Psych

What information can you learn from a scatterplot that you cannot learn from the correlation coefficient? -the values for each pair of measurements for each participant - strength of relationship whether the relationship is statistically significant the direction of the relationship

-the values for each pair of measurements for each participant

What sample size is often cited as the optimal balance between accuracy and effort? 100 500 1,000 2,000

1,000

the yerkes-dodson law (1908) shows that the performance increases with arousal up to a point but beyond that, performance decreases with increasing arousal. what type of correlation is this? - curvilinear - positive - negative - zero

curvilinear

Which of the following is NOT an example of applied research? a. An industrial-organizational psychologist who is interested in the components of job satisfaction b. A clinical psychologist who examines the effectiveness of art therapy in decreasing symptoms of ADHD c. A sports psychologist who examines how mind-set ("train well" versus "win") affects athletic performance d. A cognitive psychologist who examines people's ability to distinguish between colors based on light exposure

d. A cognitive psychologist who examines people's ability to distinguish between colors based on light exposure

Seeing stability in a stable-baseline design can help rule out which of the following threats to internal validity? a. Regression to the mean b. Instrumentation c. Maturation d. All of the above

d. All of the above

what does the author of your textbook mean when she writes, "we don't live in a main effect world?"

she means that interactions are common in everyday life

which of the following is an example of a physiological measure? ratings by an observer speed in solving a puzzle responses to a questionnaire skin conductance

skin conductance

In which of the following cases might a small effect still be important? A) When external validity is high B) When the study has life-or-death implications C) When the sample is very large D) When the finding is also statistically significant

B) When the study has life-or-death implications

dr. gavin is conduction a 2x4 independent-groups factorial design. how many main effects will dr. gavin need to examine?

2

Susan designed a study in which she had a group of younger adults (18-24 year-olds) and older adults (50-65 year-olds). She had both groups recite a poem by memory once in front of an audience of 50 people and once in a room by themselves. She counterbalanced the order of these tasks between participants. She had the participants rate their level of anxiety right before they recited the poem each time. What is the factorial notation for this design?

2x2

For his research methods class project, Hiro is studying the effect of pet ownership on stress levels. Although a lot of research has been done on dog and cat owners, not much is known about other pets, so Hiro decides to study hamster owners. Which of the following would demonstrate a purposive sampling technique? 1. His participants are all the people who have purchased hamsters at his local pet store in the past year. 2. He asks hamster owners to give him the names of other hamster owners. 3. He recruits his hamster owners by e-mailing members of the National Hamster Owners Association and asking for participants. 4. He is interested in hamster owners and not pet owners in general.

3. He recruits his hamster owners by e-mailing members of the National Hamster Owners Association and asking for participants.

What is the relationship between moderators and external validity? 1. Moderators suggest that an association between two variables will extend to another variable. 2. Moderators are necessary for external validity to be established. 3. Moderators suggest that associations may not generalize to all subgroups of people. 4. Moderators suggest that associations may be spurious.

3. Moderators suggest that associations may not generalize to all subgroups of people.

Lisa is interested in how well people are able to detect whether another person is a "Cooperator", a "Competitor", or an "Individualist" simply by looking at a picture of the person's face. She wants to know what kind of face can be identified most easily, and whether this varies by the race of the person in the picture. She designs a 2 x 3 within-group design where she has participants in her study look at faces from African-American and Caucasian people who are "Cooperators", "Competitors", or "Individualists." The participants identify the personality of the person in each picture and Lisa keeps track of the number of pictures accurately identified for each picture type. How many cells was each participant in?

6

a researcher wants to run a 2x3 mixed factorial design. the first factor is within-subjects. the second factor is between-subjects. if the researcher wants 20 observations per cell, how many participants will he need in total?

60

dr. laguardia is a cognitive neuroscientist who is interested in the effect of brain concussions on the ability to recognize faces. In interrogating the construct validity of Dr. Laguardia's study, which of the following statements is accurate?

Because participants actually experienced concussions, his independent variable appears to have construct validity

In a study of a new drug for asthma, a researcher finds that the group receiving the drug is doing much better than the control group, whose members are receiving a placebo. Which principle of the Belmont Report requires the researcher to also give the control group the opportunity to receive the new drug? Beneficence justice respect for peoples rights and dignity integrity

Beneficence

Journals and magazines are similar in all the following ways EXCEPT: (scientific journals and compared with popular journals/magazines are...) Both tend to have their articles peer reviewed. Both tend to be released monthly or quarterly Both tend to have articles written by several different contributors both are trying to inform their readers

Both tend to have their articles peer reviewed.

Emma is planning an experiment to examine whether reading to children increases their vocabulary size. She plans to measure the vocabulary size of a group of 18-month-olds, read to them three times a week for three months, then measure their vocabulary size again. How could Emma change the design of the study to remove a major threat to internal validity? she could add a comparison group she could add a manipulation check she could counterbalance her conditions she could make it a double-blind placebo control study

She could add a comparison group -Adding a comparison group would allow her to show that her intervention had an effect above and beyond the normal effects of maturation

What is the "file drawer problem" in psychology?

Significant relationships are more likely to be published than null effects.

A study by Grimstvedt et al. (2010) of the effects of signage on stair use in university buildings examined the effect of placing signs encouraging stair use near elevators. Based on their design, Blake is designing a study for her campus. The initial part of the study will be a month-long measuring of elevator and stair use in four different buildings on the campus. This will be followed by the treatment: the simultaneous posting of signs at each of the four locations. Elevator and stair use will then be measured for another month. What type of design is this?

Stable-baseline

if you repeat a study and the results are the same as the first time, what term can be used to describe the finding? repetitive redundant replicable obvious

replicable

Which of the following is NOT a required member of an institutional review board (IRB)? the researcher whose study is under review

the researcher whose study is under review

Which of the following is NOT a required member of an institutional review board (IRB)? the researcher whose study is under review a scientist someone with academic interest outside the sciences community member with no ties to the institution

the researcher whose study is under review

Asking many similar questions when trying to measure a concept is done to: cancel out measurement error ensure validity allow participants to skip questions make sure participants are not lying

cancel out measurement error

which of the following statements is falsifiable? the us government placed bombs in the world trade center there is intelligent life on other stars children in the north are significantly less happy than those in the south loch ness contains a giant monster like reptile

children in the north are significantly less happy than those in the south

Dr. Aarons does a study that finds that having a cognitively demanding job is associated with cognitive benefits in later years, but only among men, not among women. In her findings, gender is a _________ in the relationship between having a cognitively demanding job and cognitive benefits later in life. - moderator - mediator - criterion variable - confounding third variable

moderator

in harry harlows study on monkeys and attachment, he concluded that monkeys that grow up without mothers have greatest social deficits monkeys preferred touch to food until feeding was necessary monkeys attached to objects that provide rewards, particularly through food attachment is a combo of nature and nuture

monkeys preferred touch to food until feeding was necessary

A psychologist is working with the parents of four children who exhibit violent behaviors toward each other. The parents have been instructed to record the number of these behaviors each child exhibits in the pre-dinner hour for one week. The parents then begin using a positive reinforcement technique to shape the behavior of the youngest child, while continuing to record. The recording continues and the technique is used on one additional child each week. By the end of six weeks, there is a significant decrease in violent behaviors for each of the children. What type of design is this?

multiple-Baseline

Professor Lee is curious if there is any pattern to who earns extra credit in her course. She examines this question by graphing a scatterplot of her students' exam grades and the number of extra credit points earned. She finds that the students with the lowest exam grades tend to have the most extra credit points. What type of association is this? curvilinear negative positive causal

negative

What is the term for a quasi-experimental design with at least one treatment group and one comparison group, but in which the participants have not been randomly assigned to the groups?

nonequivalent control group design

in a 2x2x2 factorial design, what are all the possible effects to test? two main effects and a two-way interaction? three main effects, three two-way interactions, and a three-way interaction three main effects, three two-way interactions, and three three-way interactions three main effects and three-way interactions

three main effects, three two-way interactions, and a three-way interaction

when is it a good idea to base conclusions on the advice of authorities? when authorities have several years of experience in their specialty area it is never good because they typically have hidden agendas when authorities have conducted the research on which their advice is bases, by systematically and objectively comparing different conditions when they have advanced degree, such as phd or a masters degree

when authorities have conducted the research on which their advice is bases, by systematically and objectively comparing different condition

In psychology lab, Tetiana is conducting an experiment on depth perception using the Howard-Dolman box. Inside the box are two vertical rods and a horizontal ruler. The participant manipulates the rods until they appear to be aligned at the same distance away, then the experimenter measures how far out of alignment they are. There are three conditions: left eye only, right eye only, and both eyes. Tetiana is using a repeated measures design. What is the dependent variable in this experiment? distance out of alignment of the rods how long the participant takes to complete the experiment eye/eyes used improvement in performance by the participant

distance out of alignment of the rods

Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. which of the following makes dr. kangs study an experiment? dr. kang manipulated one variable and measured another used a distractor task was conducted by a professor was conducted at a university

dr. kang manipulated one variable and measured another

which of these is NOT an advantage of within-group designs? more statistical power requirement of fewer participants assurance of equivalence of the groups elimination of practice effects

elimination of practice effects

Ecological validity is considered to be an aspect of which of the four validities?

external

Which popular press headline might suggest that a multiple regression has been used? "Vacations are important for life satisfaction, even after correcting for length of vacation." "drinking coffee is associated with greater work productivity" Cuddling is an important factor in marital satisfaction for men"

"Vacations are important for life satisfaction, even after correcting for length of vacation."

All of the following are true of observational data EXCEPT: *Observational measures tend to have good construct validity *Observational measures cannot be used in making causal claims *Observational measures can be used in frequency claims *Observational measures tend to provide richer information than survey data

*Observational measures cannot be used in making causal claims

Dr. Fletcher is concerned about a fence-sitting response set when he conducts his survey. Which of the following might you recommend to decrease fence sitting? *Using reverse-worded questions *Using scales with an even number of response options *Providing a "no opinion" option *Using a Likert-type response scale

*Using scales with an even number of response options

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield has decided to test the discriminant validity of his new measure. He has a group of first-time Gamblers Anonymous (GA) attendants complete his measure and finds that they score higher than a group of people who do not attend the group. Which of the following results would provide evidence for discriminant validity? - - He finds that the measure of gambling is not correlated with a measure of life satisfaction in the same two groups of people. - he finds that the GA attendees scores higher on his measure than the non GA attendees - he finds tha thte measure he used is also associated with peoples past diagnoses of pathological gambling - he finds that the more recent GA joiners scores higher than veteran GA attendees, who are more recovered

- He finds that the measure of gambling is not correlated with a measure of life satisfaction in the same two groups of people.

There is a strong positive association between years of education and income. The mean income for American adults in 2005 was $32,000 and the average number of years of education was 12. Mr. Lopez has 16 years of education. What would you predict about his income? - His income is probably higher than $32,000. - His income is probably lower than $32,000 - the best estimate would be the mean income of $32,000 - there isnt enough information to make a prediction

- His income is probably higher than $32,000.

Professor Law wants to construct a survey to assess involvement with computer games. Which question uses a Likert-type scale? - On a scale of 1 (Strongly agree) to 5 (Strongly disagree) scale, rate the following statement: Computer games are a great pastime. - Which is truer of you? a) I have little interest in computer games or b) I would miss computer games if I couldn't play anymore. - On a scale of 0 (Not at all) to 5 (Very much), rate how much you like and play your favorite game. - what computer games have you played?

- On a scale of 1 (Strongly agree) to 5 (Strongly disagree) scale, rate the following statement: Computer games are a great pastime.

The campus safety committee has asked Professor Ibrahim to study bicycling on his campus. He trains two observers and has them observe the number of cyclists and their safety at various points around campus. After completing the observational study, Professor Ibrahim sends a survey out to the entire campus about bicycle safety, and asks all bicyclists to respond. He finds a large difference between their reports of how safely they ride and what his observers found. What is the most likely cause of the self-report ratings being inconsistent with the observational data? - The bicyclists were probably responding in a socially desirable way on the self-report survey. - the bicyclists were probably faking bad on the self report study - the bicyclists were probably fence-sitting on the self report study - the question order on the self report survery probably affected the responses on the self-report survey

- The bicyclists were probably responding in a socially desirable way on the self-report survey.

If an association study did not select people for the study by using random sampling, which of the following statements is true? - The findings should be replicated in another population. - the effect size should be considered, but tests of statistical significance should not - the study must be done again using the same participants. - the association should be rejected as inconclusive

- The findings should be replicated in another population.

The campus safety committee has asked Professor Ibrahim to study bicycling on his campus. He trains two observers and has them observe the number of cyclists and their safety at various points around campus. When the observations began, the observers noticed that bicyclists slowed down when they neared the observers. How could this reactivity be avoided? - The observers could make unobtrusive observations by hiding. - the observers could use random assignment - the observers could use blind study design - the observers could use a masked design

- The observers could make unobtrusive observations by hiding.

Dr. Stevens wants to examine the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and depression. He selects a sample of American athletes who are currently training for the summer Olympic Games as his research subjects. Dr. Stevens finds no relationship between BMI and depression. What is one problem with his research design that could have kept him from finding a relationship between those variables? - There is a restriction of range problem. - there is a third variable problem - there is a problem with outliers in his sample - there is a directionality problem

- There is a restriction of range problem.

Which of the following is true about open-ended questions? - They provide rich data, but they can be time-consuming for researchers because the responses need to be coded. - they completely lack construct validity - they are more efficient than asking forced-choice questions - they are most common format for psychologists to ask questions

- They provide rich data, but they can be time-consuming for researchers because the responses need to be coded.

Is it ethical for psychological researchers to observe people in a public place? - Yes, because in those settings people can reasonably expect their behavior to be public, not private. - yes, b/c as long as it is for the sake of science, it is ethical to observe people in public or private places - no, b/c the researchers will have to individually identify the people they observe - no, b/c informed consent cannot be obtained from those being observed

- Yes, because in those settings people can reasonably expect their behavior to be public, not private.

how are quota sampling and stratified sampling similar? - both identify subgroups that need to be studied - both result in representative samples - both randomly sample subgroups to be studied - both result in non representative samples

- both identify subgroups that need to be studied

Josiane has found an online test that claims to measure IQ. It consists of choosing the correct definitions for a series of words. She is concerned that it doesn't include any tests of other things that are part of IQ, such as problem solving or visual-spatial ability. Which type of validity is she questioning? - content validity - criterion validity - face validity - discriminant validity

- content validity

what is the most common sampling technique in behavioral research? - convenience sampling - purposive sampling - cluster sampling - simple random sampling

- convenience sampling

Which of the following is NOT required to establish causality? - convergent validity - temporal precedence - manipulation of the IV - Random assignment to different levels of the IV

- convergent validity

in the Mehl et al study (2010), they needed to determine ___________ reliability, which was ________ for small talk and this represents a _______ correlation according to cohen's guidelines. - test-retest; .97; large - internal; .56; large - internal; .76; large - interrater; .76; medium - interrater; .76; large

- interrater; .76; large

in the table on the Mehl study, researchers calculated the correlation for well being on the weekends and the weekdays. they did so in order to determine if certain days of the week _______. the stat for alone time was -.35 on weekends which was ________ - moderated the relationship; significant to the .01 level - had internal validity; not significant - moderated the relationship; significant to the .05 level - had internal validity; significant to the .01 level - mediated the relationship; significant to the .01 level - had internal validity; significant to the .05 level

- moderated the relationship; significant to the .01 level

What is the difference between cluster and multistage sampling? - multistage samples sample both clusters and participants; cluster samples just sample clusters - cluster samples rely on clusters of participants; multistage samples collect data from participants at different stages - there is no difference - cluster samples are probability samples; multistage samples are not

- multistage samples sample both clusters and participants; cluster samples just sample clusters multistage sampling is a more complex method of sampling

Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. which of the following is the dependent variable in the study? - number of words remembered - emotional or neutral word list - length of distractor task - number of words on the list

- number of words remembered

which of the following is not true of scatterplots? - they should not be used for examining reliability - they can be used to examine internal reliabiliity - they can be used to examine interrater reliaibity - they are the preferred method for examining all types of reliabiliity

- they are the preferred method for examining all types of reliabiliity

Which of the following is the essential feature of studies that support association claims? - they involve two measured variables. - they involve a correlation between 0 and 1 - they involve a correlation between one quantitative variable and one qualitative variable - they involve a correlation between one measured variable and one manipulated variable

- they involve two measured variables.

When people are asked why they made a certain choice, they ______________. - will tell you why they think they made that choice, but they may not be accurate at identifying the true reason for their choice - are always able to tell you why they made that choice - will refuse to tell you why they made a certain choice because they dont know - will lie to you about why they made that choice

- will tell you why they think they made that choice, but they may not be accurate at identifying the true reason for their choice

A multiple-regression analysis is run to examine third variables as a follow-up to the study indicating that boys with unusual names are more likely to commit crimes. Unusual names, ethnic backgrounds, and geographical regions are all included as predictor variables. Even after controlling for all of these variables, unusual names still predict criminal activity. Why doesn't this study establish causation? -Temporal precedence isn't established. -The beta values are not shown, so there isn't enough information to conclude causation. -There may be some other third variable. -No cross-lag correlation was done.

-There may be some other third variable.

Mischel (1972) studied delay of gratification in preschoolers: Children were offered a special reward if they could wait or a less attractive treat if they chose not to wait. A follow-up study was done years later, looking at the same children as adolescents. The researchers found an association between the waiting times of the preschoolers and parents' reports of the same children's behaviors as adolescents. Overall, a positive relation between waiting time as a preschooler and self-control in adolescence emerged. Can a causal relationship be inferred? - No, because internal validity was not established. - yes, b/c temporal precedence was established - no, b/c temporal precedence was not established - no, b/c covariance was not established

. No, because internal validity was not established.

An instructor hypothesizes that doing jumping jacks will improve his students' quiz performance. On Monday, he has his class sit in their chairs for five minutes before completing a multiple-choice quiz on their reading assignment. On Wednesday, he has his class do two minutes of jumping jacks before completing the same quiz that they took on Monday. The students performed better on the quiz on Wednesday. What is a possible threat to internal validity in this study? 1. attrition threat 2. testing threat 3. observer bias 4. maturation threat

4. Testing Threat

go to psychinfo online and search the variable self esteem. how many hits or potential responses did you get?

48,937

when determining mediation how many steps are necessary? 4 5 2 3

5

go to the kresge online library and search under databases by subject. How many databases are recommended for psychology?

9/18/23? NOT 5

Dr. Morimoto is curious as to whether exposing people to violent video games causes them to be more aggressive. He assigns half his participants to play a video game for 5 minutes and the other half to play for 7 minutes. He finds that there is no relationship between playing the game longer and being more aggressive. What is likely to blame for this null effect? A weak manipulation An insensitive measure A reverse confound Ceiling effect

A weak manipulation

Which of the following CANNOT typically be applied to a small-N experiment? A) Inferential Statistics B) Experimental control C) Replication D) Manipulation of variables

A) Inferential Statistics

Participants in a research study are given a list of words to study for 3 minutes and then, following a delay, are asked to recall the list. The length of the delay is manipulated between participants to be either 2 minutes, 5 minutes, or 10 minutes. Which of the following scenarios would present a design confound in this experiment? 1. All participants in the 2-minute condition are tested at 8:00 a.m.; those in the 5-minute condition are tested at noon; and those in the 10-minute condition are tested at 4:00 p.m 2. three different experimenters are in charge of administering the task, and they rotate which condition they are administering 3. the same list is used for each condition and is randomized for each participants 4. the three groups are run simultaneously in three different rooms, and the room for each condition is randomly chosen before each group arrives

All participants in the 2-minute condition are tested at 8:00 a.m.; those in the 5-minute condition are tested at noon; and those in the 10-minute condition are tested at 4:00 p.m

A school district is comparing two reading programs for high school students reading below grade level. Two very similar schools are used to test the programs, a different one at each school. Students participating in the programs are pretested for their reading abilities and the mean scores are similar at both schools. The reading program implemented at High School A is known to be much more rigorous than the program implemented at High School B. The posttest shows more improvement at High School A, but more of the students dropped out of the program. What threat to internal validity does this pose?

Attrition

On the first exam in an Introductory Psychology class, the grades are lower than Professor Mutola expected. She suspects that multitasking is to blame. She bans computers and cell phones from her class between the first and the second exam. When she compares the scores on the two exams, she finds a significant improvement on the second exam. When Professor Mutola rechecks her data, she finds that the five students with the lowest scores on the first exam have dropped the class. What threat to internal validity is this? history atrition maturation regression to the mean

Attrition -The rise in scores on the second test may be due to the loss of these extreme scores, which is attrition

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield has now decided that he wants to test his measure on some university students (who some estimates say have a 6% prevalence rate of compulsive gambling). He has a group of 100 university students complete his measure. He also has them complete two other measures (one that measures addictive behavior in general and one that measures general attitudes toward gambling). He finds that his new measure is positively associated with each of these other measures. This procedure has provided evidence for the ________ of Dr. Sheffield's measure. Convergent validity discriminant validity content validity predictive validity

Convergent validity

Which statistic is used to represent the internal reliability of multiple-item self-report scales? Cronbach's alpha kappa r, correlation coeffic s, standard deviation

Cronbach's alpha

Which of the following is a correlation that could be examined in both longitudinal designs and simple bivariate designs? Cross-sectional correlation sequential correlation cross-lag correlation autocorrelation

Cross-sectional correlation

All of the following are true of outliers EXCEPT: A) They weaken a relationship B) They can affect the strength of an association C) They can affect the direction of an association D) They have the biggest effect when dealing with large sample sizes

D) They have the biggest effect when dealing with large sample sizes

Lucia is interested in studying discrimination in hiring. She designs an experiment in which the participant takes the role of an employer looking at job candidates for a specific position. Each participant is given two very similar resumés—one of a candidate with a female name and one of a candidate with a male name—and is then asked to rate the suitability of each candidate for a job. Lucia finds no difference in participants' ratings of male and female candidates. What threat to internal validity should she be concerned about? demand characteristics observer bias placebo selection

Demand Characteristics -She should be concerned that the participants guessed the manipulation in the study and gave what they thought was the more socially acceptable answer

Professor Silva is a clinical psychologist who teaches a course in abnormal psychology at the university. He maintains a clinical practice and several of his current students are his clients. Which of the APA's Five General Principles does this violate? Integrity Fidelity and Responsibility Justice Respect for People's Rights and Dignity

Fidelity and Responsibility a clinical psychologist who teaches in a university may not serve as a therapist to one of his or her classroom students, and psychologists must avoid sexual relationships with their students or clients

who was the theorist that suggested catharsis was a good way to express anger?

Freud

A city in California has asked Professor Rodriguez to conduct an experiment on earthquake preparedness. Professor Rodriguez will assess the preparedness of a random sample of residents in the city and the city will mail out their annual brochure on earthquake safety. Then, two weeks later, he will again assess the preparedness of those residents. Right after the brochures are mailed, a large earthquake is reported in Japan. What threat to internal validity does this pose? matuartion history selection testing

History

Which of the following questions addresses construct validity? How well has the researcher measured or manipulated the variables in the study? What is the effect size? To what populations, settings, and times can we generalize this claim? Does the study control for alternative explanations?

How well has the researcher measured or manipulated the variables in the study?

In most experiments, tradeoffs are made between validities because it is not possible to achieve all four at once. What is the most common tradeoff? Increased internal validity results in decreased external validity. Increased construct validity results in decreased statistical validity. Increased statistical validity results in decreased internal validity. Increased external validity results in decreased statistical validity.

Increased internal validity results in decreased external validity.

On the first exam in an Introductory Psychology class, the grades are lower than Professor Mutola expected. She suspects that multitasking is to blame. She bans computers and cell phones from her class between the first and the second exam. When she compares the scores on the two exams, she finds a significant improvement on the second exam. Professor Mutola looks back over the second exam and begins to wonder if it was just an easier exam. What threat to internal validity is she considering? instrumentation testing maturation histoy

Instrumentation -Instrumentation threat occurs when the pretest and posttest are not sufficiently equivalent

As part of an experiment on the effects of behavior modeling, a set of raters are evaluating the prosocial behavior in a series of videotapes of a class of preschoolers. Initially, the raters were quite strict in their ratings, but after three hours of rating, their criteria had changed. What type of threat to internal validity has occurred? Regression to the mean Testing History Instrumentation

Instrumentation -The raters, who are the measuring instrument, are changing over time

The degree to which a quasi-experiment supports a causal claim depends on which of the following: Its design and its results Its duration and its sample size Its importance and its external validity Its statistical significance and its practical significance

Its design and its results

In order to study a sample of participants from only one ethnic group, researchers must first demonstrate that the problem being studied is especially prevalent in that ethnic group. This is an application of which principle from the Belmont Report? Justice. special protection beneficence respect for persons

Justice

On the first exam in an Introductory Psychology class, the grades are lower than Professor Mutola expected. She suspects that multitasking is to blame. She bans computers and cell phones from her class between the first and the second exam. When she compares the scores on the two exams, she finds a significant improvement on the second exam. Professor Mitchell points out that in her classes, students always do better on the second exam because they are more used to her tests. What threat to validity is she suggesting? Maturation Testing Attrition Regression to the mean

Maturation

A participant's score on a dependent variable is a combination of which of the following: their mean score and their standard deviation measurement error and their true score manipulation effect and observer bias systematic variance and error variance

Measurement error and their true score

Which of the following is a necessary component of a longitudinal design? - Measuring the same variables at two points in time - manipulating a variable at two points in time - measuring at least four variables at one time - measuring different age groups at two different times

Measuring the same variables at two points in time

On the first exam in an Introductory Psychology class, the grades are lower than Professor Mutola expected. She suspects that multitasking is to blame. She bans computers and cell phones from her class between the first and the second exam. When she compares the scores on the two exams, she finds a significant improvement on the second exam. What is the formal name for this type of design? One-Group, Pretest/Posttest One-Group, Posttest Only Two-Group, Posttest Only Two-Group, Pretest/Posttest

One-Group, Pretest/Posttest -She is using the first exam as the pretest and the second as the posttest

In a quasi-experiment by Minke (2011), the effectiveness of Skejby, a Danish half-way house which mixes offenders with non-offenders, was compared to that of the control condition of half-way houses housing only offenders. Measurement of effectiveness was based on rate of recidivism of former inmates. What was the dependent variable in this study?

Rate of recidivism

Professor Kwan studies violence and designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. She recruits low-income, Hispanic children from schools near the university to participate. Each child is assigned to play either a violent or non-violent video game two hours each evening for a month. The children's teachers are asked to assess changes in behavior. Data analysis shows no effect of game type, but Professor Kwan knows that several children didn't follow the procedure so he makes up data for them and then shows a significant effect. Which part of APA Ethical Standard 8 did the data violate?

Reporting of Research Results

Which of the following does NOT characterize a small-N design?

Results are analyzed in terms of statistical significance

all of the following can decrease accurate responses EXCEPT: Reverse-worded questions nay-saying response sets fence-sitting acquiescence

Reverse-worded questions

Professor Fofana wonders if there is an association between students' grades and whether they complete extra credit in his classes. He makes a scatterplot, with the number of extra credit points earned on the x-axis and the numerical grade in his course without extra credit on the y-axis. He finds that r = 0.28. What does this correlation tell him about which students take advantage of the extra credit option? - Students with higher grades are more likely than students with lower grades to do extra credit work. - students with lower grades are more likely than students with higher grades to do extra credit work. - all students are equally likely to do extra credit work students with higher grades are less likely than students with lower grades to do extra credit work

Students with higher grades are more likely than students with lower grades to do extra credit work.

Which of the following criteria is NOT required for a causal claim? The correlation between the independent variable and dependent variable is zero. The independent variables and dependent variable are correlated. The independent variable came first and the dependent variable came later. There is no other explanation for the relationship.

The correlation between the independent variable and dependent variable is zero.

Anton is concerned that the researcher made a Type I error. What does that mean? researcher... 1. failed to consider a third variable 2. concluded there was a relationship, but there isn't really one. 3. failed to establish the first rule of causation 4. did not make a type ii error

The researcher concluded there was a relationship, but there isn't really one.

A school district decides to compare a new math textbook to the textbook that has been in use for the past few years. Each of the fourth graders in one school is assigned to be in one of two classes, one in which a teacher continues using the old book and another in which a new teacher uses the new book. The school administrators compare the average scores of the two classes on a mathematics standardized test at the end of the year to determine which book is better. Which of the following is a potential confound in this study? both classes have children who report that they do not like math the standardized test is graded incorrectly there are different children in fourth grade this year than there were last year the teachers probably have different teaching styles and The teachers have different amounts of experience using the books.

The teachers have different amounts of experience using the books. or the teachers probably have different teaching styles

Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a quantitative way to operationalize problem-solving ability The time spent solving a math problem The type of puzzle solved (Sudoku puzzle or a crossword puzzle) Whether participants used insight or trial-and-error techniques to solve the problem The report of a teacher about whether a student is a good or bad problem solver

The time spent solving a math problem

The pattern and parsimony approach to causation is a good example of which cycle in research? Theory-data cycle peer review cycle journal-journalism cycle basic-applied cycle

Theory-data cycle

Which of the following is an advantage of studies that are conducted in real-world settings? they have a high degree of internal validity they are more important than studies conducted in labs they are high in ecological validity they automatically generalize to other situations

They are high in ecological validity.

How does a researcher who conducts a small-N design address external validity concerns about his study?

Triangulates his findings with other findings

Dr. LaGuardia is curious as to whether children in a daycare center will share more after watching an educational video on sharing. Immediately before and after the video, he has several undergraduate research assistants code the sharing behavior of a group of 33 four-year-olds. Which of the following would you NOT recommend to him to decrease the threat of instrumentation? establishing the reliability and validity of his coders at posttest using only one research assistant to code all the videos establishing the reliability and validity of his coders at pretest using clear coding manuals

Using only one research assistant to code all the videos

regression is especially problematic in which of the following situations? When one group has an extremely high score at pretest when one group has an extremely low score at posttest when the experimental and comparison groups are equal at posttest when the experimental and comparison groups are equal at pretest

When one group has an extremely high score at pretest

Dr. Kim is researching treatments for childhood cancer. There is some risk that patients who undergo Dr. Kim's new therapy may be harmed by the procedure. However, based upon preliminary lab testing, the patients might benefit substantially from his treatment. If you were on the IRB evaluating Dr. Kim's research proposal to test his new treatment, what would make you more likely to approve the proposal? - You decide that the potential benefits of the study outweigh the potential risks. - dr kim is a very smart and well respected scientist - you decide that the potential risks of the study outweigh the potential benefits - there are few other treatments for this type of cancer

You decide that the potential benefits of the study outweigh the potential risks.

Research using animals must be approved by _______________. an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) an IRB APA PETA

an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

using a matched-group design is especially important in which of the following cases? ___ When you have only a few people in your study ___ When you have at least three levels/conditions of the independent variable ___ When you do not have a control group ___ When you have a complex dependent variable

___ When you have only a few people in your study

Dr. Alfonse, a developmental psychologist, conducts a study to determine whether children prefer books with drawn illustrations or with photographs. A group of 45 first graders are given two copies of a book (Little Red Riding Hood) at the same time. Although the story is the same, one book is illustrated with drawings and the other is illustrated with photos. Students are then asked to indicate which book they prefer. This is an example of which of the following designs? TRUE OR FALSE ___Longitudinal design ___Repeated-measures design ___Concurrent-measures design ___Posttest-only design

___Concurrent-measures design

The mathematical way to describe an interaction is: A difference in differences A caveat A qualified main effect A patterned pattern

a difference in differences

Which of these is a field setting? -a psychology lab with EEG apparatus -a neuropsychological lab with an MRI machine -a preschool playground with video cameras -a biology lab with galvanic skin response detectors

a preschool playground with video cameras

A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You suspect this relationship may not be causal because you are not sure which occurred first—watching television or being aggressive. You are questioning which of the following rules of causation? a) rule of Temporal precedence b) rule of Covariance c) rule of parsimony d) rule of Third-variable criterion

a) the rule of Temporal precedence

12.According to the TED Talks video by Ben Goldachre on Battling Bad Science, how is it that industries are testing and showing products such as pharmaceuticals as better than old drugs on the market? a. All of these are how industry is able to market new drugs b. industry uses extreme doses of the competing drug to show either higher side effects or lower effectiveness c. industry tests the new drug against a placebo rather than other, competing pharma's, which demonstrates it works, but not necessarily better d. industry fails to report negative or insignificant findings on their own pharmaceutical

a. All of these are how industry is able to market new drugs

18. Which of the following is true of the relationship between hypotheses and theories? a. hypotheses are used to determine if a theory is accurate b. Theories are used to determine if a hypothesis is accurate. c. Multiple theories are needed to test whether a hypothesis is accurate. d. Hypotheses and theories are synonymous terms. e. None of the above are true. f. all of these are true

a. hypotheses are used to determine if a theory is accurate

Judy writes a survey to assess how much people worry. Her survey has 20 questions that people can rate their level of agreement to on a seven-point Likert scale. All of the questions are worded so that higher responses will indicate a higher level of worry. After having 100 people complete her survey, she finds that a lot of respondents often respond to all of the questions by choosing only the "strongly agree" option. What is this kind of responding called? acquiescence fence sitting faking bad faking good

acquiescence

Koordeman et al. (2011) conducted a study on the effect of alcohol commercials on alcohol consumption in a movie theater. Participants saw one of two types of beverage commercials: alcoholic or nonalcoholic. Their consumption of alcohol during the movie was then measured. Finally, they completed a questionnaire on their usual drinking habits. Koordeman et al. found that young adults who generally consume large amounts of alcohol each week were influenced to drink more alcohol when they saw alcohol commercials, whereas the alcohol consumption of young adults who generally consume small amounts of alcohol each week was not influenced by the type of commercial shown. Which of the following is a participant variable in this study?

amount of alcohol consumed by the young adult during the week

Iva is studying whether students gain weight during their first year of college. She collects weights from all the incoming freshmen in the fall, then collects weights from them again at the end of the spring term. What is the term for the correlation she finds when she compares the fall and spring weights of the students? a. cross-sectional b. autocorrelations c. non-linear d. cross-lag

b. autocorrelations Autocorrelations — This is a correlation of one variable with itself, measured on two different occasions or an autocorrelation.

How do multiple-regression designs help address internal validity? a. by establishing temporal precedence b. by ruling out third variable c. by eliminating selection threats d. by introducing a control condition

b. by ruling out third variable Regression Results Indicate If a Third Variable Affects the Relationship — By measuring possible third variables and using multiple-regression analysis, these third variables can be eliminated as explanations for the relationship between the key variables.

why is there a publication bias against null effects? because null effects are not real because null effects are the results of badly designed studies because people tend to prefer reading about significant differences more than similarities there is no publication bias against null effects

because people tend to prefer reading about significant differences more than similarities

In a business class experiment on the endowment effect, Theo is comparing the value of a coffee mug to someone who owns it and is selling it to someone who is buying it. The endowment effect describes the tendency of sellers to value something they own more than buyers do. Participants are randomly assigned to be buyers or sellers of a mug with their first name on it. Buyers select the maximum price they would pay for the mug. Sellers select the minimum price they would accept for the mug. How does Theo control for selection effects? by using a control group by using matched-groups design by using random assignment of participants by using a pretest/posttest design

by using random assignment of participants

Susan's hypothesis was not completely supported by her data. What does this mean? a. Susan must have collected the data incorrectly. b. Susan must have analyzed the data incorrectly. c. The theory may need to be amended. d. The theory is completely wrong. e. Susan should stick to being a consumer of research.

c. The theory may need to be amended.

Onwuegbuzie et al. (1999) examined foreign language anxiety as a predictor of foreign language achievement. They performed a multiple-regression analysis and included other predictor variables including academic achievement, perceived scholastic competence, and perceived self-worth. What is the criterion variable? a. academic achievement b. perceived self-worth c. foreign language achievement d. foreign language anxiety

c. foreign language achievement Dependent Variables and Predictor Variables — Foreign language achievement is the dependent variable or variable the researchers were most interested in understanding.

The superintendent of schools in a small town in Ohio made a lot of policy changes to the way school administration worked in his district. A researcher at a nearby university wanted to look at what teachers in his district thought about the changes. The researcher made a list of all of the schools in the district and used a random number generator to select a sample of five schools from the district. Then the researcher interviewed every teacher at each of those five schools. What sampling method did the researcher use? simple random sampling cluster sampling systematic sampling purposive sampling

cluster sampling

A researcher suggests to potential study participants that if they do not participate they will suffer negative consequences. This undue influence is called ____________. coercion informed consent debriefing special protection

coercion

Horselenberg et al (2003) reported an experiment based on Kassin and Kieche (1996) in which the participant was falsely accused of striking a computer key that caused the data to be deleted. The earlier study showed that 69 percent of the participants were willing to sign a confession that they had struck the key. Horselenberg's study included the signed confession, which included giving up part of the participation fee. What type of study was Horselenberg's? -conceptual replication -replication -meta analysis -confirmation

conceptual replication

if researchers measure every member of a population, they have: A biased sample increased internal validity conducted A census collected a sample

conducted A census

which of the following is a term used in psych to describe a person who is an actor playing a specific role as part of an experiment?

confederate

Dr. Russell did a study that found that praise provided by supervisors is associated with higher levels of work productivity only because more motivated employees are praised more often, and highly motivated people are more productive. In her findings, employee motivation is a ___________ in the relationship between praise from supervisors and work productivity. mediator moderator confounding third variable criterion variable

confounding third variable

Dr. Rhodes is interested in how differing levels of light affect how people perceive color. He finds participants for this research study by making an announcement in several psychology classes at his university. What kind of sampling method is Dr. Rhodes using? snowball sampling systematic sampling convenience sampling cluster sampling

convenience sampling

When authors of a research article are describing just the results of a factorial study, which of these terms would you NOT expect to see?

correlation

Eric designs a study to examine drink preferences of university freshmen. He is planning to have all of the freshmen who participate in his study drink a cup of coffee then rate their enjoyment of the coffee, then drink a cup of tea and rate their enjoyment of the tea, and finally drink a cup of milk and rate their enjoyment of the milk. Eric tells Theresa about the plans for his study and she says she is concerned that he could have a problem with order effect in his study. How can Eric fix this problem? counterbalancing matched groups random assignment random sampling

counterbalancing

When using multiple regression, what is the term for the variable that the researcher is most interested in explaining or predicting? a. predictor b. independent variable c. response d. criterion

criterion Multiple regression is used to study three or more variables and the variable chosen as one that researchers want to understand is called the criterion variable.

Some colleges no longer require the SAT I or the ACT tests, instead basing their admissions on other factors, such as high school GPA. A large reason that they have done this is that they have found a low correlation between the scores on the tests and the students' freshman year GPA. In other words, they were concerned that college entrance exams lacked which type of validity? criterion validity content validity discriminant validity face validity

criterion validity

Dr. Joseph thinks that most people are generally trusting of strangers. He did a study at his university in the United States to test this idea, and the results confirmed his hypothesis. Dr. Joseph is discussing the results of this study with a friend who is a psychology researcher in China, Dr. Ming. Dr. Ming thinks that people in Eastern cultures, such as China, are less trusting of strangers than people in Western cultures, such as the United States. Dr. Joseph and Dr. Ming decide to run a second study where they have a group of participants in China and a group of participants in the United States both complete the task used in Dr. Joseph's study. This second study is an example of ______________.

cultural psychology

go to kresge online library and search for the journal article, the teenage brain: sensitivity to rewards. in what journal is this article published?

current directions in psychological science

Dr. Stewart is an editor of a psychology journal. She wants to ensure that reviewers give honest reviews of the papers they are asked to read. Which of the following could she do to increase the likelihood of honest feedback? a. Increase the number of peer reviewers b. Decrease the number of peer reviewers c. Use reviewers from fields other than psychology d. Make sure the identity of peer reviewers is unknown e. Give reviewers a longer amount of time to read papers

d. Make sure the identity of peer reviewers is unknown

Professor Horvat designs a study to assess the work satisfaction and home life satisfaction of a group of graduate students. She administers the same measures of work and home life satisfaction on two occasions, one year apart. She finds that home life satisfaction measured at the first time point is strongly correlated with job satisfaction at the second time point, but there is no correlation between job satisfaction measured at the first time point and home life satisfaction measured at the second time point. Why can't Dr. Horvat conclude that home life satisfaction causes job satisfaction? a. Home satisfaction is not related to life satisfaction b. Home satisfaction did not occur before life satisfaction c. Home satisfaction and life satisfaction are too highly correlated with each other d. There are potential third variable that might explain the relationship

d. There are potential third variable that might explain the relationship

Professor Meyer gives the students in his class a mid-semester feedback survey asking them how stressed out they are by the assignments in his class. The majority of his class report that they feel "extremely stressed." What might explain this? a. faking good b. reactivity c. socially desireable responding d. faking bad

d. faking bad

Dr. Sanders conducted a study that investigated the happiness of people listening to different kinds of music. He predicted that people would report being happier when they were listening to rock music than when they were listening to country music. Dr. Sanders threw out the data from several participants who reported being very happy while listening to country music because he thought that they weren't being honest. Dr. Sanders has committed what kind of ethical violation? data falsification deception plagarism data fabrication

data falsification

Which of the following is an example of a categorical variable? declared major in college iq score current age blood pressure reading

decalred major in college

according to the theory data cycle, which of the following would be a good first step once you determined your theory regarding, for example, why children exhibit aggressive behaviors?

determine questions that you would like to research related to your theory

another word for observe effects is: interrater reliability expectancy effects unobtrusive observations observe bias

expectancy effects

A drought in California created the opportunity for a quasi-experiment on the effectiveness of fines on water conservation (Agras et al., 1980). Three comparable cities were considered: two that instituted fines at different times and a third that did not. Water consumption data for the three years before the onset of the fines was used as baseline and subsequent consumption data was gathered through the end of the drought. Effectiveness of fines was assessed by examining consumption the following month. In this study, researchers capitalized on real-life opportunities to study phenomena. Therefore, they maximized which type of validity?

external

Horselenberg et al. (2003) conducted an experiment based on Kassin and Kieche (1996) in which the participant was falsely accused of striking a computer key that caused the data to be deleted. The earlier study showed that 69 percent of the participants were willing to sign a confession that they had struck the key. Horselenberg's study included a change in procedure where the signed confession included giving up part of the participation fee. Horselenberg et al. conducted their study in the Netherlands and found similar results to Kassin's. That this finding was observed in multiple contexts supports which validity?

external

Replicability helps interrogate which of the four big validities?

external

Random selection enhances ________ and Random assignment: enhances _______

external validity; internal validity

Random selection enhances ________ and Random assignment: enhances _______ external; external validity internal; internal validity external; internal validity internal; external validity

external validity; internal validity

a ______ design is one in which there are two or more independent variables.

factorial

Which of the following is NOT an operational definition of stress? feelings of anxiousness and pressure a measurement of the amount of a "fight or flight" hormone in saliva responses to a standardized stress questionnaire length of time a participant submerges one hand in ice water

feelings of anxiousness and pressure

professor silvia is a clinical psychologist who teaches a course in abnormal psychology at the university. he maintains a clinical practice and several of his current students are his clients. which of the APA's five general principles does this violate? justice respect for people's rights and dignity fidelity and responsibility integrity

fidelity and respinsibility

what is the one disadvantage of using google scholar if you are citing only primary sources in a paper? what is the main disadvantage of using google scholar.... scholar... can be expensive to use does not provide empirical research does no include scholarly books does not indicate if an article is peer reviewed

google scholar does not indicate if an article is peer reviewed

basing our conclusions on personal experience is faulty because experience has confounds. in this context a confound means.. in real world experiences there are other possible explanations for an outcome we will have trouble thinking of counterexamples there is no comparison group the conclusion we draw from the experience has left us puzzled, or confused

in real world experiences there are other possible explanations for an outcome

basing out conclusions on personal experience is faulty because experience has confounds. in this context, a confound means

in real-world experiences, there are other possible explanations for the an outcome

Which of the following pieces of information should be provided to potential research participants as part of the informed consent process? information about the risks and benefits of participating in the research study information about the other participants in the study information about the researchers hypotheses for the study information about where the researcher plans to publish the results of the study

information about the risks and benefits of participating in the research study

of the studies presented in Chapter 1, which was used to demonstrate how journalists can misrepresent research? information presented on scared straight harry harlows study on comfort vs. cupboard theory ariely's theory on cheating the studies on mindful meditation elliots study on the color red

information presented on scared straight

For an association claim, you should interrogate all of the following validities EXCEPT __________. statistical external internal construct

internal validity

A researcher in theory-testing mode focuses on ________, while a researcher in generalization mode focuses on ________.

internal validity; external validity

which of these statements is true of external validity? -A population always refers to the population of the earth. -The larger the sample the better. -It comes from how the sample is obtained rather than sample size. -Studies must take place outside the laboratory to have external validity.

it comes from how the sample is obtained rather than sample size

which of the following is the reason that scientific journals use peer reviews? it ensures that the studies published are of the highest quality it is cost effective it is more efficient it encourages collaboration among researchers

it ensures that the studies published are of the highest quality

Which principle from the Belmont Report and the APA's Ethical Principles do animal rights activists draw upon to argue against the use of animals in experiments? justice Beneficence respect for persons integrity

justice

Dr. Kamran studies domestic violence and has designed a self-report scale that is meant to assess men's negative attitudes toward women. To validate her scale, she administers it to two groups of recently incarcerated male prisoners: prisoners convicted of domestic violence and prisoners convicted of other crimes. Dr. Kamran finds a statistically significant difference in the mean scores of the two groups. What technique is Dr. Kamran using to validate her scale? known-group paradigm interrater reliability test test retest technique physilogical measurements

known-group paradigm

What type of research design involves measuring the same variables, for the same people, across different points in time? -longitudinal -pattern and parsimony -multiple regression -cross-sectional

longitudinal

in an experiment, researchers: measure two variables measure more than two variables manipulate two variables manipulate one variable and measure another variable

manipulate one variable and measure another variable

after two students from his school commit suicide, marcelino concludes that the most likely cause of death in teenagers is suicide. in fact, suicide is not the most likely cause of death in teens. what happened?

marcelino was probably influenced by the availability heuristic; he was too influenced by cases that came easily to mind

Kathryn wants to control for intelligence in her study. She has a list of all of the participants for her study and their IQ scores. She sorts the list of participants according to their IQ scores and then forms groups making sure that the groups are balanced in terms of IQ scores. Finally, she randomly assigns each group to one of the conditions of her study. What kind of design is Kathryn using? Independent groups concurrent groups within-groups matched-groups

matched-groups

Following implementation of a new city law, a restaurant chain began displaying the nutrition labels for their menu items. The restaurant owner recorded sales of the 15 highest-calorie menu items on three occasions—once the month before the change in menu display, once the week of the change in menu display, and once the month after the change in menu display. The owner observed that the sale of the high-calorie menu items dropped, while overall sales remained steady. What is the independent variable in this study?

menu labeling

the articles that use quantitative techniques combining findings of many research studies is called a(n)_______ and uses the ______ to determine the effect of all studies combines

meta-analysis; effect size

Susan designed a study in which she had a group of younger adults (18-24 year-olds) and older adults (50-65 year-olds). She had both groups recite a poem by memory once in front of an audience of 50 people and once in a room by themselves. She counterbalanced the order of these tasks between participants. She had the participants rate their level of anxiety right before they recited the poem each time. What kind of study design is this? independent-groups factorial design within-groups factorial design mixed factorial design concurrent measures design

mixed factorial design

A company that owned several hospitals in rural areas of the south went bankrupt and closed the hospitals it operated over a period of a couple of months. Researchers became aware of this situation and used public health records to document average age at death of residents in those communities where the hospitals closed and in communities that were matched on several variables but did not lose their hospitals. The researchers collected death records for several years before and after the closure of these hospitals to look at the effect the closure had on life expectancy. What kind of research design are the researchers using?

nonequivalent control group interrupted time-series design

In a study of aggression in children, a researcher has his undergraduate research assistants watch a group of children on the playground and record the number of instances of physical or verbal attacks. Which category of measured variable is this researcher using? observational measures self report measures physiological measures neuropsychological measures

observational measures

A study by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) involved telling teachers that some of their students were "bloomers" and would achieve rapid academic success within the next year. In fact, these students were no different than any of the other students in the class. At the end of the year, the "bloomers" showed more gains in IQ than the other students. It appeared that the teacher had inadvertently treated the "bloomers" in special ways. This is an example of which of the following? Observer effect self report operationalization a masked study design observer bias

observer effects

Mr. Stratford is the president of a national organization of lesbian, bisexual, gay, and transgender people in the United States. He wants to survey 1,000 members of his organization about the position they want the organization to take on several political issues. He knows that transgender people make up only 5 percent of his organization, but he wants to make sure that their views are accurately represented. He decides that he will randomly sample 100 transgender members and then adjust the final results so that transgender people are weighted to their actual proportion in the organization. What type of sampling is Mr. Stratford using? oversampling cluster sampling snowball sampling quota sampling

oversampling

in the mindfulness study by Mrazek et al (2013), one condition being studies was that individuals were assigned to 2 weeks of mindfulness training. what was the other condition participants were assigned to that was being compared to those who has mindfulness training?

participants were assigned to a 2 week nutrition course

What is it called when researchers investigate causality by using a variety of correlational studies that all point in a single, causal direction? longitudinal study pattern and parsimony multiple-regression design cross-lag design

pattern and parsimony

Dr. Keller wants to test the effect of a new anti-anxiety medication. He recruits a group of anxios patients and randomly assigns them to two groups. One group will recieve his new medication and teh other will recieve a sugar pill. what is the second group called? placebo group manipulation group treatment group experimental group

placebo group

What type of research misconduct involves representing the ideas or words of others as one's own? plagiarism data falsification data fabrication deception

plagiarism

which of the following is not a place where psychological scientists publish their research chapters in books scientific journals full length books popular magazines

popular magazines

A ________ is the entire set of people in which the researchers are interested. population representative sample biased sample quota sample

population

What design is an experiment in which each participant is randomly assigned to one level of the independent variable and then tested on the dependent variable once? posttest only repeated measures pretest/posttest within-groups

posttest only

the ability for a study to reveal a statistically significant difference between the levels of an independent variable when one truly exists is known as effect size covariance power statistical validity

power

when youre thinking about a person and you suddently get a text from the person you were thinking about, you conclude you must be psychic. this is an example of? present/present bias confirmation bias availability heuristic bias blind spot

present/present bias

Cara is running a study to examine the effect of music on mood. She randomly assigns participants to three conditions — rock, jazz, and country. She has the participants rate their mood with a short questionnaire, then listen to their assigned music for 20 minutes, and then fill out the mood questionnaire again. What kind of design is she using? concurrent measures repeated measures pretest/posttest posttest only

pretest/posttest

although elliots experiment, that looked at the influence of red on withdrawing effort, is a good example of all five processes that shape psychological science, it is the only example given in this chapter that demonstrate which of the five processes?

psychological scientists dig deeper to pursue answers

Which of the following is most important for enhancing external validity? random sampling random assignment a large sample size using measures that are valid and reliable

random sampling

Jared is conducting an experiment with ESP (extrasensory perception) training. He begins with a pretest of his 40 participants and divides them into two groups based on their scores. The participants with the 10 lowest scores are given extensive training on how to detect the signals. The participants with the 30 highest scores are given no training. Both groups are retested and the average score of the participants with the training improved, while the average score of the participants without the training actually fell. What threat to internal validity should Jared consider? attrition history regression maturation

regression

Dr. Joseph thinks that most people are generally trusting of strangers. He did a study at his university in the United States to test this idea, and the results confirmed his hypothesis. Dr. Joseph is discussing the results of this study with a friend who is a psychology researcher in China, Dr. Ming. Dr. Ming thinks that people in Eastern cultures, such as China, are less trusting of strangers than people in Western cultures, such as the United States. Dr. Joseph and Dr. Ming decide to run a second study where they have a group of participants in China and a group of participants in the United States both complete the task used in Dr. Joseph's study. This second study is a ____________.

replication plus extension

what does it mean to say that research is probabilistic?

research conclusions are meant to explain a certain proportion of possible but not all possible cases

what does it mean to say that research is probabilistic? research predicts all possible results researchers refer to the probability that their theories are correct if there are exceptions to a research result, it means that the theory is probably incorrect research conclusions are meant to explain a certain proportion of possible causes, but not all possible cases

research conclusions are meant to explain a certain proportion of possible causes, but not all possible cases

which of the following is NOT one of the three R's provided by the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals? replacement restoration reduction refinement

restoration (what i got right on teachers (this quizlet said replacement was correct)

What other information, in addition to effect size, must you know in order to determine if a correlation is statistically significant? - sample size - scale of the scatterplot - external validity - direction of the association

sample size

The student government at a college is interested in determining how important intercollegiate sports are to the students there. Since all students have e-mail accounts, they are able to send a survey to all the students. About 50 percent of the students respond. Which is the most likely bias in this sample? self-selection bias convenience sampling bias a bias from contacting only those the student government could easily contact random sampling bias

self-selection bias

Joseph wants to find out what customers at his restraint think about the food and the service. He creates a survey for diners to fill out at the end of their meal with three questions: 1) Please rate the food from 1-10, where 1 is yucky and 10 is delicious; 2) Please rate the service from 1-10 were 1 is unacceptable and 10 is outstanding. What kind of question format is Joseph using? semantic differential likert scale open-ended forced choice

semantic differential

Marvin reads a journalistic report of a research study and asks, "How strong was the effect?" Which validity is Marvin asking about? internal validity external validity statistical validity construct validity

statistical validity

A college administrator knows that 70 percent of the students at his college are from out of state, so he decides to make sure that he includes 70 out-of-state students and 30 in-state students in his survey about admission practices at the college. He has a list of all of the out-of-state and all of the in-state students currently enrolled at the college. He randomly selects 70 students from the out-of-state list and 30 students from the in-state list. What sampling method is he using? cluster sampling multi-stage sampling quota sampling stratified random sampling

stratified random sampling

The directors of an annual community concert want to find the musical preferences of the audience. The ushers place a survey card on every sixth seat beginning with the second seat (2 and 6 were chosen from a random number table). All of the cards are returned as the audience leaves. Which type of sampling is being used? cluster sampling stratified random sampling multistage sampling systematic sampling

systematic sampling

Which of the following is considered a representative sampling method? snowball sampling convenience sampling self-selected sampling systematic sampling

systematic sampling

a threat to internal validity occurs if a potential design confound varies ________ with the independent variable. spontaneously especially systematically unsystematically

systematically

Researchers are conducting a repeated-measures quasi-experiment. What type of threat to internal validity should concern the researchers if they notice the participants are taking less and less time to complete the assessment questionnaires that are administered weekly?

testing

What is the name for the measured variable in an experiment? the constant the testing variable the independent variable the dependent variable

the dependent variable

The Department of Motor Vehicles receives a complaint that some of their employees who administer the road test pass a much higher percentage of test-takers than other employees. In this example, what aspect of the road test is being questioned? the interrater reliability of the road test the internal reliability... the test retest reliaibility... the measurement validity...

the interrater reliability of the road test

which of the following is NOT one of the categories of ethical violations that occurred in the Tuskegee Syphillis Study? a disadvantaged group was targeted the participants were harmed the participants were not treated respectfully the investigators fabricated data

the investigators fabricated data

Professor Morgan questions whether the ratings he receives from his students on "teaching effectiveness" indicate how much the students learn in his class or whether they are just a reflection of how much his students like him. What aspect of the ratings is he questioning? - the measurement validity of ratings - the reliability of the ratings - the use of an interval scale - the statistical significance of the ratings

the measurement validity of ratings

Lisa is interested in how well people are able to detect whether another person is a "Cooperator", a "Competitor", or an "Individualist" simply by looking at a picture of the person's face. She wants to know what kind of face can be identified most easily, and whether this varies by the race of the person in the picture. She designs a 2 x 3 within-group design where she has participants in her study look at faces from African-American and Caucasian people who are "Cooperators", "Competitors", or "Individualists." The participants try to identify the personality of the person in each picture and Lisa keeps track of the number of pictures accurately identified for each picture type. What is the dependent variable?

the number of pictures accurately identified

Dr. Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design, he is going to conduct a 2 x 3 x 4 mixed factorial design. Which of the following things will not have to change? the number of main effects that need to be examined the number of interactions the number of participants the number of cells the number of researchers needed

the number of researchers needed

The campus safety committee has asked Professor Ibrahim to study bicycling on his campus. He trains two observers and has them observe the number of cyclists and their safety at various points around campus. Initially, the observers can't agree about what is dangerous behavior. Professor Ibrahim refines his codebooks to clearly define the rating scales and retrains the observers. What is he addressing by doing this? - the reliability of the measurement - reactivity - acquiescence - socially desirable responding

the reliability of the measurement

Which of the following are two ethical issues raised by Milgram's studies of obedience? targeting of a disadcantaged group and the disrespectuful treatment of participants the stress experienced by the teachers and the lasting effects of the study on the teachers pain of shocks by learners and stress by teachers distress felt by the experimenter who had to order teacher to shock the learner and the pain

the stress experienced by the teachers and the lasting effects of the study on the teachers

Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that a majority of middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced—I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Clarissa's concern is addressing which of the following? the study's construct validity statistical validity external validity internal validity

the study's construct validity

Professor Nakum designs a memory experiment to test the effect of word familiarity on memory. Three lists of words are created: common words, uncommon words, and made-up words. Participants study one of the lists of 30 words for 5 minutes, do math problems for 5 minutes, then write all the words they recall from the list. Their score is the number of words correctly recalled. Which of the following is the independent variable in this study? the type of word list the time spent studying the list the length of the list studied the number of words correctly recalled

the type of word list

In a direct replication, which of the following is NOT allowed to be dissimilar from the original study? -variables in the study -time of year when study is run -research assistant helping with study -participants in the study

the variables in the study

deci and ryan made a general statement that individuals have three needs that are related to growth and fulfillment. this is an example of data research hypothesis theory

theory

Dr. Joseph thinks that most people are generally trusting of strangers. He did a study at his university in the United States to test this idea, and the results confirmed his hypothesis. This study is in _________.

theory-testing mode

neely is examining the graph of an interaction and sees that one line is flat and one line rises sharply to the right. which of the following should neely conclude? A) There is no interaction B) There is a crossover interaction C) There is a spreading interaction D) There is a main-effect interaction

there is a spreading interaction

According to the textbook, what is the problem with WEIRD samples?

they re not very representative of the worlds population

Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. How many variables are mentioned in this study/headline?

two

Koordeman et al. (2011) conducted a study on the effect of alcohol commercials on alcohol consumption in a movie theater. Participants saw one of two types of beverage commercials: alcoholic or nonalcoholic. Their consumption of alcohol during the movie was then measured. Finally, they completed a questionnaire on their usual drinking habits. Koordeman et al. found that young adults who generally consume large amounts of alcohol each week were influenced to drink more alcohol when they saw alcohol commercials, whereas the alcohol consumption of young adults who generally consume small amounts of alcohol each week was not influenced by the type of commercial shown. Which of the following is a factor in this study?

type of commercial shown

in the study by Bushman (2002) , the common fallacy that the researcher was disproving was sititng quietly relieves stress research does not always require a comparison group venting anger relieves feelings of aggression people are willing to give shocks when angered bloodletting did not cure people of blood diseases.

venting anger relieves feelings of aggression

which of the following is an example of you being a producer of research? you have a researcher perform a brain scan on you you write an opinion article about a psychological study you apply a new therapy technique you administer an anxiety questionnaire to college participants in your study

you administer an anxiety questionnaire to college participants in your study