure to us • Proximity of us to the victim • If the victim is depersonalized • If there are no role models for defying authority figure • We are alone • We have a history of obeying • We have obeyed smaller orders earlier The Milgram experiment on obedience to authority figures was a series of social psychology experiments conducted by Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram. ... Participants were led to believe that they were assisting an unrelated experiment, in which they had to administer electric shocks to a "learner." These experiments laid the foundation for understanding why seemingly decent people could be encouraged to do bad things. ... Blass states that Milgram's obedience experiments are important because they provide a frame of reference for contemporary real-life instances of extreme, destructive obedience. He concluded people obey either out of fear or out of a desire to appear cooperative--even when acting against their own better judgment and desires. Milgram�s classic yet controversial experiment illustrates people's reluctance to confront those who abuse power.

5 major symptoms of schizophrenia

1. Delusions 2. Hallucinations 3. Disorganized speech 4. Disorganized behavior 5. Negative symptoms 1. Disorganized and/or delusional thinking 2. Hallucinations 3. Disorganized speech 4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior 5. Negative symptoms

5 Criteria for schizophrenia (with examples)

1. Disorganized and/or delusional thinking This morning when I was at Hillside [Hospital], I was making a movie. I was surrounded by movie stars ... I'm Marry Poppins. Is this room painted blue to get me upset? My grandmother died four weeks after my eighteenth birthday 2. Hallucinations seeing things that are not there (ex: clown) 3. Disorganized speech Speech is incoherent Continual derailment - jump from topic to topic Perseveration - stuck on the same topic or theme again and again. 4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior May wander around aimlessly May sit motionless for hours (catatonic state) May exhibit bizarre hand motions or gestures Dressing inappropriately for weather Inappropriate faces or emotional reactions like laughing or crying Looking disheveled, lacking in hygiene Akinesia (loss of voluntary muscle movement) 5. Negative symptoms Depression Apathy Avolition - lack of will Blank looks Inability to feel pleasure (anhedonia) Lack of activity Little social interaction

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A disorder in which the person (usually men) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. Formerly, this person was called a sociopath or psychopath. SYMPTOMS: Glibness, superficial charm Lack or realistic life plan Pathological lying Manipulative and conning Lack of remorse, shame, guilt or empathy Incapacity for love Shallow emotions Need for stimulation Many got started by torturing animals Impulsive nature, poor behavior control Early behavior problems, juvenile delinquents Like mood disorders and schizophrenia, antisocial personality disorder has biological and psychological reasons. Youngsters, before committing a crime, respond with lower levels of stress hormones than others do at their age. PET scans of 41 murderers revealed reduced activity in the frontal lobes. In a follow‐up study repeat offenders had 11% less frontal lobe activity compared to normals The likelihood that one will commit a crime doubles when childhood poverty is compounded with obstetrical complications

Bi-Polar Disorder

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. Formerly called manic ‐depressive disorder. An alternation between depression and mania signals bipolar disorder. There are very jagged and pronounced "highs" and "lows" in a relatively short period of tim

Depression

A prolonged feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and sadness a mental disorder characterised by low mood and low energy levels A reduction of norepinephrine and serotonin has been found in depression

Conversion Disorder

A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found. A psychological trauma gets "converted" into the loss of a normal physical function, there's nothing physiological wrong, but you swear there is . . EXAMPLES: Difficulty swallowing Loss of touch or pain sensations Double vision, blindness, tunnel vision Deafness Seizures Fainting, loss of consciousness Partial paralysis, can't move one's arm or leg

deindividuation and the factors that create it

Abandoning normal restraint & morals in the presence of a group. the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity Especially: When our identity is hidden (KKK or terrorists wearing masks) Authority figures are absent Crowding can make us feel anonymous and heightens emotional responses Alcohol really corrodes ethical behavior Risky Shift - why teens shouldn't drive with other teens

Under what circumstances are we likely to engage in altruistic (or pro-social) behavior

Altruism is selfless concern for the welfare of others. Altruism focuses on a motivation to help others or a want to do good without reward. EX: Giving a year of service to . . . . Giving one's life for one's nation, church, community, ethnic group, etc. Charitable donations Volunteer work Helping someone who is struggling Doing a friend a favor Loaning money or items Factors: We're in a good mood (happy people are just more helpful) We're not in a hurry nor preoccupied The person is similar to us The gender of the person needing help The person appears to need and deserve help We are feeling guilty We come from a small town We watched someone else help another We feel competent to help We are focused on others and not ourselves

Why are the newer antidepressant drugs (Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil) called SSRI drugs?

Antidepressant drugs like Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) that improve the mood by elevating levels of serotonin by inhibiting reuptake. Remember serotonin makes us happier, so if you block its reuptake, it stays in the synapse longer sending be happy signals Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most commonly prescribed antidepressants. They can ease symptoms of moderate to severe depression, are relatively safe and typically cause fewer side effects than other types of antidepressants do. SSRIs ease depression by increasing levels of serotonin in the brain. Serotonin is one of the chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) that carry signals between brain cells. SSRIs block the reabsorption (reuptake) of serotonin in the brain, making more serotonin available. SSRIs are called selective because they seem to primarily affect serotonin, not other neurotransmitters.

Basically, what is the mechanism of action of antidepressants such as Prozac?

Antidepressant drugs like Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) that improve the mood by elevating levels of serotonin by inhibiting reuptake. The main hypothesis regarding the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs is monoaminergic and mainly involves two neurotransmitters, serotonin and noradrenaline. Despite the well-recognized therapeutic efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), some disadvantages still occur. Pharmacology and MOA. As other SSRIs, fluoxetine inhibits the serotonin transporter protein. In addition, it is also a weak norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, this effect increases with higher doses. Prozac is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). It works by blocking the absorption of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain. Regulating the amount of serotonin helps brain cells transmit messages to each other. This results in a better and more stable mood

How are atypical or second-generation antipsychotics better than typical antipsychotics?

Atypical antipsychotics (newer drugs with less side effects) Clozapine (Clozaril) Works on positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia & some negative symptoms such as apathy, jumbled thoughts, concentration difficulties, and difficulties in interacting with others. Also have less adverse side effects than older "typical" antipsychotic medicines Clozapine (Clozaril) blocks receptors for dopamine and serotonin to help remove the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Based on their shared pharmacological properties, these drugs are also called dopamine-serotonin antagonists. Drugs that act as dopamine partial agonists fall under the third generation antipsychotics category. Currently, the only FDA approved drug in this group is aripiprazole. On the other hand, second generation antipsychotics gained popularity thanks to a lower risk of neurological side effects. Clozapine has shown clear utility in treatment-resistant schizophrenia.

three different leadership styles developed by Kurt Lewin

Authoritarian leaders Exert complete control Foster conformity and blind obedience May foster sloppy work, resistance and revolution Authoritarian leaders, also known as autocratic leaders, provide clear expectations for what needs to be done when it should be done, and how it should be done. This style of leadership is strongly focused on both command by the leader and control of the followers. There is also a clear division between the leader and the members. Authoritarian leaders make decisions independently with little or no input from the rest of the group. Democratic leaders * Encourage discussion Seek consensus (unanimous agreement on debated topics) Enhances individual freedom and productivity Lewin's study found that participative leadership, also known as democratic leadership, is typically the most effective leadership style. Democratic leaders offer guidance to group members, but they also participate in the group and allow input from other group members. In Lewin's study, children in this group were less productive than the members of the authoritarian group, but their contributions were of a higher quality. Laissez-Faire leaders Let's groups move in whatever direction they want, whether the decision is good or not Inactive leadership Usually leads to disorganization and every person for themselves mentality. Delegative leaders offer little or no guidance to group members and leave decision-making up to group members. While this style can be useful in situations involving highly qualified experts, it often leads to poorly defined roles and a lack of motivation.

What factors contribute to prejudice?

Beliefs (stereotypes) Emotions (hostility, envy, fear) Predisposition to act (to discriminate) COMPONENETS: 1. Beliefs (stereotypes *) 2. Emotions (hostility, envy, fear) 3. Predisposition to act (to discriminate) ROOTS: 1. Social Inequalities 2. Social Divisions 3. Emotional Scapegoating-The theory of prejudice which offers an outlet for anger by providing some to blame Socialization. ... Conforming behaviors. ... Economic benefits. ... Authoritarian personality. ... Ethnocentrism. ... Group closure. ... Conflict theory.

What's the difference between the central route to persuasion and the peripheral route?

Central route to persuasion occurs when a person is persuaded by the content of the message. Peripheral route to persuasion occurs when a person is persuaded by something other than the message's content Central Route: direct approach uses evidence and logic point to superior quality of product use statistics to support your case Example: Buy a Volvo because it has the highest crash safety rating in the world Peripheral Route: indirect approach uses a positive association status, good feelings, sex, self-image Example: Buy a Volvo because you deserve the best, you've arrived at a higher station in life.

What was wrong with the first group of antipsychotic drugs produced?

Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), Haloperidol (Haldol): Remove a number of positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia such as agitation, delusions, and hallucinations. But can cause adverse side effects. The problem was that the original concept of atypicality (low EPS risk) changed to a broader definition that included efficacy for negative and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia Haldol (haloperidol) and Thorazine (chlorpromazine) are the best known typical antipsychotics. They continue to be useful in the treatment of severe psychosis and behavioral problems when newer medications are ineffective. However, these medications do have a high risk of side effects, some of which are quite severe. In response to the serious side effects of many typical antipsychotics, drug manufacturers developed another category referred to as atypical antipsychotics.

What are the three components of attitudes?

Cognitive component: a belief or opinion - what you think Emotional/affective component - what you feel Behavioral component - an action, what you do

benefit of cognitive-behavioral therapy

Cognitive therapists often combine the reversal of self‐defeated thinking WITH efforts to modify behavior. So, it's changing beliefs and changing behavior. Cognitive‐behavior therapy aims to alter the way people act (behavior therapy) AND alter the way they think (cognitive therapy). The benefit of this fact is that we can change the way we think to feel / act better even if the situation does not change. Identifying negative thoughts and emotions Preventing addiction relapse Managing anger Coping with grief and loss Managing chronic pain Overcoming trauma and dealing with PTSD Overcoming sleep disorders Resolving relationship difficulties

What does it mean when in cognitive therapy a client goes: stable, internal and global?

Cognitive therapy: Emphasizes one's cognitive appraisal, how one assesses a situation as a key to therapy Stable: this misery will last forever, I'll never (Fill in the blank), It'll always be this way! Internal: - and it's all my fault, I'm just stupid, I'm a failure. Global: not only that, everything sucks, I can't do anything right. internal (our fault), global (impacts all aspects of our world) and stable (will impact our future)

Difference between schizophrenia and dissociative identity disorder

DID: Is a disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities, formerly called multiple personality disorder.; multiple identity disorder Schizophrenia: The literal translation is "split mind." Again, don't confuse this with DID, the mind is splitting‐fragmenting from within, splitting from reality. Schizophrenia and dissociative identity disorder are often confused, but they are very different. ... Delusions are the most common psychotic symptom in schizophrenia; hallucinations, particularly hearing voices, are apparent in about half to three quarters of people with the illness Schizophrenia does mean "split mind," but the name was meant to describe the 'split' from reality that you experience during an episode of psychosis, as well as changes in thoughts, emotions, and other functions. Dissociative identity disorder, on the other hand, does cause a split or fragmented understanding of a person's sense of themselves. Dissociative identity disorder is really more about fragmented identities than many different personalities that develop on their own Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that causes hallucinations (sensations that aren't real) and delusions (beliefs that can't possibly be true, in addition to other symptoms like jumbled thoughts, jumbled speech, and difficulties expressing emotions. People who experience schizophrenia may hear or feel things that aren't real or believe things that can't be real, but these aren't separate identities. Schizophrenia is classified as a psychotic disorder and managed primarily through drugs, whereas DID is considered a developmental disorder that is more responsive to psychotherapy and behavioral modifications. On the surface, the difference between the two disorders seems clear cut

Who decides what is a "disorder"?

DSM and psychiatrists who wrote it Disorders outlined by DSM‐IV are reliable. Therefore, diagnoses by different professionals are similar. Others criticize DSM‐IV for "putting any kind of behavior within the compass of psychiatry

What are the limits of the DSM?

Does not give us the cause of the disorder or how to treat the disorder

Electroconvulsive shock treatment (ECT) is primarily used for what?

ECT is used for severely depressed patients who do not respond to drugs. The patient is anesthetized and given a muscle relaxant. Patients usually get series of 100 volt shock, six ‐twelve treatments 2 ‐ 3 times a week

Donahue: what journal was the research published in?***

European Journal of Pharmacology ORRR US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health Search database

Regarding persuasion, the messenger is critical.....and what characteristics of a messenger are most important? Which is perhaps the most important characteristic of the messenger?***

Experts - more likely to follow their advice Trustworthy - more likely to believe what they say Physically attractive - more likely to pay attention to them Similar to audience - ethnicity, age, and physical characteristics similar and proximity The most important characteristic of the source of a message are credibility and likeability

Common techniques used in psychoanalysis

Free association: to unravel the unconscious mind and its conflicts. The patient lies on a couch and speaks about whatever comes to his or her mind. Resistance (the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.) and transference: Eventually the patient opens up and reveals his or her innermost private thoughts, developing positive or negative feelings (transference) towards the therapist--in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent).-- The transfer of feelings from the past to someone in the present is transference The psychoanalyst uses various techniques as encouragement for the client to develop insights into their behavior and the meanings of symptoms, including ink blots, parapraxes, free association, interpretation (including dream analysis), resistance analysis and transference analysis

Disorders classified as anxiety disorders

Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder -(Excessive anxiety and worry, apprehension occurring most days for at least 6 months.) Phobias- (Marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that disrupts behavior.) Panic disorder- (Minutes ‐ long episodes of intense dread which may include feelings of terror, chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations.) Obsessive‐Compulsive Disorders- (Persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions) that cause distress) Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorders- (Four or more weeks of the following symptoms constitute post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A disorder in which a person has difficulty recovering after experiencing or witnessing a terrifying event. Anxiety Disorder Explanation- (Freud suggested that we repress our painful and intolerable ideas, feelings, and thoughts, resulting in anxiety. But, they don't stay buried They boil and bubble deep in our unconscious minds trigging fear responses, fearful thoughts, keeping us on edge until we face them, through therapy and they go away)

major theories of aggressive behavior

Genetics - Pit bulls bred for generations to be vicious (ask Michael Vick) Neural Influences - amygdala overactive or damaged (Charles Whitman, Univ. of Texas shooting, 1966) Biochemical - testosterone? Alcohol, Steroid rage, PMS? Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis * - aversive events trigger aggression: crowding, heat, traffic jams, things that block our goals & we snap! Learning - Culture of violence, abusive parents, absent fathers Biochemical Influences: Animals with diminished amounts of testosterone (castration) become docile, and if injected with testosterone aggression increases. Prenatal exposure to testosterone also increases aggression in female hyenas. Overactive amygdala firing is linked to aggression. AVERSIVE EVENTS: Studies in which animals and humans experience unpleasant events reveal that those made miserable often make others miserable. ENVIORNMENT: Even environmental temperature can lead to aggressive acts. Murders and rapes increased with the temperature in Houston * Frustration‐Aggression Principle A principle in which frustration (caused by the blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression. Aggression is rewarding-- When aggression leads to desired outcomes, one learns to be aggressive. This is shown in both animals and humans. Social Scripts-- The media portrays social scripts and generates mental tapes in the minds of the viewers. When confronted with new situations individuals may rely on such social scripts. If social scripts are violent in nature, people may act them out. Observational Learning-- Imitating violence from an adult model - particularly if the aggression is rewarded • Culture of violence in music, film, TV, media • Sexual aggression toward women in film • Decreased sensitivity to harming others and increasing tolerance of it. • Social scripts: films in 40s portrayed blacks as buffoons, Mafia glamorized, teens portrayed as sex crazed (American Pie)

Discuss Solomon Asch's line segment experiment and his findings on conformity

If the participant gave an incorrect answer it would be clear that this was due to group pressure. Aim: Solomon Asch (1951) conducted an experiment to investigate the extent to which social pressure from a majority group could affect a person to conform. Conformity, group size, and cohesiveness. Asch found that one of the situational factors that influence conformity is the size of the opposing majority. In a series of studies he varied the number of confederates who gave incorrect answers from 1 to 15. Asch's seminal experiments demonstrated the power of conformity. The Asch conformity experiments were a series of psychological experiments conducted by Solomon Asch during the 1950s. ... Asch found that people were willing to ignore reality and give an incorrect answer in order to conform to the rest of the group.

What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and what is it used for?

In TMS, a pulsating magnetic coil is placed over prefrontal regions of the brain to treat depression with minimal side effects. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve symptoms of depression. TMS is typically used when other depression treatments haven't been effective. This treatment for depression involves delivering repetitive magnetic pulses, so it's called repetitive TMS or rTMS.

goal of cognitive therapy

Increase in logical thinking, or fix faulty thinking. The way we think about or interpret events determines the way we respond emotionally Teaches people adaptive ways of thinking and is based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions. Beck believes that cognitions such as "I can never be happy" need to change in order for depressed patients to recover. This change is brought about by gently questioning patients, challenging the illogic of their statements. Cognitive therapy: Emphasizes one's cognitive appraisal, how one assesses a situation as a key to therapy

interpersonal therapy

Interpersonal psychotherapy, a variation of psychodynamic therapy, is effective in treating depression. It focuses on symptom relief here and now, not an overall personality change. Interpersonal therapy (IPT) is a short‐term supportive psychotherapy that focuses on relationships between people and the development of a personʹs psychiatric symptoms. Its goals are rapid symptom reduction and improved social adjustment

sanity/insanity

LEGAL (not psychiatric) determination of whether someone was aware enough of their own actions to be held responsible for their behavior. You won't find a definition of "insanity" in DSM You'll find it in the Code of Virginia It's a LEGAL concept, NOT a psychological concept. Judges & juries decide this It varies from state to state "Insanity" labels raise moral and ethical questions about how society should treat people who have disorders and have committed crimes. Insanity, craziness, or madness is a spectrum of both group and individual behaviors characterized by certain abnormal mental or behavioral patterns mental illness of such a severe nature that a person cannot distinguish fantasy from reality, cannot conduct her/his affairs due to psychosis, or is subject to uncontrollable impulsive behavior In criminal and mental health law, sanity is a legal term denoting that an individual is of sound mind and therefore can bear legal responsibility for his or her actions

What is the most common reason given for what draws one person to establish a friendship or even a love relationship with another?****

Law of attraction-- similar and proximity Physical attraction - 5s go for 5s Mere Exposure Effect - familiarity breeds fondness

What would linkage analysis reveal about disorders?

Linkage analysis and association studies link possible genes and dispositions for depression. Linkage analysis: a way of determining which genes are involved in depression by examining the DNA of both affected and unaffected family members.

Normative social influences vs informational social influences

Normative: influence resulting from a person's desire to *gain approval* or *avoid disapproval* Informational: influence resulting from one's *willingness to accept other's opinions about reality* Social influence occurs when our behaviour is influenced by the real, imagined or implied presence of others. Information social influence occurs when people conform to peer views in an attempt to reach the correct answer for themselves; it is the desire to be correct. This form of social influence is moderated by self-confidence and task difficulty. On the other hand, normative social influence occurs when people conform in order to be accepted and liked by the group; normative influence is moderated by group size, as well as social support.

Why are personality disorders so unique and so difficult to treat?

Personality disorders are difficult to cure because people who suffer from the condition often have abnormal thoughts and behaviors that prevent them from thinking and functioning as well as they should. Most have denial issues and reject the presence of their condition; however, these disorders don't go away without proper treatment. No known definite cause of personality disorders exists, although researchers believe genetics and environmental factors play a huge role in developing the condition. In some studies, some malfunctioning genes might cause certain personality disorders, while another study links anxiety, fear and aggression to genetics. Personality disorders are characterized by inflexible traits and enduring behavior patterns that impair normal social functioning. They are usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions.

What's the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

Prejudice: Simply called "prejudgment," a prejudice is an unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Unjustifiable attitude towards a group and its members-- generally involves a stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action 1. Beliefs (stereotypes *) 2. Emotions (hostility, envy, fear) 3. Predisposition to act (to discriminate) ROOTS: 1. Social Inequalities 2. Social Divisions 3. Emotional Scapegoating-The theory of prejudice which offers an outlet for anger by providing some to blame Discrimination: . Discrimination is unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members *A prejudiced person may not act on their attitude. Therefore, someone can be prejudiced towards a certain group but not discriminate against them. Also, prejudice includes all three components of an attitude (affective, behavioral and cognitive), whereas discrimination just involves behavior.*

Where was the first mental hospital established in colonial America

Public Hospital, 1773 Williamsburg, Virginia First public building in North America devoted to treatment of mentally ill The "Public Hospital for Persons of Insane and Disordered Minds" WILLIAMSBURG A two-story brick institution south of Francis Street, Williamsburg's Public Hospital was founded at the urging of Governor Francis Fauquier . Like many men of the 18th-century Enlightenment, Fauquier believed science could be employed to cure "persons who are so unhappy as to be deprived of their reason."

What are some strategies to bring two groups of people together who have traditionally disliked each other (or two groups that are very diverse from each other)?

REDUCE SOCIAL CONFLICT: Contact - Mere Exposure Effect Cooperation not competition * Superordinate goals - shared goals * Shared predicament (e.g. global warming, alien invaders, epidemics) Communication Conciliation - begin with small conciliatory gestures contact theory- sherif camp: States that if you bring hostile groups together, and give them a common goal (called a subordinate goal) then they will work together and prejudice will be reduced. The Sherif camp study consisted of three phases in which two groups of 11-year-old boys were studied to see if in-group bias could be resolved.

Discuss Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study and the conclusions he reached.

Role playing affecting attitudes: Zimbardo (1972) assigned the roles of guards and prisoners to random students and found that guards and prisoners developed role‐ appropriate attitudes. Zimbardo found: That role playing, uniforms and a powerful situation can make good boys behave like cruel, sadistic guards, and turn others into conforming, whiny prisoners who will do whatever they are told. It's amazing how we become the role we play. Something happens when you put on the uniform and act out the part. According to Zimbardo and his colleagues, the Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrates the powerful role that the situation can play in human behavior. Because the guards were placed in a position of power, they began to behave in ways they would not usually act in their everyday lives or other situations.

Rosenhan's classic study (1973)

Rosenhan claims that the study demonstrates that psychiatrists cannot reliably tell the difference between people who are sane and those who are insane. The main experiment illustrated a failure to detect sanity, and the secondary study demonstrated a failure to detect insanity. The Rosenhan experiment or Thud experiment was an experiment conducted to determine the validity of psychiatric diagnosis. The experimenters feigned hallucinations to enter psychiatric hospitals, and acted normally afterwards. They were diagnosed with psychiatric disorders and were given antipsychotic drugs How the Rosenhan experiment showed that "it is clear that we cannot distinguish the sane from the insane in psychiatric hospitals. Rosenhan and seven other perfectly sane subjects went undercover inside various psychiatric hospitals from 1969-1972 and acted insane in order to see if the doctors there could tell that they were faking. The doctors could not.

seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and light therapy

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), a form of depression, has been effectively treated by light exposure therapy. This form of therapy has been scientifically validated. A mood disorder characterized by depression that *occurs at the same time every year*. In light therapy, also called phototherapy, you sit a few feet from a special light box so that you're exposed to bright light within the first hour of waking up each day. Light therapy mimics natural outdoor light and appears to cause a change in brain chemicals linked to mood. Light therapy is one of the first line treatments for fall-onset SAD. It generally starts working in a few days to a few weeks and causes few side effects. Research on light therapy is limited, but it appears to be effective for most people in relieving SAD symptoms.

social trap (also known as Tragedy of the Commons)

Social trap is a term used by psychologists to describe a situation in which a group of people act to obtain short-term individual gains, which in the long run leads to a loss for the group as a whole A.K.A "the Tragedy of the Commons"* situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior In psychology, a social trap is a situation in which a group of people act to obtain short-term individual gains, which in the long run leads to a loss for the group as a whole. EX: Examples of social traps include the over harvesting of fish species by commercial and sport fishers, the near-extinction of the American bison, energy "brownout" and "blackout" power outages during periods of extreme temperatures, the overgrazing of cattle, and the destruction of the rain forest by logging interests and agriculture.

social-exchange theory VS reciprocity theory

Social: *Social exchange theory - our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to *maximize rewards and minimize costs* (is this behavior worth it?) our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs Reciprocity: Reciprocity norm - an expectation that *people will help*, not hurt, those who have helped them.

Four contributing factors to schizophrenia

The exact causes of schizophrenia are unknown. Research suggests a combination of physical, genetic, psychological and environmental factors can make a person more likely to develop the condition. Some people may be prone to schizophrenia, and a stressful or emotional life event might trigger a psychotic episode. (ANSWER IS UP THERE)

dopamine hypothesis regarding schizophrenia

The idea that higher levels of dopamine in the frontal lobes contributes to schizophrenia.--> Drugs that block dopamine reduce schizophrenic symptoms. Which is why many antipsychotic drugs such as haloperidol, clozapine, all antagonize some of the dopamine receptors particularly D2 More recent theories suggest other neurotransmitters such as glutamate are also implicated The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia or the dopamine hypothesis of psychosis is a model that attributes symptoms of schizophrenia (like psychoses) to a disturbed and hyperactive dopaminergic signal transduction. ... The theory, however, does not posit dopamine overabundance as a complete explanation for schizophrenia. The main support for the theory that too much dopamine causes schizophrenia is the fact that antipsychotic medications, which are used to treat schizophrenia, block dopamine receptors. The medications are designed to bind to dopamine receptors in the brain, and their effects have helped many people cope with symptoms.

Donahue: "established amisulpride as a discriminative stimulus."***

The results of the present study demonstrated that the atypical antipsychotic amisulpride can exert reliable discriminative stimulus control in male C57BL/6 mice at doses that do not significantly suppress rates of responding. This finding is original as, to date; there are no published studies on the discriminative properties of amisulpride with any species. This study utilized the drug discrimination paradigm as a behavioral assay to examine the discriminative stimulus properties of (-)S amisulpride and compared it to the enantiomer (+)R amisulpride and the (+/-)SR racemic mixture. Further, the study compared the stimulus properties of the atypical antipsychotic amisulpride to the typical antipsychotic haloperidol, as well as to the atypical antipsychotics clozapine, and aripiprazole. The present study used the drug discrimination paradigm to measure the subjective effects of the atypical antipsychotic amisulpride and to examine the underlying neuropharmacological mechanisms responsible for the discriminative stimulus property of the drug. Male C57BL/6 mice were trained to discriminate 10 mg/kg (-)S amisulpride from vehicle in a two-lever drug discrimination task. A dose effect curve for (-)S amisulpride yielded an ED50 = 1.77 mg/kg 95% CI [1.28, 2.45 mg/kg]. Substitution testing was conducted for the isomer (+)R amisulpride, racemic (±)SR amisulpride, the atypical antipsychotics clozapine, aripiprazole and the typical antipsychotic haloperidol. There was partial substitution for (+)R amisulpride, and full substitution for (±)SR amisulpride with a significant rightward shift in the dose effect curves. Clozapine, aripiprazole, and haloperidol failed to fully substitute with significant rate suppression at the higher doses. These results demonstrated that (-)S amisulpride has a unique discriminative stimulus that differs from other antipsychotic drugs.

What is cognitive dissonance and what role does it play in getting people to change their mind or change their behavior?

The tension created by trying to hold two opposite thoughts in your head at the same time, or when your behavior is at odds with your beliefs. Something has to give, you'll either change your beliefs or change your behavior (Festinger, 1957) According to cognitive dissonance theory, there is a tendency for individuals to seek consistency among their cognitions (i.e., beliefs, opinions). When there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviors (dissonance), something must change to eliminate the dissonance Cognitive dissonance refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. ... For example, when people smoke (behavior) and they know that smoking causes cancer (cognition), they are in a state of cognitive dissonance. A person who experiences internal inconsistency tends to become psychologically uncomfortable, and so is motivated to reduce the cognitive dissonance, by making changes to justify the stressful behavior, either by adding new parts to the cognition causing the psychological dissonance,

What are some common reasons for stereotyping?***

The things we hear create stereotypes: What we learn from other people and the broader society; Prejudice and discrimination; associate certain groups with certain things (like past experiences)

Goals of Behavioral therapy

Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. To treat phobias or sexual disorders, behavior therapists do NOT delve deeply below the surface looking for inner causes. The assumption is that if we change the behavior, we change the person. You are your behavior. The goal of behavior therapy is usually focused on increasing the person's engagement in positive or socially reinforcing activities. Behavior therapy is a structured approach that carefully measures what the person is doing and then seeks to increase chances for positive experience.

After viewing the You-Tube clip of Elyn Saks (A Tale of Mental Illness / Elyn Saks) and listening to her account of dealing with schizophrenia, what three things does she give credit to for allowing her to deal with her illness, three things that she believes are critical for helping her to manage her illness and live the life she lives? This would be a great bonus question!

Three reasons: First, *excellent treatment*. Four- to five-day-a-week psychoanalytic psychotherapy for decades and continuing, and excellent psychopharmacology. Second, *many close family members and friends* who know me and know my illness. These relationships have given my life a meaning and a depth, and they also helped me navigate my life in the face of symptoms. Third, *work at an enormously supportive workplace at USC Law School*. This is a place that not only accommodates my needs but actually embraces them. It's also a very intellectually stimulating place, and occupying my mind with complex problems has been my best and most powerful and most reliable defense against my mental illness.

Example of typical and atypical drugs

Typical: Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), Haloperidol (Haldol) Atypical: Clozapine (Clozaril) ; amisulpride

What caused deinstitutionalization and what unpleasant effect did it have on society?

When the psychotropic drugs arrived (70s) , there was a huge decrease in the number of people that needed to be housed in mental hospitals. As they left the hospitals with their meds, many stopped taking them. This left them homeless on the streets due to their ill‐preparedness to cope independently outside in society. Deinstitutionalization began in 1955 with the widespread introduction of chlorpromazine, commonly known as Thorazine, the first effective antipsychotic medication, and received a major impetus 10 years later with the enactment of federal Medicaid and Medicare Deinstitutionalization is a government policy that moved mental health patients out of state-run "insane asylums" into federally funded community mental health centers. It began in the 1960s as a way to improve treatment of the mentally ill while also cutting government budgets. As a result, 2.2 million of the severely mentally ill do not receive any psychiatric treatment at all. About 200,000 of those who suffer from schizophrenia or bipolar disorder are homeless. That's one-third of the total homeless population. Ten percent are veterans who suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder or other war-related injuries. More than 300,000 are in jails and prisons. Sixteen percent of all inmates are severely mentally ill. There were about 100,000 psychiatric beds in both public and private hospitals. There are more than three times as many seriously mentally ill people in jails and prisons than in hospitals.

fugue state

a sudden loss of memory or change in identity, often in response to an overwhelmingly stressful situation Blanking out, and "coming to" somewhere or someplace else and not knowing how you got there Could be minutes, hours, days, years The Merck Manual defines dissociative fugue as: One or more episodes of amnesia in which the inability to recall some or all of one's past and either the loss of one's identity or the formation of a new identity occur with sudden, unexpected, purposeful travel away from home. Dissociative fugue has been linked to severe stress, which might be the result of traumatic events -- such as war, abuse, accidents, disasters, or extreme violence -- that the person has experienced or witnessed

Amisulpride (MOA)

atypical antipsychotic for schizophrenia Used to treat schizophrenia and is also used to treat depression. As an antipsychotic drug, it shows clinical efficacy for both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia (400-800 mg/day) with a low incidence of extrapyramidal side effects . MOA: It binds to and acts as an antagonist at two dopamine receptors (D2 and D3 ), and does the same at two serotonin receptors (5‐HT‐2B and 5‐HT7). It has no significant affinity for any other receptors. Where's it work? It works mainly in the limbic area of the brain which has a lot to do with mood and emotion. This is probably why it is also good at treating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia such as depression. Proposed mechanism of action of amisulpride: Amisulpride binds selectively to dopamine D2, D3 receptors in the limbic system, and has no affinity for D1, D4, and D5 receptor subtypes. ... At higher doses, blocks postsynaptic receptors, thus inhibiting dopaminergic hyperactivity-- blocks receptors that dopamine acts on

un-DSM

catalog of human strengths, and positive thinking-feeling-action tendencies Positive Psychology's answer to the DSM is the VIA (Values in Action) Classification of Strengths. This is work undertaken by Chris Peterson and Martin Seligman which lists 'character strengths' and 'virtues'. Seligman sometimes refers to the VIA as the Un-DSM or the 'classification of the sanities' A primary focus of positive psychology is to help people identify and build on their unique strong points. ... As a counterpart, positive psychologists have published a professional handbook jokingly called the "un-DSM" to describe and categorize positive traits.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of success or power, and a need for constant attention or admiration Grandiose sense of self-importance Exaggerates his achievements and talents Preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty Believe he or she is "special" and unique and can only be understood or should associate with other special people Requires excessive admiration Sense of entitlement Takes advantage of others to achieve his or her own ends Arrogant Very egocentric, stuck on him or herself

Under what circumstances are attitudes likely to predict behavior?***

cognitive, affective/emotional, behavioral *Our attitudes do predict our behavior when these other influences on what we say and do are minimal, when the attitude is specific to the behavior, and when the attitude is potent The one component model (pioneered by Thurstone), which sees attitudes as emotional assessment of objects; the two component model, which stresses the predisposition to negative or positive action towards an evaluated object; and the three component model, which asserts that attitudes are made up of cognitive, affective and behavioural components

Borderline Personality Disorder

condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control Mostly female A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships Markedly and persistently unstable selfimage Impulsivity (spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving) Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats Self-mutilation behavior Chronic feelings of emptiness Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger

Common cold of disorders

depression

psychdynamic therapy

explore childhood events and encourage individuals to use this understanding to develop insight into their psychological problems Influenced by Freud, in a face‐to‐face setting, psychodynamic therapists understand symptoms and themes across important relationships in a patient's life.

Exposure therapy: flooding and systemic desanitization

exposure therapy: Expose patients to things they fear and avoid. Through repeated exposures, anxiety lessens because they habituate to the things feared. Exposure therapy involves exposing people to fear ‐driving objects in real or virtual environments. Systemic Desanitization: A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety‐triggering stimuli commonly used to treat phobias. n some cases, exposure can be combined with relaxation exercises to make them feel more manageable and to associate the feared objects, activities or situations with relaxation. Flooding: Flooding, sometimes referred to as in vivo exposure therapy, is a form of behavior therapy and desensitization—or exposure therapy—based on the principles of respondent conditioning. As a psychotherapeutic technique, it is used to treat phobia and anxiety disorders including post-traumatic stress disorder. Using the exposure fear hierarchy to begin exposure with the most difficult tasks. The underlying theory behind flooding is that a phobia is a learned fear, and needs to be unlearned by exposure to the thing that you fear.--> behavioral technique; counterconditioning; an aggressive method of desensitization; exposure to anxiety-producing stimuli is great; short-term technique; example: someone who is afraid of spiders must immediately handle a tarantula, makes me think of the show "Fear Factor"

Delusions

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders fragmented, bizarre, thinking with distorted beliefs Delusions are false ideas or beliefs. You believe you are being persecuted, followed, you are Napoleon, you are a secret agent, the world is going end (tonight!)

Hallucination

false sensory experience, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus A schizophrenic person may perceive things that are not there . Frequently such hallucinations are auditory and, to a lesser degree, visual, somatosensory, olfactory, or gustatory.

Causes of Schizophrenia

genetic predisposition, structural brain abnormalities, neurotransmitter abnormalities, prenatal or birth problems, adolescent abnormalities in brain development *Chemical imbalances: Dopamine hypothesis (The idea that higher levels of dopamine in the frontal lobes contributes to schizophrenia. Which is why many antipsychotic drugs such as haloperidol, clozapine, all antagonize some of the dopamine receptors particularly D2 More recent theories suggest other neurotransmitters such as glutamate are also implicated) *Abnormal Brain Activity: (Brain scans show abnormal activity in the frontal cortex, thalamus, and amygdala of schizophrenic patients. Adolescent schizophrenic patients also have brain lesions.) *Abnormal Brain Morphology: (Schizophrenia patients may exhibit morphological changes in the brain like enlargement of fluid ‐filled ventricles.) *Viral Infection: (Schizophrenia has also been observed in individuals who contracted a viral infection (flu) during the middle (2nd trimester) of their fetal development.)-- WINTER AND SPRING *Genetic Factors: (The likelihood of an individual suffering from schizophrenia is 50% if their identical twin has the disease (Gottesman, 1991).) *Psychological Factors: (Psychological and environmental factors can trigger schizophrenia if the individual is genetically predisposed (Nicols & Gottesman, 1983). *Neurodevelpmental Problems: ( Lack of oxygen to the brain during birth. Presence of terotogens that disrupt the developing brain of a fetus. Lack of proper nutrition during fetal development - remember Dutch Famine study? Too much apoptosis during adolescence?) *Stressor Theories: ( Prenatal / maternal stressors War zone stressors Obstetric stressors/complications Chronic stress of poverty, malnutrition Diathesis-stress model: predisposition & environmental stressors)

general name for therapies based on Freudian principles

psychoanalysis: Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts -- free associations, resistance, dreams, and transferences (and therapist's interpretations of them) to release previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight. Since psychological problems originate from childhood repressed impulses and conflicts, the aim of psychoanalysis is to bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness where the patient can deal with them. When energy devoted to id‐ego‐superego conflicts is released, the patient's anxiety lessens. Free association: Dissatisfied with hypnosis, Freud developed the method of free association * to unravel the unconscious mind and its conflicts. The patient lies on a couch and speaks about whatever comes to his or her mind. During free association, the patient edits his thoughts, resisting his or her feelings to express emotions. Such resistance becomes important in the analysis of conflict ‐driven anxiety. Eventually the patient opens up and reveals his or her innermost private thoughts, developing positive or negative feelings (transference) towards the therapist.

Cancer of disorders

schizophrenia

social facilitation

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others Social facilitation: Refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others. Triplett (1898) noticed cyclists' race times were faster when they competed against others than when they just raced against the clock.

Group Polarization

the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group The tendency for our beliefs to grow stronger (more polarized) when we discuss them with like minded people. EX: Ten moderate Christians/Jews/Moslems meet, share their beliefs & pray and a month later their beliefs are much stronger, maybe even extreme. You were a mild drinker until you joined the fraternity. Your drinking has increased and is beginning to interfere with your studies. You came out of the closet, joined a gay support group and now you're marching in Gay Pride events.

Groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives When the motivation for group consensus (harmony) overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. Or, why everyone should speak up and voice their concerns. It can lead to disastrous decisions such as Bay of Pigs Challenger explosion Attack on Pearl Harbor Chernobyl nuclear reactor meltdown

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition We make this error when we overestimate the influence of personality (dispositional factors) and underestimate the influence of the situational factors. In social psychology, fundamental attribution error, also known as correspondence bias or attribution effect, is the concept that, in contrast to interpretations of their own behavior, people tend to emphasize the agent's internal characteristics, rather than external factors, in explaining other people's behavior EX: Bill, your coworker acts grouchy and you automatically infer he IS a grouch not realizing he was up all night with a sick child, had a flat on the way to work and couldn't find a parking space

Social Loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable Sometimes, having more people helping out actually encourages some to perform less. Ever see a workers on a road crew? To guard against this: • Have individual rewards & goals • Have separate group rewards & goals • Clearly spell out roles & responsibilities. • Increase the sense of loyalty to the group. • Make cooperation of everyone critical toward the group's mission.

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request Give into a small request, even if you are reluctant, and the next time you are asked to do something greater, you are more likely to consent. Random acts of kindness can produce kind people. Moral actions can strengthen moral convictions. Or people give into evil one small act at a time. Salesmen get you in the store by offering free hot dogs. How did the Nazi's get people to work in the concentration camps?

Seligman and learned helplessness

the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past Learned helplessness is behavior that occurs when the subject endures repeatedly painful or otherwise aversive stimuli which it is unable to escape from or avoid. After such experiences, the organism often fails to learn or accept "escape" or "avoidance" in new situations where such behavior is likely to be effective the dog trial So far, Seligman's research simply replicated what other researchers had already found -- naive dogs will quickly learn to escape unpleasant events and, if possible, to avoid those events entirely. But then Seligman tried something new. He strapped some of the dogs into a hammock and gave them inescapable shocks at random intervals. The next day, when these dogs were tested in the shuttle box, their behavior was very different from that of the naive dogs. Although, like the naive dogs, the dogs would jump around frantically as soon as they felt the shock, after a few seconds they would stop moving, lie down, and begin to whine. On trial after trial, the dogs failed to escape; rather than jump across the barrier, the dogs passively accepted the painful shock.Seligman concluded that the dogs in the hammock had learned that they could not escape or avoid the shocks; that is, they had learned that they were helpless and that the shocks were uncontrollable. This conditioning was so powerful that when the dogs were placed in a situation in which they could escape the shock, they didn't even try, because they had formed the expectation that they could not control their environment. He called this behavior learned helplessness.

cognitive dissonance

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent--> DescriptionIn the field of psychology, cognitive dissonance is the mental discomfort experienced by a person who simultaneously holds two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values. This discomfort is triggered by a situation in which a person's belief clashes with new evidence perceived by that person EX: we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes The tension created by trying to hold two opposite thoughts in your head at the same time, or when your behavior is at odds with your beliefs. Something has to give, you'll either change your beliefs or change your behavior (Festinger, 1957). Example: Finding out your favorite teacher is a serial rapist . . . Guess he's not such a good teacher after all . . . What happened to O.J. Simpson's fame (and fortune)?

Goal of humanistic therapy

treat the person as a whole, not as a collection of behaviors or a repository of repressed thoughts Humanistic therapists aim to boost self‐ fulfillment by helping people grow in self‐ awareness and self‐acceptance, and self‐ actualization. Person-centered therapy: The therapist listens to the needs of the patient in an accepting and non ‐judgmental way, addressing problems in a productive way and building his or her self ‐esteem. The goal is to help the person become a "fully functioning person" by bridging the gap between their "real" self and "ideal" self. The therapist engages in active listening and echoes, restates, and clarifies the patient's thinking, acknowledging expressed feelings.

What contributes to groupthink?

• Members of group mistakenly think the leader is for the idea. • Members of group don't want to be the one to "rock the boat" or cause a delay in decision. Overriding desire to maintain harmony in the group. • Group doesn't examine the alternatives. • Pressure to conform within the group. • Collective rationalization.